Weiber Plant Growth Chambers are designed to study the effect of described different environmental factors such
as humidity, temperature and light in various application tests on the growth of plants.
The document discusses a reach-in plant growth chamber designed to study the effects of environmental factors like temperature, moisture, light, and atmosphere on plant growth. It describes the chamber's double-walled insulated construction and its ability to precisely control temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and lighting conditions. The chamber can be used by researchers and students to better understand how environmental stresses impact plants and to manipulate plant growth.
This document provides an overview of greenhouses and greenhouse farming. It defines a greenhouse as a structure with walls and roof made of transparent material that regulates climatic conditions for plant growth. The document discusses the history of greenhouses, types of greenhouses including glass and plastic structures, how greenhouses work by trapping heat, important plants commonly grown in greenhouses like tomatoes and cucumbers, the purpose of ventilation, and the advantages of greenhouses like manipulating the growing season and protecting against pests.
Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for crop growth. They allow sunlight to enter while protecting crops from outside environmental factors like cold, heat, and rain. This controlled environment allows for higher crop yields year-round. Greenhouse technologies regulate temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and protect from pests and diseases. Components include the structural framework, covering materials, and environmental control systems.
A greenhouse is a structure with walls and roof made of transparent material, such as glass, that allows plants to grow in regulated climatic conditions. Greenhouses come in various sizes, from small sheds to large industrial buildings, and are used to protect plants from harsh weather, extend growing seasons, and increase plant production. Common greenhouse materials include glass, plastic, and other transparent panels.
In simplest terms soil sterilization consist in getting
rid of the organisms harmful to plant growth or
atleast, in reducing their numbers to a point where
they are no longer of consequence without permanently eliminating or disturbing the balance of those organisms essenstial for fertility.
Soil sterilization is indispensable to modern practice, not only
because it ensures clean soil but because it provides better
nutrition; indeed, it is the basis of the best nutrition.
Basically it is treatment of soil of glasshouses , greenhouse and other horticultural soils in order to kill weed, seeds, plant disease organisms, and pests.
Sterilisation is distinct from disinfection, sanitization and pasteurization in that sterilization kills, deactivates, or eliminates all forms of life and other biological agents.
Example: Molya disease of wheat caused by Heterodera avenae White tip disease of rice caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi . Soil borne pathogens like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotia can be controlled by this.
This document discusses protected growing structures for plants like tomatoes. It describes the benefits of growing plants indoors, such as longer growing seasons and protection from pests like blight, but also the limitations, like higher costs. Several materials used for construction frames are outlined, including their strengths and weaknesses, such as wood requiring more maintenance but having good thermal efficiency. Different glazing materials are also compared in terms of their light transmission, insulation, lifespan, and costs. The learning objectives cover the benefits and limitations of protected structures, the effects of environmental factors on indoor plants, and characteristics of construction and cladding materials.
This document provides information about a presentation on greenhouses. It lists the presenters and then discusses what a greenhouse is, factors to consider in choosing a location, structural components, types of greenhouses, glazing materials, crops grown, ventilation needs, advantages of greenhouses, and the greenhouse effect. The main points are that a greenhouse is a framed structure that controls the environment for growing plants, important considerations include location factors and infrastructure needs, and greenhouses offer benefits like environmental control and uniform crop production.
The document discusses a reach-in plant growth chamber designed to study the effects of environmental factors like temperature, moisture, light, and atmosphere on plant growth. It describes the chamber's double-walled insulated construction and its ability to precisely control temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and lighting conditions. The chamber can be used by researchers and students to better understand how environmental stresses impact plants and to manipulate plant growth.
This document provides an overview of greenhouses and greenhouse farming. It defines a greenhouse as a structure with walls and roof made of transparent material that regulates climatic conditions for plant growth. The document discusses the history of greenhouses, types of greenhouses including glass and plastic structures, how greenhouses work by trapping heat, important plants commonly grown in greenhouses like tomatoes and cucumbers, the purpose of ventilation, and the advantages of greenhouses like manipulating the growing season and protecting against pests.
Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for crop growth. They allow sunlight to enter while protecting crops from outside environmental factors like cold, heat, and rain. This controlled environment allows for higher crop yields year-round. Greenhouse technologies regulate temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and protect from pests and diseases. Components include the structural framework, covering materials, and environmental control systems.
A greenhouse is a structure with walls and roof made of transparent material, such as glass, that allows plants to grow in regulated climatic conditions. Greenhouses come in various sizes, from small sheds to large industrial buildings, and are used to protect plants from harsh weather, extend growing seasons, and increase plant production. Common greenhouse materials include glass, plastic, and other transparent panels.
In simplest terms soil sterilization consist in getting
rid of the organisms harmful to plant growth or
atleast, in reducing their numbers to a point where
they are no longer of consequence without permanently eliminating or disturbing the balance of those organisms essenstial for fertility.
Soil sterilization is indispensable to modern practice, not only
because it ensures clean soil but because it provides better
nutrition; indeed, it is the basis of the best nutrition.
Basically it is treatment of soil of glasshouses , greenhouse and other horticultural soils in order to kill weed, seeds, plant disease organisms, and pests.
Sterilisation is distinct from disinfection, sanitization and pasteurization in that sterilization kills, deactivates, or eliminates all forms of life and other biological agents.
Example: Molya disease of wheat caused by Heterodera avenae White tip disease of rice caused by Aphelenchoides besseyi . Soil borne pathogens like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotia can be controlled by this.
This document discusses protected growing structures for plants like tomatoes. It describes the benefits of growing plants indoors, such as longer growing seasons and protection from pests like blight, but also the limitations, like higher costs. Several materials used for construction frames are outlined, including their strengths and weaknesses, such as wood requiring more maintenance but having good thermal efficiency. Different glazing materials are also compared in terms of their light transmission, insulation, lifespan, and costs. The learning objectives cover the benefits and limitations of protected structures, the effects of environmental factors on indoor plants, and characteristics of construction and cladding materials.
This document provides information about a presentation on greenhouses. It lists the presenters and then discusses what a greenhouse is, factors to consider in choosing a location, structural components, types of greenhouses, glazing materials, crops grown, ventilation needs, advantages of greenhouses, and the greenhouse effect. The main points are that a greenhouse is a framed structure that controls the environment for growing plants, important considerations include location factors and infrastructure needs, and greenhouses offer benefits like environmental control and uniform crop production.
Hardening, packaging & transport of micropropagules and construction of p...AjaykumarKarna
1. The document discusses various techniques for hardening, packaging, transporting, and propagating tissue cultured plants, including micropropagules.
2. It describes hardening processes, various packaging materials and methods, and considerations for transporting tissue cultured plants by cargo.
3. Propagation structures that are discussed include greenhouses, hot beds, cold frames, lath houses, propagation frames, net houses, bottom heat boxes, and mist propagation units - each with specific purposes and construction details provided.
Nethouses various environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil media, disease and pest control, irrigation, Fertigation and other agronomical practices are maintained throughout the season according to the need of the crops grown irrespective of the natural conditions outside.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
Protective structures provide protection for off-season vegetable production from environmental stresses. Common types include greenhouses, plastic houses, screen houses, and tunnels. They benefit production by protecting crops from rain, temperature extremes, and pests. Yield is higher for crops like tomatoes under protective structures compared to open field production. Proper design, orientation, cooling systems, and integrated pest management are important for optimizing vegetable yields year-round.
The document discusses a greenhouse temperature control system that precisely regulates the temperature of the growth medium to minimize fungal infections while maintaining productivity. It can protect against various fungi like Pythium, Fusarium, Verticillium, and Phytophthora. The system uses an advanced tubular cooling system to precisely control the temperature of the growth medium without affecting the air temperature and humidity levels needed for optimal plant growth. It has undergone research greenhouse trials and has a granted patent in Norway. Partners are sought for further joint research and licensing of the technology.
The document discusses polyhouse or greenhouse technology. It begins by defining a greenhouse as a framed structure covered with transparent material that allows crops to be grown under controlled environmental conditions. It then discusses the types of greenhouses based on covering material, including polyhouses, fiber reinforced plastic houses, and glass houses. The rest of the document focuses on polyhouse technology, describing the principles, advantages, environmental parameters controlled, types, construction, irrigation methods, and crops commonly grown in polyhouses.
Greenhouse Vegetable Production Background[1]guest73bbac2
This document provides information on greenhouse bell pepper production in Leamington, Ontario presented by Drs. Ozair Chaudhry and Muhammed Saeed. It discusses the greenhouse structure, operation, bell pepper production process including planting, harvesting, and packing, as well as the economics of greenhouse bell pepper production. Specifically, it outlines the phases of study, typical gutter-connected greenhouse design, environmental control systems, seedling planting procedures, factors that influence growth and development, harvesting seasons and yields, packing and storage processes, and the costs and revenues associated with greenhouse bell pepper production.
This document discusses greenhouse technology and its uses. It describes passive greenhouses, which use natural heating and cooling, and active greenhouses, which use auxiliary energy systems. Greenhouses can be used for drying crops to extend their shelf life. Different heating systems for greenhouses are also outlined, including unit heaters, boiler systems, heat distribution pipes, infrared heaters, and solar heating.
This document discusses different types of protected cultivation structures used in agriculture including polyhouses, plastic tunnels, shade net houses, walk-in tunnels, and mist chambers. Polyhouses are framed structures covered with plastic film that allow partial environmental control. Shade net houses are covered with polyethylene thread in varying densities to control light intensity. Walk-in tunnels are covered with UV film and can withstand strong winds. Plastic tunnels and mist chambers are used to propagate nursery plants by maintaining humidity. These protected structures offer benefits like improved crop quality, higher yields, and protection from pests and weather.
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
This document discusses various types of protected cultivation techniques in horticulture, including greenhouses and high tunnels. It provides an overview of greenhouse production in the US and China, focusing on high-tech greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, solar greenhouses, and closed plant production systems like vertical farming and plant factories. Protected cultivation techniques provide benefits such as protection from weather extremes and pests, but come with challenges such as high costs. Emerging trends include improving energy efficiency, adding environmental controls, developing design standards, and conducting research to optimize growing conditions.
The document discusses green house technology, including its history and use around the world. It notes that greenhouses allow crops to be grown with controlled environments, protecting them from unfavorable conditions. The technology started in the early 1800s and is now used commercially in over 50 countries worldwide, especially in Asia, China, and Japan. In India, greenhouse cultivation began in the 1980s and is mainly used for off-season vegetable production and research. The greenhouse effect traps heat, increasing temperatures inside and allowing year-round crop growth in cold regions. Greenhouses provide advantages like increased productivity, quality, and pest/disease control.
This document discusses shading nets and shade houses. It explains that shading nets are designed to protect crops from UV radiation and climate variations like temperature and rain. They create controlled microclimates that result in higher crop yields. A wide range of shading nets is available that provide different levels of shade. Shade houses are structures enclosed by shading nets or other materials that allow sunlight, moisture, and air to pass through and create suitable growing conditions for plants. Shade houses are used to cultivate various crops and protect plants from pests and weather. They have frames to support shading net cladding and provide structure against wind and rain loads.
Low, medium, and high cost polyhouses are classified based on their environmental control capabilities. Low cost polyhouses use locally available materials and have no specific controls. Medium cost polyhouses use fans and cooling pads for some control. High cost polyhouses are fully climate controlled with sensors, durable frames, and precision growing conditions. Other types include plastic tunnels, net houses, and trench polyhouses suitable for hilly regions. Site selection considers soil quality, water access, slope, and transportation. Polyhouses allow year-round production with higher yields, quality, and disease resistance than outdoor farming.
The document discusses plastic mulching and its benefits for crop cultivation. It states that plastic mulching warms the soil and air by reflecting, absorbing, or transmitting sunlight in a way that maximizes the transmission of infrared radiation. This creates a favorable environment for plant growth, yielding crops earlier and at a higher overall yield while also conserving soil moisture by reducing evaporation. Common types of plastic mulch discussed are black, clear, and silver-colored mulches.
GREEN HOUSE AND EFFECT OF GREEN HOUSE ON NURSERY ESTABLISHMENTSubroto Podder
This document discusses greenhouses and their use in nursery establishment. It defines greenhouses as structures covered with transparent material that allows sunlight in for plant growth. Greenhouses come in different types and sizes depending on available space, plant types, location, and costs. The main types are attached, freestanding, and connected greenhouses. The document also describes greenhouse parts, covering materials like glass and polyethylene, operation procedures, criteria for location, and advantages/disadvantages.
India has a small area under greenhouse cultivation compared to other countries like the Netherlands and China. Greenhouse technology is being used in India mainly for research and to extend the growing season for vegetables in cold regions like Ladakh. In Ladakh, greenhouses allow cultivation from 3 to 8 months compared to the normal 3 month growing season. Different types of greenhouse structures are used depending on factors like climate, cost, and space availability. Protected cultivation using greenhouses can significantly increase crop yields compared to open field cultivation. In Ladakh, crops grown in polycarbonate greenhouses have shown yields 2-3 times higher than open field cultivation. Greenhouse technology helps overcome challenges of the high altitude cold desert climate in Ladakh.
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
This document discusses protective structures used for vegetable production. It defines protective structures as facilities that provide protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The main types discussed are greenhouses, plastic houses, and screen houses. Greenhouses allow control of environmental conditions while plastic houses are simpler structures made of frames and plastic covering. The document outlines the global use of protective structures, components, construction considerations like orientation, cooling systems, and microclimate factors. It concludes with problems like high costs and the need for adapted structures and technologies in different climates.
The document discusses a reach-in plant growth chamber designed to study the effects of environmental factors like temperature, moisture, light, and atmosphere on plant growth. It describes the chamber's double-walled insulated construction and its ability to precisely control temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and lighting conditions. The chamber can be used by researchers and students to better understand how environmental stresses impact plants and to manipulate plant growth.
This document summarizes a hydroponics chamber model ACM-5263H produced by Technocracy Pvt. Ltd. The chamber provides an environment for plant growth without soil by using a nutrient solution. It has lights, air circulation, and other features to control temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels to enable optimal plant growth. The chamber is portable, low maintenance, and more cost effective than other options due to its small size. It is well insulated and has precise temperature and environmental controls.
Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for growing crops year-round by protecting them from extreme temperatures, rain, and wind. They come in different structures like freestanding, attached to other buildings, or mounted in windows. Components include the structural frame, covering materials like polyethylene or polycarbonate, and environmental controls. Greenhouses allow precise regulation of temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, irrigation, and fertilization to maximize plant growth and yields. While the initial costs are high, greenhouses can extend growing seasons and increase crop production.
Hardening, packaging & transport of micropropagules and construction of p...AjaykumarKarna
1. The document discusses various techniques for hardening, packaging, transporting, and propagating tissue cultured plants, including micropropagules.
2. It describes hardening processes, various packaging materials and methods, and considerations for transporting tissue cultured plants by cargo.
3. Propagation structures that are discussed include greenhouses, hot beds, cold frames, lath houses, propagation frames, net houses, bottom heat boxes, and mist propagation units - each with specific purposes and construction details provided.
Nethouses various environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, light intensity, soil media, disease and pest control, irrigation, Fertigation and other agronomical practices are maintained throughout the season according to the need of the crops grown irrespective of the natural conditions outside.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
Protective structures provide protection for off-season vegetable production from environmental stresses. Common types include greenhouses, plastic houses, screen houses, and tunnels. They benefit production by protecting crops from rain, temperature extremes, and pests. Yield is higher for crops like tomatoes under protective structures compared to open field production. Proper design, orientation, cooling systems, and integrated pest management are important for optimizing vegetable yields year-round.
The document discusses a greenhouse temperature control system that precisely regulates the temperature of the growth medium to minimize fungal infections while maintaining productivity. It can protect against various fungi like Pythium, Fusarium, Verticillium, and Phytophthora. The system uses an advanced tubular cooling system to precisely control the temperature of the growth medium without affecting the air temperature and humidity levels needed for optimal plant growth. It has undergone research greenhouse trials and has a granted patent in Norway. Partners are sought for further joint research and licensing of the technology.
The document discusses polyhouse or greenhouse technology. It begins by defining a greenhouse as a framed structure covered with transparent material that allows crops to be grown under controlled environmental conditions. It then discusses the types of greenhouses based on covering material, including polyhouses, fiber reinforced plastic houses, and glass houses. The rest of the document focuses on polyhouse technology, describing the principles, advantages, environmental parameters controlled, types, construction, irrigation methods, and crops commonly grown in polyhouses.
Greenhouse Vegetable Production Background[1]guest73bbac2
This document provides information on greenhouse bell pepper production in Leamington, Ontario presented by Drs. Ozair Chaudhry and Muhammed Saeed. It discusses the greenhouse structure, operation, bell pepper production process including planting, harvesting, and packing, as well as the economics of greenhouse bell pepper production. Specifically, it outlines the phases of study, typical gutter-connected greenhouse design, environmental control systems, seedling planting procedures, factors that influence growth and development, harvesting seasons and yields, packing and storage processes, and the costs and revenues associated with greenhouse bell pepper production.
This document discusses greenhouse technology and its uses. It describes passive greenhouses, which use natural heating and cooling, and active greenhouses, which use auxiliary energy systems. Greenhouses can be used for drying crops to extend their shelf life. Different heating systems for greenhouses are also outlined, including unit heaters, boiler systems, heat distribution pipes, infrared heaters, and solar heating.
This document discusses different types of protected cultivation structures used in agriculture including polyhouses, plastic tunnels, shade net houses, walk-in tunnels, and mist chambers. Polyhouses are framed structures covered with plastic film that allow partial environmental control. Shade net houses are covered with polyethylene thread in varying densities to control light intensity. Walk-in tunnels are covered with UV film and can withstand strong winds. Plastic tunnels and mist chambers are used to propagate nursery plants by maintaining humidity. These protected structures offer benefits like improved crop quality, higher yields, and protection from pests and weather.
The document discusses protected cultivation techniques such as greenhouses. Greenhouses protect plants from adverse weather conditions by controlling the growing environment. They transmit sunlight inside and trap heat, maintaining optimum temperatures for plant growth. Different types of greenhouses exist depending on factors like location, climate, and intended crops. Protected cultivation allows year-round production of high quality crops with less water and labor compared to outdoor cultivation.
This document discusses various types of protected cultivation techniques in horticulture, including greenhouses and high tunnels. It provides an overview of greenhouse production in the US and China, focusing on high-tech greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, solar greenhouses, and closed plant production systems like vertical farming and plant factories. Protected cultivation techniques provide benefits such as protection from weather extremes and pests, but come with challenges such as high costs. Emerging trends include improving energy efficiency, adding environmental controls, developing design standards, and conducting research to optimize growing conditions.
The document discusses green house technology, including its history and use around the world. It notes that greenhouses allow crops to be grown with controlled environments, protecting them from unfavorable conditions. The technology started in the early 1800s and is now used commercially in over 50 countries worldwide, especially in Asia, China, and Japan. In India, greenhouse cultivation began in the 1980s and is mainly used for off-season vegetable production and research. The greenhouse effect traps heat, increasing temperatures inside and allowing year-round crop growth in cold regions. Greenhouses provide advantages like increased productivity, quality, and pest/disease control.
This document discusses shading nets and shade houses. It explains that shading nets are designed to protect crops from UV radiation and climate variations like temperature and rain. They create controlled microclimates that result in higher crop yields. A wide range of shading nets is available that provide different levels of shade. Shade houses are structures enclosed by shading nets or other materials that allow sunlight, moisture, and air to pass through and create suitable growing conditions for plants. Shade houses are used to cultivate various crops and protect plants from pests and weather. They have frames to support shading net cladding and provide structure against wind and rain loads.
Low, medium, and high cost polyhouses are classified based on their environmental control capabilities. Low cost polyhouses use locally available materials and have no specific controls. Medium cost polyhouses use fans and cooling pads for some control. High cost polyhouses are fully climate controlled with sensors, durable frames, and precision growing conditions. Other types include plastic tunnels, net houses, and trench polyhouses suitable for hilly regions. Site selection considers soil quality, water access, slope, and transportation. Polyhouses allow year-round production with higher yields, quality, and disease resistance than outdoor farming.
The document discusses plastic mulching and its benefits for crop cultivation. It states that plastic mulching warms the soil and air by reflecting, absorbing, or transmitting sunlight in a way that maximizes the transmission of infrared radiation. This creates a favorable environment for plant growth, yielding crops earlier and at a higher overall yield while also conserving soil moisture by reducing evaporation. Common types of plastic mulch discussed are black, clear, and silver-colored mulches.
GREEN HOUSE AND EFFECT OF GREEN HOUSE ON NURSERY ESTABLISHMENTSubroto Podder
This document discusses greenhouses and their use in nursery establishment. It defines greenhouses as structures covered with transparent material that allows sunlight in for plant growth. Greenhouses come in different types and sizes depending on available space, plant types, location, and costs. The main types are attached, freestanding, and connected greenhouses. The document also describes greenhouse parts, covering materials like glass and polyethylene, operation procedures, criteria for location, and advantages/disadvantages.
India has a small area under greenhouse cultivation compared to other countries like the Netherlands and China. Greenhouse technology is being used in India mainly for research and to extend the growing season for vegetables in cold regions like Ladakh. In Ladakh, greenhouses allow cultivation from 3 to 8 months compared to the normal 3 month growing season. Different types of greenhouse structures are used depending on factors like climate, cost, and space availability. Protected cultivation using greenhouses can significantly increase crop yields compared to open field cultivation. In Ladakh, crops grown in polycarbonate greenhouses have shown yields 2-3 times higher than open field cultivation. Greenhouse technology helps overcome challenges of the high altitude cold desert climate in Ladakh.
polyhouse,hot bed and humidifier in horticulture under protected cultivationEzhilmathi S
1. A hot bed is a method for raising vegetable seedlings in cold weather by providing extra heat to the soil from decomposing manure or other organic matter covered by plastic sheeting. This allows seedlings to be started well before the last frost date.
2. The document provides instructions for constructing a hot bed including digging a trench, layering it with straw, manure, more straw and soil before covering with plastic to trap heat and protect seedlings from frost.
3. A polytunnel is a similar structure made of polyethylene sheeting over a frame that stays warmer than outside air, allowing off-season crop growth through solar heating and retention of heat inside the plastic covering.
This document discusses protective structures used for vegetable production. It defines protective structures as facilities that provide protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. The main types discussed are greenhouses, plastic houses, and screen houses. Greenhouses allow control of environmental conditions while plastic houses are simpler structures made of frames and plastic covering. The document outlines the global use of protective structures, components, construction considerations like orientation, cooling systems, and microclimate factors. It concludes with problems like high costs and the need for adapted structures and technologies in different climates.
The document discusses a reach-in plant growth chamber designed to study the effects of environmental factors like temperature, moisture, light, and atmosphere on plant growth. It describes the chamber's double-walled insulated construction and its ability to precisely control temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels, and lighting conditions. The chamber can be used by researchers and students to better understand how environmental stresses impact plants and to manipulate plant growth.
This document summarizes a hydroponics chamber model ACM-5263H produced by Technocracy Pvt. Ltd. The chamber provides an environment for plant growth without soil by using a nutrient solution. It has lights, air circulation, and other features to control temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels to enable optimal plant growth. The chamber is portable, low maintenance, and more cost effective than other options due to its small size. It is well insulated and has precise temperature and environmental controls.
Greenhouses provide a controlled environment for growing crops year-round by protecting them from extreme temperatures, rain, and wind. They come in different structures like freestanding, attached to other buildings, or mounted in windows. Components include the structural frame, covering materials like polyethylene or polycarbonate, and environmental controls. Greenhouses allow precise regulation of temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, irrigation, and fertilization to maximize plant growth and yields. While the initial costs are high, greenhouses can extend growing seasons and increase crop production.
Protected growing structures like greenhouses, cold frames, polytunnels, cloches, and conservatories provide environmental control to grow plants. They maintain stable temperatures, humidity, light levels, and gas concentrations unlike outdoors. This allows growing plants out of season, propagating plants, and controlling limiting factors of photosynthesis. Each structure has different costs, sizes, degrees of environmental control, and uses like starting seeds, growing crops, or decorative displays. Protected structures maximize plant growth by controlling limiting factors of photosynthesis and respiration.
This document discusses greenhouse technology and its principles. It describes how greenhouses create a controlled environment for plant growth through factors like light, temperature, humidity and air composition. It explains the processes of photosynthesis and respiration in plants. It then discusses the key constituents of the greenhouse environment - light, carbon dioxide, temperature, humidity and covering materials. It also covers greenhouse orientation, applications, advantages and the higher yields enabled by greenhouse cultivation.
The document discusses drying equipment and processes. It describes how drying removes water from foods through circulating hot air to prevent bacterial growth. Tray dryers are introduced as widely used direct dryers that heat products through contact with circulating hot air inside an insulated chamber. The document outlines the two main drying periods and factors that influence drying rates. It also discusses various methods for determining when drying is complete.
A greenhouse is a framed structure covered with a transparent material where crops can be grown in a controlled environment. Greenhouses allow year-round crop production and higher yields due to optimal temperature, light, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Different types of greenhouses include plastic film greenhouses, glass greenhouses, and rigid panel greenhouses, which vary based on their framing material and covering. Controlling the greenhouse environment through ventilation, heating, cooling, and carbon dioxide supplementation improves plant growth conditions.
Effect of Greenhouse Cooling Methods on the Growth and Yield of Tomato in a M...AI Publications
This document summarizes a study that investigated different cooling methods for greenhouses growing tomatoes in a Mediterranean climate. Three greenhouses used different cooling systems: one used fogging and natural ventilation (Fog+NV), one used fans and evaporative pads (FP), and one used only natural ventilation (NV). Temperature, humidity, plant growth, and tomato yields were compared between the greenhouses over three growing periods. The results showed that the FP system was most effective at reducing high temperatures, maintaining optimal growing conditions, and increasing tomato yields compared to the other systems. Yields were highest with FP, followed by Fog+NV, and lowest with NV alone. Therefore, properly designed FP cooling systems can improve tomato production in hot Mediterranean clim
Protected Cultivation of Vegetables^J Flowers and Fruits final@.pptxVaishaliDixena1
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. It discusses the advantages of protected cultivation such as higher yields, protection from environmental stresses, and year-round production. Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants through various structures like greenhouses, polyhouses, and net houses. It allows cultivating crops outside of their normal growing seasons and minimizing losses from pests and diseases. While protected cultivation has benefits, it also has limitations including high initial costs, specialized labor needs, and increased management requirements. The document outlines best production practices for different protected structures and concludes that polyhouses provide better protection than net houses.
Class 1 greenhouse introduction, importance, scopes and classificationPriyanka Priyadarshini
The document discusses the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gas technology. It explains that the greenhouse effect is a natural process where greenhouse gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor absorb and re-radiate solar energy, trapping heat and warming the Earth's surface. Greenhouse gas technology involves constructing framed structures covered with transparent materials to create controlled climates for growing crops, allowing year-round production and higher yields.
Application of renewable energy technology for controlled atmosphereE Venkatesh
This document provides an overview of renewable energy technologies for greenhouse climate control presented by E. Venkatesh. It discusses different types of greenhouses based on shape, use, construction material, and covering material. Greenhouses can be classified as active heating or cooling depending on their intended use. The document also covers greenhouse climate factors like light, air temperature, soil temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration that influence plant growth. Maintaining optimal levels of these factors is important for maximum photosynthesis and crop productivity in greenhouses.
Temperature and shade regulation in green houseiari
This document discusses various temperature control systems used in greenhouses, including cooling and heating systems. It describes natural ventilation using roof and side vents for cooling. Forced ventilation and evaporative cooling methods like fan/pad systems, misting, and fogging are also outlined. Heating methods discussed include water, steam, hot air, infrared and solar. The objective of temperature control systems is to maintain optimal conditions for crop growth. Shade regulation using screens, netting or paint is also mentioned.
This document discusses the design and construction of bioreactors. It explains that bioreactors provide optimal conditions for growing microorganisms by maintaining sterility and mixing. The key components of bioreactors include the vessel, agitator, sparger, temperature, pH and foam probes, cooling jacket, heating coil, and controls for dissolved oxygen and pressure. Proper monitoring and control of factors like temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and shear forces are necessary to support microbial growth and product formation.
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to protect crops from adverse weather. It allows for higher yields, year-round cultivation, improved quality, and off-season production. Common crops suited for protected cultivation include tomatoes, capsicum, cucumbers, beans, and flowers. Proper site selection, orientation, structure type, production system, and climate control are important for successful protected cultivation. Potential issues include nutrient deficiencies or excesses, toxic gases, and pest and disease attacks.
Greenhouses allow for year-round cultivation of crops by creating a controlled environment that shields plants from extreme outdoor conditions. They trap heat and sunlight inside through materials like glass and plastic, regulating temperature, humidity, light, and other factors to optimize plant growth. This controlled environment improves crop yields, increases diversity of cultivable plants, and enables sustainable agricultural practices and experimental research.
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control air quality by removing contaminants and introducing outside fresh air. It is needed to maintain oxygen levels, remove carbon dioxide, control humidity, prevent heat buildup, and dilute odors and other contaminants. Ventilation can be natural through wind and stack effects, or mechanical using fans. Standards recommend minimum air change rates to ensure adequate indoor air quality and occupant comfort. Factors like air temperature, humidity, airflow patterns, and rates must be properly controlled.
This document discusses nursery management in horticultural crops. It covers various topics such as nursery site selection, structures used in nurseries, production techniques, and materials and tools used. An ideal nursery site has suitable soil type and pH, adequate slope for drainage, and access to labor, irrigation water and markets. Various structures at nurseries include offices, potting sheds, nursery beds, greenhouses and shade houses. Common production techniques involve growing plants in containers using appropriate soil mixtures, fertilizers, watering and protection from weeds and temperatures. Nurseries require tools for various operations as well as materials like containers, labels and infrastructure for irrigation.
There are some areas of the world in which the agricultural crops require assistance and cooling, especially
during hot days, in order
to prevent them from being subjected to unnecessary stress. In other areas, the color of fruit can be improved by cooling the trees
during the correct time period.
It is possible to extend the shelf life of some types of fruit by cooling them while they are still on the trees. And by using correct and
supervised cooling, we can increase the flower fruit set during periods of very hot weather. In other regions, we can aid and improve
the yield of fruit crops by cooling during the autumn and winter months, and then adding cold units to the same trees or cooling the
same crops at the end of the winter months in order to cause early blossoming.
In addition to employing cooling in open fields, an additional—perhaps primary—use of cooling is in various
types of greenhouses.
The principle of a greenhouse
is that the farmer can control its internal climate and thereby provide the plants with optimal growth
conditions. Therefore, a system that will have a cooling
effect on the internal temperature on hot days is almost indispensable for
every greenhouse.
Another use of a cooling system inside a greenhouse
is, perhaps surprisingly, in cold countries where the greenhouse is especially
built with few ventilation
openings to conserve internal heat. As a result of this design, on the few days that are very hot, there is
insufficient air flow to cool the interior. An efficient cooling system can solve the problem. Further, in these same cold countries, the
crops are usually
already inside the greenhouse by the first days of spring, but the heating system still needs to be operated
in order
to ensure the correct conditions. The windows must not be opened, and inside the building,
the relative humidity drops beneath the
desired levels. At this time, operating a suitable cooling system improves these crops.
What is possible to do to improve agricultural crops is also possible to do with livestock, including all types of poultry, cows, and pigs.
A suitable system can cool their micro-environment and improve production.
The different methods of cooling based on sprinkler-spraying products are as follows
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
2. TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.
Weiber Plant Growth Chambers are designed to study the effect of described different environmental factors such
as humidity, temperature and light in various application tests on the growth of plants.
Plant growth and geographic distribution are greatly affected by the environment. If any environmental factor is less
than ideal, it limits a plant's growth and/or distribution. For example, only plants adapted to limited amounts of water
can live in deserts.
Either directly or indirectly, most plant problems are caused by environmental stress. In some cases, poor
environmental conditions (e.g., too little water) damage a plant directly. In other cases, environmental stress
weakens a plant and makes it more susceptible to disease or insect attack.
REACH-IN PLANT GROWTH CHAMBERS
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3. Ÿ Temperature: is a measure of the intensity of heat. Plant growth occurs in a fairly narrow range - 60 - 100
degrees F. Temperature directly affects the processes of photosynthesis, respiration transpiration and
absorption of water and nutrients.
Ÿ Moisture supply: Plant growth is restricted by low and high levels of soil moisture as good soil moisture
improves nutrient uptake. If moisture is a limiting factor fertilizer is not used efficiently.
Ÿ Radiant energy: quality, intensity and duration (photoperiodism) of light are important for the plant growth.
Photoperiodism is defined as the behavior of plant in relation to length of the day. On the basis of day period the
plants can be:
1. Long day plants – Flowering occur only if days are longer than same critical period - 12 hours e.g. Grains and
clovers
2. Short day plants – flowering occur only if days are shorter than critical period e.g. soybeans.
3. Indeterminate – flowering occur over a wide range of day lengths. E.g. Tomato, cotton,buckwheat
Ÿ Composition of the atmosphere: plant growth majorly depends on the amounts of gases present in the
atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen etc.
Ÿ Soil aeration and soil structure: Compact soils of high bulk density and poor structure are aerated poorly.
Pore space is occupied by air and water so the amount of air and water are inversely proportional to the amount
of oxygen in the soil. On well drained soils, oxygen content is not likely to be limiting to plant growth.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT PLANT GROWTH INCLUDE
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TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.
Chamber body: Double walled heated and convection unit, with the outer rust proofing wall made up powder
coated PCRC sheets and inner wall made up of stainless steel of grade 304.
Insulation: is a method of retardation for the flow of heat, this process reduce the heat loss or gain for energy
conservation thus saving the energy. Weiber thermal shock chamber provides insulation either through fibrous
insulation i.e. mineral glass wool or through cellular insulation i.e. polyurethane foam (PUF).
CONSTRUCTION
With a basic understanding of these factors, one (researcher/student) may be able to manipulate plants to meet
required needs, whether for increased leaf, flower, or fruit production. By recognizing the roles of these factors,
personnel also will be better able to diagnose plant problems caused by environmental stress.
4. Fibrous Insulation: Composed of air finely divided into interstices by small diameter fibers usually chemically or
mechanically bonded and formed into boards, blankets, and hollow cylinders.
Cellular Insulation: Composed of air or some other gas contained within a foam of stable small bubbles and
formed into boards, blankets, or hollow cylinders.
Heating: Desired positive temperature is provided through stainless steel sheathed air heaters, these heaters do
not affect the test specimen directly as they are placed in conditioning plenum proving indirect heat.
Air Circulation: Air circulation efficient motor fans are provided, ensuring uniform temperature throughout the
chamber.
Cooling: Negative temperature is maintained through ultra low temperature application compressor and non CFC
eco friendly R 404a refrigerant used.
Refrigeration: It is provided through hermetic and half-hermetic compressor cascade refrigeration system.
Hermetic compressor is completely sealed, especially against the escape or entry of air and semi-hermetic
compressor is partially sealed units and these units are mainly utilizes for real refrigeration work.
SALIENT FEATURES
Ÿ Reliable
Ÿ Aesthetically designed.
Ÿ Corrosion Resistant
Ÿ Energy Efficient
Ÿ CFC free cooling
Ÿ RS 232C interface
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TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.
APPLICATIONS
Ÿ Production of biotherapeutic proteins
Ÿ Germplasm containments
5. Temperature Range
5 Degree to 50 degree Centigrade (without irradiation) and 10 Degree to 50
Degree Centigrade (with irradiation)
Temperature Sensor PT 100
Co2 range 300-5,000 ppm
Co2 Sensor
Non dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensors, it is a highly integrated analysis
system for monitoring respiratory carbon dioxide concentration.
Humidit 20% to 80% relative humidity
Temperature Control
The temperature is efficiently controlled by PLC based HMI interactive control
panel
Ÿ Biotechnology
Ÿ Agriculture
Ÿ Tissue Culture Applications
Ÿ Enzyme reaction applications
Ÿ Fermentation analysis
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
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TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.
6. www.acmasindia.com | www.test-chambers.comwww.acmasglobal.com |
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