This document provides an overview of the Rural Agricultural Work Experience Programme (RAWE) completed by Ankit Raj at the Bhola Paswan Shastri agricultural College in Purnea, Bihar, India. It describes the objectives of the RAWE program to familiarize students with rural life and farming practices. A major component of the program involved a visit to the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) in Sabour, where students learned about the integrated farming system comprising dairy, poultry, fisheries, and horticulture. Activities at KVK Sabour included beekeeping, rejuvenation of mango and guava orchards, and mushroom production.

1. Bhola Paswan Shastri agricultural College
purnea , 854302
RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK
EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME &
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL
ATTACHMENT
Presented to :
Dr.Anil Kumar
(Assist.prof cum Jr scientist
Horticulture)
Dr.Macha .Uday
(Assist.prof cum Jr scientist
Entomology )
Presented by:
Ankit Raj
Roll no.: BPSAC/57/217-18
Sem: 7th , year : 4rd

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• RAWE Definition
• Objectives of RAWE Program
• Outlook of KVK
• Mandates of KVK
• KVK Sabour
• IFS
• Bee – Keeping
• Rejuvenation of mango and guava orchard
• World soil Day Program
• Jal Jeevan Haryali Program
• Happy seeder
• Straw Management
• Mushroom Production
• Awareness Programme
• PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi Yojana
• Visit to seed processing unit, cattle shade
and Poultry farm
• Overview of ARYA Pariyojana
• Visit to Plant Health Clinic
• PRA
• Soil sampling procedure
• Determination of soil pH
• Determination of organic carbon
• Agro- industrial attachment( Visit to Sudha
Dairy, Bhagalpur)
• Visit To food and vegetable processing unit
• Mushroom spawn production
• Knowledge gained from RAWEP

3. RAWE
(RURAL
AGRICULTURAL
WORK EXPERIENCE)
• RAWE is Programme for
imparting quality,
practical and production
oriented education for
agricultural degree.
• For gaining experience
about field operation and
rural problem.
• It is a beneficial for
developing skill and
confidence.

4. OBJECTIVE
OF RAWEP
• Familiarity with the socio-economic
condition Of village
• Opportunity for practical training
• Development of communication skill
in transfer of technology
• Preparation of production plan
suitable for local condition
• Development of confidence and
competency for facing
• Problematic situation and finding
solution
• To make the students familiar with
farmers
• Understanding of rural life by
students

5. KVK(farm
Science Centre)
• It was established by ICAR.
• Transfer of technology to the
farmers.
• First KVK was established in 1974
at Pondicherry.
• No. of KVK present in INDIA till
now is 721.
• No. of KVK present in biharis 44.

6. Mandates of KVK
• Creating awareness about improved agricultural technology.
• Organise need based training programme for farmers.
• Function as Knowledge cum resource centre for agriculture and allied sector
in the district.
• Production of planting materials and quality seeds
• Technology assessment and demonstration for its application and capacity
building.

7. KVK
SABOUR
⮚ It was established on 1st April 2004 in the silk city of bihar.
⮚ the main food crops grown in the area are Paddy, Wheat, Maize,
Pulses and Oilseeds
⮚ Horticulture crops commonly grown are Mango, Banana, Litchi,
Citrus, and Guava. Among vegetables Tomato, Potato, Brinjal,
Cauliflower, onion are the main crops.
⮚ Apart from agriculture, other allied activities in the district include
Dairy, Goatery, Piggery, Poultry and Fishery etc.
⮚ Soil of Bhagalpur district is Greyish red in colour, medium to heavy
in texture, slightly to moderately alkaline in reaction

8. KVK at a Glance

9. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM
⮚ IFS is a whole farm management
system which aims to deliver more
sustainable agriculture.
⮚ It refers to agricultural system that
integrate livestock and crop
production.
⮚ BENEFITS OF IFS
• Productivity
• Profitability
• Sustainability
• Ecofriendly
• Income generation
• Source of income throughout the
year.
IFS OF KVK SABOUR

10. Why IFS is needed
• For reducing the risk due to
abiotic and biotic stress.
• High input cost.
• For increasing the income.
• Employment.
• Standard of living.
• Work as insurance

11. Components of integrated farming
system
• Crop husbandry
• Poultry
• Duckery
• Horticulture(papaya,mango,guava etc)
• Dairy
• Goatary
• Aquaculture
• Apiculture
• Mushroom cultivation
• Agroforestry
• Pond

12. COMPONENT
OF IFS

13. Factor determining type of
farming in integrated system
❖ Physical factor (climatic, soil, topography)
❖ Interest of farmers
❖ Resource allocation
❖ Ethnicity of site
❖ Economic factor
❖ Nearness to the market
❖ Marketing cost
❖ Capital
❖ Land value
❖ Objective is income ,production and minimizing
cost

14. objective
s
To integrate different
production like
dairy,poultry,fishery, horticulture
etc.
To increase farm resources
To promote multicropping
To maintain environmental
quality and ecological stability

15. Integrated Farming System,
KVK Sabour
IFS, at KVK, Sabour is well spread in 2 acre which is well managed by Dr.
Zeyaul Hoda & other KVK scientists.
The major components of this IFS are:
1) Fisheries
2) Poultry
3) Duckery
4) Dairy unit
5) Horticultural crops
6) Vermicompost unit
7) Fodder unit

16. Fisheries
IFS Pond area- 1.2 acre
Started from- 2012
Spawning:- The expulsion of gametes from the body into the surrounding water.
Spawn Fish(jeera) available (May) in Our KVK- 1500/- per litre
Breed- Banger Betta mainly
Fishes Species present are: -
• Common Carp
• Catla,
• Grass Carp,
• Silver Carp,
• Rohu,
• Mrigal
 There are 3 chambers for fish culture which are used as required. Incubation chamber and
Hatching chamber are the two of them.
 Each year finger lets are sold worth 2-2.5 lakh .
 Male and Female fishes are identified with their rough and smooth pectoral fins.

17. Biofloc-
•The biofloc technology can produce 2,000 kilograms of fish from four small tanks on an area of up to 150 square meters
•No of bio floc- 2 (2020)
Duckery:
•Starting from 2014
•Now days Total Number of Duck – 54
Ducks offspring- 34
Selling of Ducks- 600 rupees per pair.
Duck play an important role in IFS.
They eat up the insect larva in pond
.
Poultry:
•Staring from- 2013
•Poultry house build in year 2014
•Breed- Only Broiler now
•Number:- 150
•Selling rate start from Rs 60 ,now it is Rs100 rupees/kg
Breed- Khaki Campbell

18. Goatry:
•Starting from 2014
•Breed- Local breed including Jamnapari their weight in
between 5-12 kg
•Number: 35
•Selling of goat in our KVK- 300 rupees/kg

19. Dairy Unit:-
•Starting from 2018
•Number – 05 (Including 01-GIR This breed of cow bought to KVK in 2020, Holstein Friesian and o
•Calf- 02
•Selling Milk Price- 40 rupees/ltr
•Milk production : 24l /day
Fig. At Dairy unit of IFS KVK Sabour

20. BEE-KEEPING
⮚ Beekeeping/ Apiculture:-is the
maintenance of honey bee colonies
, commonly in man-made hives, by
humans.
⮚ Hone Bee are social insects
because it us reared to obtain
honey, wax & other byproducts of
economic importance.
• Different species in India:-
1.Apis dorsata
2.Apis cerana indica
3.Apis florea
4.Apis mellifera
⮚ Three members of the colony:-
1.Worker
2.Queen
3.Drone

21. HONEYBE
ES CASTE
• Queen:- Only
fertilized female
• Worker:-Sole
duty to collect
pollen
• Drones:-Male
member, they
fertilize the virgin
queen.

22. Life cycle
of Honey Bee

23. Methods of Apiculture
• A. Indigenous method of Apiculture
• Wall or fixed hive
• Movable hive
• Modern method
• Designed on “bee space theory” by L.L.Langstroth in 1851

24. EQUIPMENTS USED:-
⮚ Bottom board
⮚ Bee stand
⮚ Swarm catcher
⮚ Brood chamber
⮚ Inner cover
⮚ Nucleus hive:-used for mating of queens
and division of colonies.
⮚ Top cover
⮚ Bee veil
⮚ Queen excluder
⮚ Super chamber
⮚ Queen Cage
⮚ Honey extractor
⮚ Hand glove

25. Honey processing unit

26. Seasonal
management
• Pollen and nectar available
only during certain period
• Honey flow season
management (Coincides with
spring)
• Summer management
• Winter management
• Management during dearth
period
• Rainy season/monsoon

27. HONEYBEE
PRODUCTS/BENEFITS
DIRECT
⮚ Honey
⮚ Pollen
⮚ Propolis
⮚ Bee wax
⮚ Royal jelly
⮚ Bee venom
INDIRECT
⮚ Provides employment
⮚ Increase in crop yield
through cross pollination

28. Rejuvenation of Mango and Guava
Orchard
• The term 'Rejuvenation' means restoring the productive capacity of
the fruit includes removal of old twigs. Rejuvenation restores the
production potential of old, un-productive orchards by pruning of
branches at different periodicity and at different severities.
Instruction about Pruning of Mango plant Application of COC Discussion regarding rejuvenation

29. Continued…
• we performed rejuvenation in mango and
guava orchard under the guidance of the
scientist Dr. Amrendra Kumar from ATARI. We
got to know that with rejuvenation, the benefit
of an established root system of the trees can
be utilized profitably. These trees can bear a
good crop for several years once more.
Today we performed rejuvenation in guava
(ALLAHABAD SAFEDA) under the guidance of Dr.
Amrendra sir scientist from ATARI PATNA. And we
were given the participatory certificate by sir in the mini
auditorium.

30. Advantages of rejuvenation
1. Utilization of existing root system
2. Lowering the fruiting area which can be conveniently
managed
3. Creation of extra space for intercropping in the orchard
4. Availability of large amount of pruned wood which can
provide additional income
5. Enhancing the productivity of plant.
 Convincing the farmers
 Marking and cutting of the trees
 Heading Back & Selection of main branches
 Pasting on cut ends
 New shoot initiation on rejuvenated trees
 Profuse shooting
 Thinning of shoots
 Keeping 8-10 well spaced shoots per branch
 First flush Second flush Fully developed canopy
Fig. After Pruning of Guava Orchard

31. Jal Jeevan
Haryali Program
Today " Mausam ke anokool Kheti
"program was launched in 30 districts
of Bihar by our honorable chief
minister Shree Nitish Kumar through
video conferencing. He also talked
about the benefits of farming
according to weather and
disadvantages of straw burning.

32. Straw management
• Crop residue management through conservation agriculture can improve soil productivity
and crop production by maintaining SOM levels.
• Two significant advantages of surface-residue management are increased Organic Matter
near the soil surface and enhanced nutrient cycling and retention.
• Greater microbial biomass and activity near the soil surface acts as a reservoir for
nutrients needed in crop production and increases structural stability for increased
infiltration.
• In addition to the altered nutrient distribution within the soil profile, changes also occur in
the chemical and physical properties of the soil. Improved soil C sequestration through
enhanced CRM is a cost-effective option for minimizing agriculture's impact on the
environment.

33. • Benefits of residue
• Leaving corn residue on your field provides a protective blanket for your soil.
• “Residue increases water infiltration,” and “You’re reducing water runoff from the
field and erosion.”
• The protective blanket of residue does more than that.
• “Corn residue provides moisture retention depending on your climate.”
• A wet spring could delay planting another consideration is for nitrogen needs.
“You may need to compensate for the residue breakdown, which ties up the soil
biology, with starter fertilizer.”

34. Residue are left in
the field

35. Nutrient obtained by mixing residue in the
soil without burning 1 ton straw gives:-
NITROGEN: 20-
30KG
POTASH: 60-100
KG
SULPHUR: 5-7
KG
ORGANIC
MATTER : 600
KG

36. Harmful effect on environment
after burning of 1 ton straw
3 kg
particulate
matter
60 kg CO
1460 kg
CO2
199 kg ash 2 kg SO2

37. Burning straw affect human
health
• Difficulties in breathing
• burning eyes
• Nasal problem
• Throat difficulties
• Headache

38. Different farm
machinery for
straw management
• Straw baler
• Super sms
• High speed hey rack
• Straw chopper
• Reaper-cum- binder
• Straw reaper
• Rotary mulcher

39. MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
• Prepare Solution of Bavistin,
Formalin and water
• Soak wheat husk in solution for
18 – 20 hrs
• Filter soaked husk & add spawn
as recommended.
• Pack in clear Polythene bag and
tie up
• Make 7 – 8 holes with the help of
pen
• Place the packed polythene bags
in dark & cool place
• Remove Polythene bags when
white color mycelium appears,
sprinkle water as per need
• 1st Harvesting can be done after
30 days.
• Type- 1.Oyster Mushroom 2.
Button Mushroom Oyster Mushroom

40. Steps of Mushroom cultivation
Step 1: Materials ( straw selection)
Step 2: Soak Straw, Drain and Bag
Step 3: pasteurize

41. • Step 4: prepare growing room
• Step 5: Inoculate bags
• Step 6: Encourage colonization

42. Step 7: Monitor Bags
Step 8: Encourage Pinning
Step 9: Harvesting

43. WASTE DECOMPOSER
This single bottle
decompose bio – waste
of more than 1 lakh
metric tonnes just in 30
days

44. Uses:-
We can use it in foliar spray , drip irrigation , seed treatment etc
Continued….
• MASS MULTIPLICATION:-
1. Mix 2kg of jaggery in 200litre of water in a
container and stir well.
2. Open the bottle and pour the contents of the
bottle into the solutions
3. Stir well the contents of the container and cover it
with a paper and stir it daily once and, the solution
will be ready in 7 days.
• COMPOSTING:-
✔ Spread 1 tonne of waste material
✔ Wet it with decompose solution
✔ Spread one more layer of waste material over
existing material
✔ Maintaing 60% moisture during entire period of
composting with waste decomposer solution
✔ Turn it over 7 days interval
✔ The compost is ready to use after 30 days

45. AWARENESS
PROGRAMME
Vigilance Awareness week:-
Celebrated from 27th October to 2nd
November
Swachhata Pakhwada :-
Celebrated from December 16th to 31s

46. PM-Kisan Samman
Nidhi Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Kisan
Sammann Nidhi (PMKSN, Prime
Minister's Farmer's Tribute
Fund) is an initiative by the
government of India in which
all farmers will get up to ₹6,000
per year as minimum income
support. ₹6,000 per year will
be paid to each eligible farmer
in three instalments and will be
deposited directly to their bank
accounts.

47. Visit to Seed Processing Unit,
Cattle shade and Poultry farm
• Processing of seeds is done based on the one or more differing physical
characters of seed (i.e.) seed size, length, weight, shape, surface texture,
colour, affinity to liquid and electrical conductivity. In processing, first phase
consists of scalping, debearding, hulling, shelling to make the seed flow
readily through the grader and cleaner (conditioning and pre-cleaning).
• The second phase includes the removal of inert material, weed seeds, other
crop and broken seeds that are larger or smaller than the crop seed.
• In the final (separating and upgrading) phase, undesirable materials are
separated from the seed.

48. ARYA
PARIYOJANA
Attracting and Retaining
Youth in Agriculture
(ARYA)
Realizing the importance of
rural youth in agricultural
development of the country,
ICAR has initiated a
programme on “Attracting
and Retaining Youth in
Agriculture.

49. The objectives of ARYA project are
(i) To attract and empower the Youth in
Rural Areas to take up various Agriculture,
allied and service sector enterprises for
sustainable income and gainful
employment in selected districts.
(ii) to enable the Farm Youth to establish
network groups to take up resource and
capital intensive activities like processing,
value addition and marketing.
(iii) To demonstrate functional linkage with
different institutions and stakeholders for
convergence of opportunities available
under various schemes/program for
sustainable development of youth.

50. Plant
Health
Clinic(PHC)
• OBJECTIVE
• 1.To provide regular agro-metrological advisory to
farmers.
• 2.To ensure quality economical production by
giving valuable technical information to the farmers
related to practices, pest and disease management,
integrated nutrient management, weed management
etc.
• 3.To provide remedy and possible solution on
desired farmers problems in agriculture and allied
fields.
• 4.To inform the farmer regarding innovative farmer-
friendly practices technologies develop by
university to boost the agricultural production.
•

51. COMPONENTS OF PHC
1.PLANT PATHOLOGY UNIT
2.ENTOMOLOGY UNIT
3.SOIL AND PLANT TISSUE TESTING UNIT.
4.PLANT HEALTH CLINIC.

52. PRA(particip
atory Rural
Appraisal)
• TO gain experience about the
preparation of farm and
village development plan.
• To provide opportunities to
the students for studying the
rural situations.
• PRA is an approach to
analysing
• information with village
people.
• We did PRA survey in
following villages:-
• SAKRAMA
• TARCHHA
• KASIMPUR

53. • Map of SAKRAMA
• village (Sanhola Block)

54. Needs of
PRA
• Generally lesser priority is
given to the farmers
• Technologies developed and
tested at one location are
implemented elsewhere
• Irrelevant technologies leads
to poor adoptions
• People themselves are the
solution agents for their
problems
• Cost effective ,accurate and
timely
• Avoid masking of field
information by intermediaries
• To learn about farmers
indigenous technologies

55. Continued
…
• Social Map:- It is map drawn
by local people & social
institution found in an area.
• Timeline:- For visualizing
historical events.
• Best informants are the old
people.
• It refers to calendar of historical
events
• Transect walk:-
• Village observe during the walk.
• Transit walk is a kind of
exploratory walk.
• Diagram may be drawn by
making the team walking through
village.

56. Continued…
TRANSECT WALK AT TARCHHA

57. Continued…
• Problem identified in the village
❑ Scarcity of labour .
❑ Lack of technical assistance .
❑ Unavailability of quality seeds .
❑ Lack of capital to adopt new technologies .
❑ Involvement of youth in agriculture continuously decreasing .
❑ Unavailability of agriculture implements .
❑ Negative approach towards the chemicals .
❑ lack of information about government schemes .
❑ People are not interested to cultivate vegetables ,flowers

58. Continued
…
• Solutions
❑ Use of agriculture implements and
herbicides.
❑ Approach authorized seed selling
departments for quality seeds.
❑ Awareness about the government
policies.
❑ prepare action plans to attract the
youth towards agriculture.
❑ Awareness programs about the
chemicals used during crop
cultivation.
❑ Use varieties which can withstand
in submerge condition.
❑ Make use of kisan help lines to get
scientific/technical assistance.
•

59. Determination of soil pH
• Procedure:-
pHmeter was adjusted with known pH
of buffer solution 4.0 and 9.2
20 g of soil sample was taken and
transferred into 100 ml beaker.
50 ml distilled water was added and
stirred well with a glass rod.
Shake the solution well in rotary
shaker for 30 minutes.
Solution was kept to stand for 5
minute.
Electrode was immersed in the solution and ph value
was determined from the automatic display.
Preparing for reading of soil
sample
Fig. PUSA STFR

61. Plant protection intervention
Field visit with KVK
scientist in BAU Campus
Sheat blight in maize
Management:-Spray
copper oxy chloride
Fruit Rot in brinjal
Management:-Spraying with
Dithane z-78(2.2%)

62. Agro – industrial attachment
Sudha Dairy Milk visit at
sabour , Bhagalpur
Type – Co-operative
Head-Maheswar Nath
Diwedi
Established in 1984
Linkage-It linked 4 District
Bhagalpur,Jamui , Banka ,
Munger

63. Quality Control
• Testing milk & milk
products for quality
for and monitoring.
• Used of approved
standard &
regulations.
• Farmer are paid on
this basis.
At village level -society
At District level-Union
At state level-COMFED
STRUCTRE

64. Milk Flow Process

65. Knowledge gained from RAWEP
• RAWEP is a highly effective program to understand the truth about rural area.
• KISAN CHAUPAL is a very good initiative from the university.
• There is a big gap between what is and what ought to be.
• In rural area ,people are unknown about the agriculture research institutions.
• There is a need of coordinating all government and non-government. organizations to achieve the common goal.
• Marketing is a limiting factor.
• Government policies are not reaching up to the poor farmer.
• Educating rural people should be a long term agenda.
• Varieties released in the research institution are not reaching up to the farmer.
• Research should be conducted according to the needs of the farmers.
• Farmer should get good exposure and opportunity for testing innovative products.
• There should be specialized scientists for allied sectors in KVK.
•

66. THANK
YOU