The document explores the concept of creativity, defining it as the ability to combine ideas in unique ways to solve problems and meet needs. It distinguishes between organizational creativity and individual creativity and emphasizes the importance of innovation in generating new products and services. Additionally, it discusses various types of creativity and techniques for enhancing creative problem-solving abilities.

1. Realms of Creativity
Gopaldas Pawan Kumar
Main excerpts from “ Lifelong Creativity- An Unending Quest”
By Pradip N Khandwalla
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2. Creativity
A "new" idea is a combination of old elements.
Creativity:
• It is your ability to combine ideas in a unique
way or to make useful associations among ideas.
• “Mere novelty of a product does not
, however, justify its being called creative ….. It
must serve to solve a problem , fit the needs of
a given situation, accomplish some recognizable
goal.”
-Donald W MacKinnon
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3. Need for Creativity
*
In the present scenario:
– Competition is high, thus quality becomes important;
creativity leads to quality.
– Every profession needs updating, innovating and
experimenting; creativity thus becomes important.
– Customer purchasing power as well as information
power is high, they demand the best value for their money;
creativity gives that extra edge.
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4. Creativity
*
Creative people are said to have:
A particular Style
Originality
Competence
Experience
Determination
Flexibility
Positive outlook
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5. Organizational Creativity Vs
Individual Creativity
Organizations based on
continuous development,
on systematic research of
efficiency
Successful organizations
High rate of innovations
Few innovations, just
imitations
Low rate of innovations,
sometimes radical, based on
entrepreneurial spirit of
individuals
Organizational
Creativity
High
Low
Individual Creativity High
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Figure:1

6. "Without innovation, new products, new services, and
new ways of dong business would never emerge, and
most organizations would be forever stuck doing the
same old things the same old way."
Innovation
Innovation is a process of taking new ideas to satisfied
customers. It is the conversion of new knowledge into new
products and services.
Innovation is about creating value and increasing
efficiency, and therefore growing your business.
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7. Innovation
• *
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Figure:2

8. Process of Innovation
• The Innovation process can be
depicted as a series of funnels
each getting progressively
smaller.
• Typically sixty ideas into the top
funnel only produces just one
innovation.
• The funnels are labeled as the
four phases in the process - idea
generation, idea
screening, feasibility and
implementation.
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Figure:3

9. Types of Creativity
*
Kinds of creativity:
- Essential: Creativity as an „Idea‟.
– Elaborative: What is done‟ with the idea.
– Expressive: „How‟ is the idea communicated.
– Entrepreneurial: Idea converted into a profitable „venture‟
– Existential: Idea for survival.
– Empowering: An idea is made to grow to empower others.
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10. • Essential: Einstein
• Elaborative: Karl Marx
• Expressive :Rabindranath Tagore
• Entrepreneurial: Dhirubhai Ambani
• Existential: Ramakrishna Paramhamsa
• Empowering: Mahatma Gandhi
There could be more than one type of creativity in some of
the examples, but the major focus in each of the examples is
quite clear and distinct from one another.
Examples
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11. Kinds of creativity :Examples
• Essential: Creativity as an „Idea‟
• Elaborative: „What is done‟ with
the idea
• Expressive: „How‟ is the idea
communicated
• Entrepreneurial: Idea converted
into a profitable „venture‟
• Existential: Idea for survival
• Empowering: As an idea is made
to grow to empower others
 Einstein
 Marx
 Tagore
 Dhirubhai Ambani
 Ramakrishna Paramhamsa
 Mahatma Gandhi
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12. What is Creative Intelligence
According to Porter, Creativity has following five elements:
1.Fluency – Fluency means the ability to provide ideas in
volumes. It means having lots of ideas, but the ideas may not
be necessarily unusual or uncommon.
2.Flexibility- Flexiblity means the ability to convert familiar
concepts into new shapes or jump from old concepts to new
ones
3.Originality- Originality means the ability to create unusual/
uncommon ideas. It must lead to something novel or unique
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13. What is Creative Intelligence?
Porter, contd:
4.Awareness- Imagination to perceive connections &
possibilities beyond obvious
5.Drive or Motivation - to think up new ideas .Passionate
Few other elements of Creativity are
6.Value or appropriateness or usefulness - It should have some
value according to some external criteria (Market). It should
have some useful application
7.Capable of being reduced to practice – It must be more than
just an idea and feasible of being reduced into practice
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14. What is Creative Intelligence?
Others , apart from Porter’s
8. Problem Sensitivity: To notice the unexplained ,the
unsatisfactory or the incongruent- i.e. ,the ability to sense
problems and issues that may be unclear or camouflaged.
9. Guessing Causes and Consequences: It is the ability to have
root cause analysis- go to the roots of the problem , find
reasons and the likely consequences.
10. Elaboration: The ability to elaborate on a theme is also a
creative ability.
11. Problem Restructuring: Defining the problem beyond what
is visible in a more interesting way.
Two persons may be having different ratings in each of the
above
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15. Divergent and Convergent thinking skills
_
They are both important aspects of intelligence, problem
solving and critical thinking.
Bringing facts and data together from various sources and
then applying logic and knowledge to solve problems, achieve
objectives or to make informed decisions is known as thinking
convergently. Ex: Sherlock Holmes
Divergent Thinking is thinking outwards instead of inward. It is
the ability to develop original and unique ideas and then come
up with a problem solution or achieve an objective.
Ex: Einstein
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16. Convergent Thinking
*
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Figure:4

17. Divergent Thinking
*
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Figure:5

18. Enhancing Creativity Intelligence
Creativity is not DNA ,(birth related) but could
be enhanced by orchestration of many forces
like-
1. Personality Traits and Motives
2. Mental Capabilities
3. Environment
4. Creative Problem Solving Process Techniques.
The right combination of these will enhance the
creativity intelligence.
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19. Creative Problem Solving Process
1. Structuring and restructuring of problem.
2. Cycles of Convergent and Divergent thinking
3. Phases of
preparation, incubation, illumination, elaborat
ion , evaluation, and refinement.
4. Mechanism of Convergent thinking-
definition, clarification, modeling, classification
, synthesis, evaluation, optimization etc
5. Mechanisms of Divergent thinking- naïve
,associative thinking, root causes, fantasizing , constraint-free etc.
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20. A model of Creative Achievement
Creative
Problem
Solving
Process
Domain
Knowledge
and
Competence
Creativity
Technology
Creative
Personality
Creative
Environ
Creative
Intelligence
Creative
Outcome
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Figure:6

21. Elements
1. Creative Technology: Attributes Changing
, Morphological Analysis, Check list, Brain
storming , Synectics and Breakthrough
Techniques.
2. Creative Personality : Creativity , Growth
, Social Contribution motives , Low blockage of
creative ideas, Curiosity ,Courage , risk taking
, persistency etc .
3. Creative Environment: Stimulation
, Challenge, Diversity , Reward
, support, facilities , resources etc .
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22. Techniques of Creative Problem Solving
1.Brainstorming : It is a group activity
Principles
Defer evaluation ,quantity begets quality , the
more fantastic the more better, build on
previous ideas.
2.Check list Questions: By Alex Osborn – What
can be
added, deleted, altered, rearrange, adapt, etc -
Cupboard
3. Attribute Changing: Useful for designing or
redesigning a product or service. Developed by
by Robert Crawford. – Steel Trunks-
Suitcases, castors, fabric ,etc
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23. Techniques of Creative Problem Solving………
3. Morphological Analysis: It is a variant of Attitude
Changing. Developed by Dr Zwicky.
To identify some critical modifiable attributes and
write down several alternatives for each of these
alternatives.- Ex : Dissemination of daily news-
1s Attribute- Newspapers, Radio, TV , Net etc
2nd Attribute- Frequency- daily, twice , thrice a day.
3rd Attribute -Coverage- Local , national , international.
4th Attribute -Content -Political
, Economical, Social, Cultural, Scientific etc.
We can go on adding attributes. The above steps help in
creative favoring attitudes and values, experimental and
innovative bent of mind . Also prompts new application
of ideas.
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24. Techniques of Creative Problem Solving………
4. Synectics : Boston based Organization founded
by William JJ Gordon and George Prince. The
technique specializes in finding solutions to
complex technical or other problems that have
defied solution by experts .
It is a remarkable technique of group problem
solving and develop fresh workable approaches
to difficult problems.
Examples : Closure mechanism, Writing
instrument in space , Packaging in Nirma.
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25. Techniques of Creative Problem Solving………
5. Breakthrough: Evolved after combining many
problem solving techniques by Khandwalla. More
useful in people related issues. It emphasizes
identification of problems stakeholders, multiple
ways of defining a problem and demolition of the
chosen alternative and its reconstruction.
Process : Each member to state the problem as he sees-define the
stakeholders to the problem- stakeholder teams are formed-
Problem redefined- Top problems selected for brainstorming- Best
solution is selected- Reverse brainstorming is done (Why the idea
will not work)-Each group to reward the solution considering
objections – Further economics, planning and development are
looked into – Finalized.
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26. Structure of Mind
Unconscious Mind
(instincts, Self preservation and
reproduction, no regulation)
Preconscious Mind
(Fantasizing and Imagining prominent in
childhood , motivated to fulfill dreams dropping
real life constraints like getting into IAS, acting
with Deepika , playing in IPL)
Conscious Mind is
highly orderly, logical, evaluative
and analytical . aware of realities
and constraints and manages entire
personality and responses
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Figure:7

27. Roots of Human Creativity- Biological
1. Limbs- write, climb , handle ,paint , carve etc
2. Vocalizing System- articulate , sing, shout etc
3. Brain- cortex is the seat of intellectual activity
like recalling, reasoning, analyzing , categorizing ,
associating , weighing, dreaming etc
Left hemisphere- vocalizing, analyzing, reasoning ,
categorizing ( in right handed person)
Right hemisphere- integrating, intuiting, visualizing
etc
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28. Roots of Human Creativity- Mental
1. Subconscious roots of creativity- As per
Sigmund Freud roots are in the recess of
subconscious mind.
Unconscious : Compulsions of Wilder Impulses Vs
Compulsions of conscience
Preconscious : analogy (comparison) , memories
, playful , trial and error thinking- help in
creative thinking.
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29. Roots of Human Creativity- Mental(Cont)
As per Alfred Adler, creativity is a way of compensating
for feelings of inferiority.
Carl Gustav Jung opined that human race has
collective unconscious in which archetypal (typical
, representative) shadows lurk.
These archetypes are the primal shared experiences of
mankind. They include Persona- Mask, Anima-
Feminine side of man , Animus – masculine side of
women‟s nature, Shadow- animal side of human
psyche and Self- individuals striving for
completeness.
Human creativity is always accessing and expressing
, in many ways , all the above potent and shadowy
archetypes.
P
A
A
S
S
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30. Roots of Human Creativity-Mental(Contd)
2. Closure need and creativity: Humans feel
uncomfortable if there are no answers to
problems . When there are no answers to Why
, What , How, When or Where , humans go into
problem solving overdrive .
• Gaps between what it is and what ought to be.
• Questions asked are a response to perceived
gaps.
• Asking a good question is an art. It prioritizes
the knowledge and focuses on the search more
sharply.
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31. Roots of Human Creativity- Mental(Contd---)
3. Dialectical sources of Creativity:
Another root of creativity is the urge to synthesize earlier
antagonistic (hostile)perspective into a new integrated
perspective.
As per Hegel‟s „Dialectical Phenomenology‟ it involves
finding what are the oppositions
, conflicts, contrasts, contradictions , the otherness
,estrangements that are possible in the context.
Imagination , Emotion or Passion also play critical role in
creativity.
Spiritual advances take place when thesis(Idea, opinion) and
anti-thesis is resolved productively .(like humans and
animals-the others concept of differentiating).
Ex: Wood outside the house transformed into a threshold.
Otherness of wood is not lost but uplifted/ upgraded.
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32. Roots of Human Creativity- Mental(Contd..)
4. Intuition as a source of Creativity: Intuition is
more or less correct conclusion reached on the basis
of neither conscious logic or noticeable evidence.
Intuition could be in many forms:
a. Premonition- seeing in advance without evidence or
rationale- Ex : like expecting a calamity.
b. Guessing repeatedly on thin basis.-Ex: Stock investor
c. Creative intuitions- inspiration, vision, conviction,
hunch , law , hypothesis etc.
Thus , creative intuition is a stimulating pointer , an
initial awareness for creative work.
Dreams and meditation could be a source of intuitions.
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33. Roots of Human Creativity- Spiritual
A . Variety of Spiritual Creativity
The Spiritual Impulses variety for creativity are
1. Quest for divine
2. Sense of Human Brotherhood and Sisterhood
3. Altruism- doing good with expecting reward
4. Deep moral sense of what is right or wrong
5. Love of Humanity and all living beings
B . Spiritual Fraternity and Creativity:
Forms of Yoga and TM increase our creativity when practiced
for long
Groups of people come together for good and humane deeds-
Green movement, Ramakrishna Mission, Sarvodaya , Red
Cross, Lions Club , Swadhyaya (empowering the
poorest), Krushibhakhti (Devotion through farming). Aam
Admi Party (against corruption)
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34. Roots of Human Creativity- Social
Variety of Social Creativity looks at how tolerant
are the societies to promote creativity.
1. Conservative Society- Conformance , and Why
Change?
2. Entrepreneurial Society – Creative destruction
3. Authoritarian Society- Creativity supporting
power
4. Democratic Society- tinkering with existing
things, growing and actualizing their potential.
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35. Conservative
Society
Dark Age
Creativity
Authoritarian
Society
Entrepreneurial
Society
Centrally
directed
Renaissance
Popular
Renaissance
Democratic
Society
Explosive
Renaissance
Society – Creativity Types
1 2
3 4
A great deal of
state
entrepreneurship
in defense
, security
, economic
development like
in erstwhile USSR
and China
Incremental,
permitted
creativity in
traditional
domains like in
Mynamar ,
Afghan etc
Widespread
creativity in all its
forms. Presence
of breakthrough
and incremental
creativity like in
US and UK
Incremental
creativity in
traditional as
well as
modernization
related
domains like in
BRICS
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Figure:8

36. Forms of Creativity :Essence Creativity
1. It is distilled creativity . It is transparent and visible
expressed compactly with clear meaning. Succinct
expression of a novel idea. Result of individual effort
2. It is insightful and a product of distinctive
contexts, personality traits, cognitive (relating to the
process of acquiring knowledge by the use of
reasoning, intuition, or perception) process and
mental giftedness.
3. It can be graded from moderate to exceptional.
Nicely expressed by proverbs- No Risk No
Gain, Necessity is the mother of invention etc
Ex: Eureka- Archimedes discovery of law of floatation is
example of creative discovery. Darwin‟s survival of
the fittest is also an example of Essence Creativity
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37. Forms of Creativity: Elaborative Creativity
• It is the distinctive elaboration of an idea
, principle, law, view point that render it not
only novel but useful in a context.
• The mechanisms include seeking reasons and
causes for the elaboration relevant to the idea .
• Epics, poems , fiction ,essays are creative
elaborations.
• Legal governance, Management systems ,work
flow are also elaborations.
• Essence creativity is the labor of individual
and Elaborative is a collective effort.
(Mahabharata)
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38. Forms of Creativity: Expressive Creativity
It consists of fresh , effective communication to move
, restore , delight , stun or amaze. Mechanisms:
1. Like suggestion and statement:
Images, Associations Vs Sentences
2. Virtuality and Realism : Words, Voice, Gestures
Painting of Horse Vs Real horse, , Painting of Ship
Vs Sailing Ship
3. Hype and Understatement- Attention Vs Implied .
(Greatest, best or an understatement like “Give me
liberty or give me death”.)
4. Metaphor and Imagery- Symbols Vs Graphics
Ex: Symbol –Flag representing a nation
Metaphor :A Lion- hearted King conveys meaning of
a King having the courage of a lion but not the
heart of a lion.
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39. Forms of Creativity : Existential Creativity
 It is concerned with the development of one‟s
own creativity , effectiveness and self actualization
potential. It arises when the individual is open to
all of his experiences.
 Self-actualized persons have a creative personality.
 It can be enhanced by increasing the
consequences of peak experience which is one of
intense happiness and joy, love and passion, great
achievement.
The ratio of „Living‟ to „Existing‟ may be a scoreboard
of existential creativity . Living experiences are
worth cherishing whereas Existing experiences
are every day activities that could be called
drudgeries.
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40. Forms of Creativity : Entrepreneurial Creativity
 The process of creating , operating a venture
constitutes entrepreneurship.
 Terese Amabile has defined Entrepreneurial
Creativity as the generation and implementation
of novel, appropriate ideas to establish a new
venture. It covers novel offerings of Product and
services.
 As per Mathew Manimala the High Pioneering and
Innovative (HPI) entrepreneurs stressed much
more on Idea sources, Criteria of choice, Idea
development , Persistence with ideas, Stress
Management ,HRM , Growth Strategy , Risk
Management , Networking etc for creativity.
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41. Forms of Creativity : Empowering Creativity
 It is concerned with the development of the
effectiveness , creativity and self actualization
potential of others. –spouse, children , customers
, relatives etc
 A distinctive kind of creativity where in altruism
, mission , empathy and understanding of the
human hood is the motive.
 Various approaches that could be considered are
empowerment through the following activities:
Poverty alleviation, better health and population control
,collective action , education and skilling , training to
learn and innovate, transformational leadership
, transformation of human nature etc.
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42. END
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