A greenhouse is a framed structure covered with a transparent material where crops can be grown in a controlled environment. Greenhouses allow year-round crop production and higher yields due to optimal temperature, light, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Different types of greenhouses include plastic film greenhouses, glass greenhouses, and rigid panel greenhouses, which vary based on their framing material and covering. Controlling the greenhouse environment through ventilation, heating, cooling, and carbon dioxide supplementation improves plant growth conditions.
Merits and demerits of greenhouse cultivationNeel Agrotech
Greenhouse is a mechanism through which farmers can cultivate plants in any season or atmospheric condition without damaging plants from insects & animals. The principle behind greenhouse is maintaining warmness & temperature inside a room of glass so that plants can grow pleasantly without facing any dramatic change in weather. As we know every coin has two side similarly it is applicable on greenhouse too. Greenhouse farming, too has flip side associated with it.
The new techniques which are being innovated by the scientists in the field of agriculture if used wisely can improve the otherwise poor economic status of farmers. The land for cultivation is slowly depleting as the land is being acquired by Government for infra-structure build up, or is being sold by the owners due to poor financial state. The area of land which is available for farming has to be used judiciously and recent tools and techniques needs to be employed, then only high yield could be obtained and the economic condition of agriculturists could improve. The polyhouse technology of crop cultivation is proving beneficial for the farmers. The success stories of polyhouse cultivation are many and still the number is counting.
Retractable roof greenhouse production systemRajender Thakur
Introduction of Cravo's Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technology
For over 30 years, Cravo has led the world in the design and supply of automated retractable roof greenhouses, tunnels and orchard covers helping farmers to optimize growing conditions while protecting hectares of crops in minutes from extreme heat, cold, wind, hail, snow and insects. Our specialization and experience has helped us to create a wide range of structures, roof coverings and drive systems to meet your crop requirements, weather conditions and budget. Our retractable roof houses are operational on 5 continents in hot, mild and cold climates and have withstood the extremes of hail, snow and wind including dust storms and nine hurricanes.
To help our customers maximize their profitability, we have developed the “The Retractable Roof Production System” (RRPS)™ which integrates your climate, crop, plant physiology and market conditions to create a production strategy that uses the retractable roofs to grow in ways not possible if your crops are growing outside without protection or are constantly protected inside a conventional greenhouse, tunnel or shadehouse structure. The implementation of the RRPS™ typically can result in a 50%-100% increase in profit per kg and 2-5 year return on investment and can be used on high value vegetables, berries, stone fruit, flowers, trees and shrubs . There are 36 strategies in the RRPS™ which help growers produce more crops per hectare, produce larger fruit with a longer shelf life, over a longer harvest season while using less water, electricity and virtually eliminating chemicals. The RRPS™ has proven to be effective in helping to grow crops sustainably particularly in warm and hot climates where conventional greenhouses and tunnels are typically not effective.
With Sales offices in Canada, Mexico, Spain and Turkey and representatives in Australia, Chile, The Netherlands and India, Cravo is well positioned to help growers worldwide produce crops more profitably and sustainably while coping with the erratic changes in global weather patterns.
Contact for details
Rajender Kumar
Technical Manager
Cravo Equipment Ltd
Mobile:+919816080580;Email:rajendert@cravo.com;
Website:www.cravo.com
Whether you are building a single hoop house or building a ten hectare greenhouse range, new greenhouse construction is part of building your growing business. For many growers the construction process is exciting full of anticipation as you watch your dreams becoming a reality
Merits and demerits of greenhouse cultivationNeel Agrotech
Greenhouse is a mechanism through which farmers can cultivate plants in any season or atmospheric condition without damaging plants from insects & animals. The principle behind greenhouse is maintaining warmness & temperature inside a room of glass so that plants can grow pleasantly without facing any dramatic change in weather. As we know every coin has two side similarly it is applicable on greenhouse too. Greenhouse farming, too has flip side associated with it.
The new techniques which are being innovated by the scientists in the field of agriculture if used wisely can improve the otherwise poor economic status of farmers. The land for cultivation is slowly depleting as the land is being acquired by Government for infra-structure build up, or is being sold by the owners due to poor financial state. The area of land which is available for farming has to be used judiciously and recent tools and techniques needs to be employed, then only high yield could be obtained and the economic condition of agriculturists could improve. The polyhouse technology of crop cultivation is proving beneficial for the farmers. The success stories of polyhouse cultivation are many and still the number is counting.
Retractable roof greenhouse production systemRajender Thakur
Introduction of Cravo's Retractable Roof Greenhouse Technology
For over 30 years, Cravo has led the world in the design and supply of automated retractable roof greenhouses, tunnels and orchard covers helping farmers to optimize growing conditions while protecting hectares of crops in minutes from extreme heat, cold, wind, hail, snow and insects. Our specialization and experience has helped us to create a wide range of structures, roof coverings and drive systems to meet your crop requirements, weather conditions and budget. Our retractable roof houses are operational on 5 continents in hot, mild and cold climates and have withstood the extremes of hail, snow and wind including dust storms and nine hurricanes.
To help our customers maximize their profitability, we have developed the “The Retractable Roof Production System” (RRPS)™ which integrates your climate, crop, plant physiology and market conditions to create a production strategy that uses the retractable roofs to grow in ways not possible if your crops are growing outside without protection or are constantly protected inside a conventional greenhouse, tunnel or shadehouse structure. The implementation of the RRPS™ typically can result in a 50%-100% increase in profit per kg and 2-5 year return on investment and can be used on high value vegetables, berries, stone fruit, flowers, trees and shrubs . There are 36 strategies in the RRPS™ which help growers produce more crops per hectare, produce larger fruit with a longer shelf life, over a longer harvest season while using less water, electricity and virtually eliminating chemicals. The RRPS™ has proven to be effective in helping to grow crops sustainably particularly in warm and hot climates where conventional greenhouses and tunnels are typically not effective.
With Sales offices in Canada, Mexico, Spain and Turkey and representatives in Australia, Chile, The Netherlands and India, Cravo is well positioned to help growers worldwide produce crops more profitably and sustainably while coping with the erratic changes in global weather patterns.
Contact for details
Rajender Kumar
Technical Manager
Cravo Equipment Ltd
Mobile:+919816080580;Email:rajendert@cravo.com;
Website:www.cravo.com
Whether you are building a single hoop house or building a ten hectare greenhouse range, new greenhouse construction is part of building your growing business. For many growers the construction process is exciting full of anticipation as you watch your dreams becoming a reality
Protected Cultivation in Horticulture; Gardening Guidebook for Texas ~ Texas A & M~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
Protected Cultivation in Horticulture; Gardening Guidebook for Texas ~ Texas A & M~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
I have tried to describe what is tunnel and what is tunnel farming and its types according to both via height and via structure.
And it also includes Substrates we use in preparation of seedlings and different structural features like buffer zone, trellising, coolers etc.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. •A Greenhouse is a framed or an inflated
structure covered with a transparent or
translucent material in which crops could be
grown under the conditions of at least partially
controlled environment and which is large
enough to permit persons to work within it to
carry out cultural operations.
3. In general, the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is
0.035% (345 ppm). But, due to the emission of pollutants and exhaust
gases into the atmosphere, the percentage of carbon dioxide increases
which forms a blanket in the outer atmosphere. This causes the
entrapping of the reflected solar radiation from the earth surface. Due
to this, the atmospheric temperature increases, causing global
warming, melting of ice caps and rise in the ocean levels which result
in the submergence of coastal lines. This phenomenon of increase in
the ambient temperature, due to the formation of the blanket of carbon
dioxide is known as greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse covering material acts in a similar way, as it is
transparent to shorter wave radiation and opaque to long wave
radiation
4. The following are the different advantages of using the green house
for growing crops under controlled environment:
Throughout the year four to five crops can be grown in a green house
due to availability of required plant environmental conditions.
The productivity of the crop is increased considerably.
Superior quality produce can be obtained as they are grown under
suitably controlled environment.
Gadgets for efficient use of various inputs like water, fertilizers,
seeds and plant protection chemicals can be well maintained in a
green house.
Effective control of pests and diseases is possible as the growing
area is enclosed.
5. Percentage of germination of seeds is high in greenhouses.
The acclimatization of plantlets of tissue culture technique can be
carried out in a green house.
Agricultural and horticultural crop production schedules can be
planned to take advantage of the market needs.
Different types of growing medium like peat mass, vermiculate,
rice hulls and compost that are used in intensive agriculture can
be effectively utilized in the greenhouse.
Export quality produce of international standards can be
produced in a green house.
When the crops are not grown, drying and related operations of
the harvested produce can be taken up utilizing the entrapped
heat.
Greenhouses are suitable for automation of irrigation,
application of other inputs and environmental controls by using
computers and artificial intelligence techniques.
Self-employment for educated youth on farm can be increased.
6. Based on shape
Based on utility
Based on construction
Based on covering material
10. Greenhouses for active heating
During the night time, air temperature inside
greenhouse decreases. To avoid the cold bite to
plants due to freezing, some amount of heat has to
be supplied. The requirements for heating
greenhouse depend on the rate at which the heat is
lost to the outside environment. Various methods
are adopted to reduce the heat losses, viz., using
double layer polyethylene, thermo pane glasses (Two
layers of factory sealed glass with dead air space) or
to use heating systems, such as unit heaters, central
heat, radiant heat and solar heating system.
11. Greenhouses for active cooling
During summer season, it is desirable to
reduce the temperatures of greenhouse than
the ambient temperatures, for effective crop
growth. Hence suitable modifications are
made in the green house so that large
volumes of cooled air is drawn into
greenhouse, This type of greenhouse either
consists of evaporative cooling pad with fan
or fog cooling. This greenhouse is designed
in such a way that it permits a roof opening
of 40% and in some cases nearly 100%.
12. Wooden framed structures
In general, for the greenhouses with span less than 6 m, only
wooden framed structures are used. Side posts and columns
are constructed of wood without the use of a truss. Pine wood
8 is commonly used as it is inexpensive and possesses the
required strength. Timber locally available, with good
strength, durability and machinability also can be used for the
construction.
Pipe framed structures
Pipes are used for construction of greenhouses, when
the clear span is around 12m. In general, the side posts,
columns, cross ties and purlins are constructed using
pipes. In this type, the trusses are not used.
13. Truss framed structures
If the greenhouse span is greater than or equal to 15m,
truss frames are used. Flat steel, tubular steel or
angular iron is welded together to form a truss
encompassing rafters, chords and struts (Fig. 4). Struts
are support members under compression and chords
are support members under tension. Angle iron
purlins running throughout the length of greenhouse
are bolted to each truss. Columns are used only in very
wide truss frame houses of 21.3 m or more. Most of the
glass houses are of truss frame type, as these frames
are best suited for pre-fabrication.
14.
15. Glass greenhouses
Only glass greenhouses with glass as the covering
material existed prior to 1950. Glass as covering
material has the advantage of greater interior light
intensity. These greenhouses have higher air
infiltration rate which leads to lower interior
humidity and better disease prevention.
16. Plastic film greenhouses
Flexible plastic films including polyethylene,
polyester and polyvinyl chloride are used as
covering material in this type of greenhouses.
Plastics as covering material for greenhouses have
become popular, as they are cheap and the cost of
heating is less when compared to glass
greenhouses.
The main disadvantage with plastic films is its
short life.
17. Rigid Panel Greenhouse
Polyvinyl chloride rigid panels, fibre glass-reinforced
plastic, acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panels are
employed as the covering material in the quonset type
frames or ridge and furrow type frame.
This material is more resistant to breakage and the light
intensity is uniform throughout the greenhouse when
compared to glass or plastic. High grade panels have
long life even up to 20 years.
The main disadvantage is that these panels tend to
collect dust as well as to harbor algae, which results in
darkening of the panels and subsequent reduction in
the light transmission. There is significant danger of
fire hazard.
18. Shading nets
Shade nettings are designed to protect the crops and
plants from UV radiation, but they also provide
protection from climate conditions, such as
temperature variation, intensive rain and winds.
Better growth conditions can be achieved for the crop
due to the controlled micro-climate conditions
“created” in the covered area, with shade netting, which
results in higher crop yields.
All nettings are UV stabilized to fulfill expected lifetime
at the area of exposure. They are characterized of high
tear resistance, low weight for easy and quick
installation with a 30-90% shade value range.
19. The productivity of a crop is influenced not
only by its heredity but also by the
microclimate around it. The components of
crop microclimate are light, temperature, air
compositions and the nature of the root
medium .
20. The visible light of the solar radiation is a source of energy
for plants. Light energy, carbon dioxide (Co2) and water all
enter in to the process of photosynthesis through which
carbohydrates are formed.
The production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and
water in the presence of chlorophyll, using light energy is
responsible for plant growth and reproduction. The rate of
photosynthesis is governed by available fertilizer elements,
water, carbon dioxide, light and temperature. The
photosynthesis reaction can be represented as follows
Chlorophyll
Co2 + water+ light energy ------------> carbohydrates + oxygen
Plant nutrients
21. Temperature is a measure of level of the heat present. All
crops have temperature range in which they can grow
well. Below this range, the plant life process stop due to
ice formation within the tissue and cells are possibly
punctured by ice crystals. At the upper extreme, enzymes
become inactive, and again process essential for life cease.
Enzymes are biological reaction catalyst and are heat
sensitive.
As a general rule, green house crops are grown at a day
temperature, which are 3 to 60C higher than the night
temperature on cloudy days and 80C higher on clear days.
The night temperature of green house crops is generally
in the range of 7 to 210C.
22. As the green house is a closed space, the relative humidity of
the green house air will be more when compared to the
ambient air, due to the moisture added by the evapo-
transpiration process.
Some of this moisture is taken away by the air leaving from the
green house due to ventilation. Sensible heat inputs also lower
the relative humidity of the air to some extent.
In order to maintain the desirable relative humidity levels in
the green houses, processes like humidification or
dehumidification are carried out. For most crops, the
acceptable range of relative humidity is between 50 to 80%.
However for plant propagation work, relative humidity up to
90% may be desirable.
23. A green house is ventilated for either reducing the temperature
of the green house air or for replenishing carbon dioxide
supply or for moderating the relative humidity of the air. Air
temperatures above 350C are generally not suited for the crops
in green house. It is quite possible 12
to bring the green house air temperature below this upper
limit during spring and autumn seasons simply by providing
adequate ventilation to the green house. The ventilation in a
green house can either be natural or forced. In case of small
green houses (less than 6m wide) natural ventilation can be
quite effective during spring and autumn seasons. However,
fan ventilation is essential to have precise control over the air
temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels.
24. Carbon is an essential plant nutrient and is present in the plant in
greater quantity than any other nutrient. About 40% of the dry
matter of the plant is composed of carbon. Under normal
conditions, carbon dioxide (CO2) exits as a gas in the atmosphere
slightly above 0.03% or 345ppm. During the day, when
photosynthesis occurs under natural light, the plants in a green
house draw down the level of Co2 to below 200ppm.
Under these circumstances, infiltration or ventilation increases
carbon dioxide levels, when the outside air is brought in, to
maintain the ambient levels of CO2.