This document discusses the production and manufacturing of vaccines. It describes two main types of vaccine production: traditional egg-based methods and newer cell-based methods using mammalian cells. The egg-based methods have been used for 60 years to produce seasonal flu vaccines but they have disadvantages like mutations during adaptation and long production times. Cell-based methods using dog kidney cells or other mammalian cells have advantages like faster production and reduced mutations but they have higher costs. The document also mentions clinical development of vaccines during a pandemic is urgent to protect the public with limited time constraints.

1. RATHIKA.R
FINAL YEAR BIOTECH
MEPCO SCHLENK ENGG.
COLLEGE

2. 
 Introduction
 Vaccines
 Production of vaccines
 Manufacturing process
 Clinical development of pandemic vaccines
Contents

3. 
 Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-
effective public health interventions.
 It has eradicated smallpox, lowered the global
incidence of polio by 99% since 1988 and achieved
dramatic reductions in diseases such as measles,
diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis), tetanus and
hepatitis B.
Introduction

4. 
Vaccines

5. 
 Adjuvanted vaccine:
The antigen and the adjuvant.
 Non-adjuvanted vaccine:
The antigen as its main component.
Types of vaccines

6. 
 Types of vaccine production:
 Traditional method using eggs
 New method using mammalian cells
 Egg based methods:
 Last 60 years
 seasonal flu vaccines
 To produce a batch of vaccines for a new strain of influenza
virus
Production of vaccines

7. 
 Advantages :
 Well established.
 Inexpensive compared to other vaccine production
methods.
 Disadvantages:
 Prone to mutations and changes in antigenicity during
egg adaptation.
 long production time.
 dependent on egg supply, which might be limited in the
case of pandemics
Cont..

8. 
 Cell-Based Vaccines:
 The mid 1990’s, newer vaccine manufacturing methods.
 Cells from mammals to culture the influenza virus for
vaccine production.
 Cells from mammals to culture the influenza virus for
vaccine production.
 Solvay Biologicals and Novartis Vaccines use kidney cells
from canines to produce seasonal flu vaccines.
Cont..

9. 
 Advantages:
 The capability for manufacturers to increase vaccine
production with ease.
 The ability to produce vaccines faster.
 The reduced possibility of the virus culture mutating
during the manufacturing process.
 Cell-based vaccines are cultured in a biosafety level 3
(BSL3) conditions.
 People who are allergic to vaccines made from chicken
eggs may not suffer similar allergies to vaccines made
from cell cultures
Cont…

10. 
 Disadvantages :
 The relatively higher manufacturing costs.
 This process produces fewer viruses for vaccine
manufacturing.
 This production method is relatively new in comparison
to the process using embryonic eggs.
Cont…

11. 
Manufacturing process

12. 
 To the urgent need to produce vaccines to protect the
public against the next wave of the pandemic.
 Time constraints would be limited.
Clinical development of
pandemic vaccines

13. 