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The document summarizes key aspects of Galician estuaries in northwest Spain. It describes their formation through tectonic, fluvial, and climatic factors. It also discusses the estuaries' rich marine resources and ecosystems, which are supported by nutrient-rich upwelling waters. These ecosystems include bivalve mollusks like mussels and clams that are important to the local economy and biodiversity, including birds that feed on invertebrates. However, biodiversity is at risk due to overexploitation, development, and invasive species.
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1) Estuaries are areas where rivers meet the sea, resulting in brackish water.
2) Estuaries are important habitats that support many organisms for breeding and spawning, including birds, fish, amphibians, insects, algae, and crustaceans.
3) Many people earn livelihoods from activities near estuaries like fishing, aquaculture, and ecotourism.
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Coral reefs are built from the limestone skeletons of stony corals and cover around 100,000 square miles globally. They are located in shallow, tropical waters and grow gradually as coral polyps multiply and their skeletons accumulate. There are three main types of reefs - fringing reefs adjacent to land, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding a central lagoon. Reefs support tremendous biodiversity but are threatened by human impacts like pollution, coastal development, overfishing, and climate change which can cause coral bleaching or increase ocean acidification.
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Coral reefs are complex ecosystems composed mainly of corals, sponges, and algae. In coral reefs:
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- Sea horses reside in seagrass beds near coral reefs.
- Sponges inhabit coral reef holes and damage corals by removing skeleton pieces.
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As these corals grow and die, they leave behind their calcium carbonate skeletons. On these skeletons, other corals grow. As the year’s passes, walls of coral begin to form: massive walls of rock (Kleypas, 1999).
As the waves and currents beat upon these reefs, nooks, crannies, ledges and caverns form in these walls. Just as there are different types of corals, there are different types of coral reefs. The three major types of reefs are fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls(Langdon,2000).Like coral reefs , sponges are also a wonderful resource, which has immense applications (Sreeremya et al.,2018).
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Coral reefs are ecosystems located in warm, shallow ocean waters that are home to many species. They are made up of coral polyps that secrete calcium carbonate to form hard structures. Coral reefs come in several types - fringing reefs lie adjacent to shores, barrier reefs lie further offshore, and atolls form from sunken barrier reefs, enclosing lagoons. Coral reefs support a diversity of life through symbiotic relationships and provide important benefits to coastlines and economies. However, they are threatened by human activities such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development.
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Mangrove ecosystems consist of plants and animals that have adapted to living in the intertidal zone between land and sea in tropical and subtropical regions. Mangroves provide shelter and food for many species through their complex root systems and nutrient cycling between plants, consumers, and decomposers. However, mangroves are increasingly threatened by land conversion for development and pollution, which degrades these important coastal ecosystems.
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Coral reefs are extremely valuable ecosystems that provide coastal protection, beach development, ecological benefits, and economic benefits. They are formed by tiny coral polyps that use carbon dioxide to form limestone structures in warm, shallow, clear waters. The main threats to coral reefs are pollution from sewage, agriculture, and solid waste which can cause algae overgrowth and sedimentation. Tourism activities like reef collection, boat anchoring, and trampling can also damage reefs. Destructive fishing practices involving cyanide, dynamite and bottom trawling further degrade reefs. Global warming poses an additional threat as corals are sensitive to small temperature increases.
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Coral reefs are underwater structures made of calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps. They form diverse ecosystems and are home to 25% of marine species. However, coral reefs are fragile and face numerous threats such as climate change, pollution, and overfishing. The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, stretching over 1300 miles off Australia. It supports great biodiversity but also faces risks to its ecosystem. In coral reefs, predators sustain themselves by consuming other organisms classified as prey, maintaining a delicate balance.
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This document summarizes the stratification and zonation of marine ecosystems. It defines stratification as different water masses acting as barriers based on properties like temperature and salinity. The oceans are divided into horizontal zones based on factors like sunlight, depth, and distance from shore and vertical zones based on light penetration. The major horizontal zones discussed are the coastal, intertidal, euphotic, bathyal, abyssal, and deep sea zones. The major vertical zones are the photic and aphotic zones. Coral reefs are also summarized as highly biodiverse ecosystems in the coastal zone that rely on a symbiotic relationship between corals and algae.
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Deep-water coral reefs exist in every ocean at depths from 30 meters to over 3,000 meters. While they were only recently discovered, they can be as large as shallow coral reefs. The most common deep-water coral is Lophelia pertusa, which forms extensive reefs in the Atlantic through slow growth. Deep-water coral reefs provide important habitat for fish and invertebrates but are threatened by bottom trawling, oil spills, and ocean acidification due to climate change. Establishing protected areas and regulating harmful activities can help conserve these ecosystems.
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This document describes several types of marine ecosystems: estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, rocky shores, sandy shores, barrier islands, and coral reefs. Estuaries are transition areas where fresh water from rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean, creating very nutrient-rich environments that support a high diversity of plants like eelgrass and cordgrass, and animals including blue crabs, fish, birds, and mammals. Coral reefs are structures built by corals in warm, sunlit, shallow ocean waters that provide habitat for numerous species.
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Coral reefs provide important benefits by protecting coastlines from waves and storms, and by providing habitat for many marine organisms, but they face numerous threats to their existence. Coral reefs are being degraded by overfishing, pollution from sewage and agriculture, outbreaks of predatory starfish, invasive species, and sedimentation from land use, threatening their important functions and diverse ecosystems.
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The document summarizes several marine ecosystems. It describes how oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface and include shorelines like tidal flats and mangrove forests. Specific ecosystems are found around the world, depending on climate and geography. These include coral reefs, estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove forests, and the deep sea. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands flooded by tides that are dominated by salt-tolerant grasses. The intertidal zone is the shore area above and below the water line during tides, containing habitats for starfish and coral. Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees adapted to harsh coastal conditions.
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Mangrove ecosystems are found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions around the world. Mangroves are trees and shrubs that have adapted to grow in saline coastal habitats. They play an important role in buffering coastlines from storms and reducing erosion. However, mangroves are increasingly threatened by human development and destruction of coastal habitats. When mangroves are cut down or degraded, it damages the complex coastal ecosystem and removes natural protections for the shoreline.
Coral growth
Growth of coral reefs is affected by both abiotic and biotic factors. Abiotic factors that influence coral reef growth include latitude, temperature, light, salinity, turbidity, wave action, aerial exposure, and the need for a firm substrate. Biotic factors include mutualistic relationships between corals and zooxanthellae, as well as competition and predation between coral species. Both natural stresses such as storms, disease, and river runoff, as well as human impacts like pollution, sedimentation, and climate change threaten the growth and survival of coral reefs.
Estuaries
Estuaries are areas where freshwater and seawater mix, found around the world. They contain aquatic plants like sea lavender and seagrass, and house many animals such as mussels, shrimp, worms and birds. Estuaries were once destroyed by human development but are now recognized as valuable ecosystems that help fish populations and ocean water quality.
Estuaries
1) Estuaries are areas where rivers meet the sea, resulting in brackish water.
2) Estuaries are important habitats that support many organisms for breeding and spawning, including birds, fish, amphibians, insects, algae, and crustaceans.
3) Many people earn livelihoods from activities near estuaries like fishing, aquaculture, and ecotourism.
Origin and reefs of the world
Coral reefs are underwater structures formed from calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps that live together in colonies. Corals can live over 4,000 years, longer than any other ocean animal. Corals are animals, not plants, that obtain nutrients through photosynthesis via algae living inside them or by catching food with stinging tentacles. Coral reefs are important habitats that are home to 25% of marine species and support tourism, fishing and coastal protection for many communities. However, coral reefs are threatened by pollution, climate change and other human impacts.
Coral reefs theory, types, formation
Coral reefs are built from the limestone skeletons of stony corals and cover around 100,000 square miles globally. They are located in shallow, tropical waters and grow gradually as coral polyps multiply and their skeletons accumulate. There are three main types of reefs - fringing reefs adjacent to land, barrier reefs separated from land by lagoons, and atolls which are ring-shaped reefs surrounding a central lagoon. Reefs support tremendous biodiversity but are threatened by human impacts like pollution, coastal development, overfishing, and climate change which can cause coral bleaching or increase ocean acidification.
Interactions among living things in coral reefs
Coral reefs are complex ecosystems composed mainly of corals, sponges, and algae. In coral reefs:
- Clown fish protects itself from sea anemone stings and in return protects the anemone from other creatures.
- Sea horses reside in seagrass beds near coral reefs.
- Sponges inhabit coral reef holes and damage corals by removing skeleton pieces.
- Corals and sponges compete for space as sessile organisms staying in one place.
- Crown-of-thorns starfish feed on coral polyps.
Coral Reefs (Neha & Renuka)
This presentation provides an overview of coral reefs, including their importance, types, threats, and conservation efforts. It discusses the key points that coral reefs are highly biodiverse ecosystems that are economically and environmentally valuable but also face significant threats from climate change, overfishing, pollution, and development. Coral bleaching is highlighted as a major threat associated with rising water temperatures from climate change.
Importance of coral reefs & its properties
As these corals grow and die, they leave behind their calcium carbonate skeletons. On these skeletons, other corals grow. As the year’s passes, walls of coral begin to form: massive walls of rock (Kleypas, 1999).
As the waves and currents beat upon these reefs, nooks, crannies, ledges and caverns form in these walls. Just as there are different types of corals, there are different types of coral reefs. The three major types of reefs are fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls(Langdon,2000).Like coral reefs , sponges are also a wonderful resource, which has immense applications (Sreeremya et al.,2018).
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3. Guidelines for safely managing cardioplegia delivery, including preparing accurate solutions, checking the cardioplegia circuit and roller pump calibration, and monitoring temperature, pressure, flow and volume during delivery.
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The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), which is a method for recording the electrical activity of the heart. It provides definitions of ECG and electrocardiogram. It then covers the historical development of ECG from early experiments in the 1800s to the invention of the electrocardiograph by Willem Einthoven in the early 1900s. The document goes on to discuss membrane potentials, action potentials, and how the propagation of electrical signals through the heart is recorded via ECG leads to analyze the heart's function.
Electrocardiogaram - ECG EKG
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and ECG interpretation. It discusses the conduction system of the heart and how ECG works to record and display the heart's electrical activity. A systematic 8-step approach to ECG interpretation is outlined, examining rate, rhythm, intervals, waves, segments, and arriving at an overall interpretation. Common ECG patterns for myocardial ischemia, injury, and infarction are reviewed.
Cardiopulmonary bypass
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) involves diverting blood from the heart to an external circuit for oxygenation and pumping. The basic components are a venous reservoir, oxygenator, heat exchanger, pump, and arterial filter. Initiation requires careful monitoring as the patient is transitioned to bypass. Management on CPB maintains appropriate pump flow, mean arterial pressure, temperature, and organ perfusion through monitoring of multiple parameters.
principles of cardiopulmonary bypass
"LAMPS" stands for Laboratory data, Anesthesia/machine, Mean arterial pressure, Pump parameters, and Surgical considerations. The perfusionist evaluates these factors to determine if the patient is ready for separation from bypass.
Shortcut to ECG
Salient features of the book are -
- The book provides a shortcut to understand and remember certain specific formulae and points you require to interpret the 12-lead ECG.
- Treatment protocols (in green boxes) for most of the important conditions are also included.
- View sample ECGs as you read along the topics.
- The content is explained in a very simple language to provide good conceptions, written from a student’s point of view.
- People can gain their belief in the book after going through sample ECGs which would be available at www.themedicalpost.net/ecg
- The book competes with the other books available in the market in simplicity, summaries, treatment protocols, live diagrams and regularly updated sample ECGs on the website.
ECG interpretation: the basics
This document provides an overview of ECG interpretation, including conduction pathways, a systematic method of interpretation, and common abnormalities seen in critical care. It discusses supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, bundle branch blocks, heart block, and life-threatening arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and asystole. It also covers the basics of 12-lead ECG interpretation including lead placement and axis.
ECG
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including its history, how an ECG machine works, how to perform an ECG, ECG waveform interpretation, and common cardiac rhythms and abnormalities. It discusses key aspects of an ECG such as rate, rhythm, cardiac axis, P waves, PR interval, and common rhythms including normal sinus rhythm, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and more.
Basics of ECG
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG or EKG):
- The ECG is essential for diagnosing cardiac rhythm abnormalities and chest pain, and guides treatment like thrombolysis for heart attacks.
- The history of ECG development is traced from early experiments in the 1800s to William Einthoven's invention of the first clinical ECG machine in the early 1900s.
- A normal ECG shows a regular rhythm between 60-100 beats per minute, visible P waves before each QRS complex, and normal durations for the P-R interval, QRS complex, and T wave.
Basics of ECG.ppt dr.k.subramanyam
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG), including how an ECG works, the basics of recording an ECG, ECG leads, normal ECG waveforms and intervals, interpreting an ECG, common abnormalities, and how to report an ECG. It discusses topics such as the cardiac conduction system, Einthoven's triangle, the 12-lead ECG, determining heart rate and axis, normal sinus rhythm, P waves, QRS complex, ST segment, T waves, and the QT interval.
ECG Basics
This document provides a summary of basics of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG). It discusses the history and development of ECG technology. It describes the components of a normal ECG waveform including the P, QRS, and T waves. It explains how to determine heart rate from an ECG and identify different arrhythmias based on the waveform. Key anatomical structures involved in heart's electrical conduction system are also outlined.
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This document discusses ECG signal processing. It begins with an introduction to electrocardiograms and how they differ from EKGs. It then discusses how signal processing is important for ECGs and how ECGs operate based on three pulse waves. MATLAB functionality for ECG signal processing like FFTs and filtering is also covered. The document discusses various types of artefacts and noise sources that affect ECG signals. It outlines the objectives and methods of research which involve R-peak detection and notch filtering. Source code for these methods is also provided.
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- 1. Galician estuary: entrance of the sea into the river mouth.
- 2. Main factors in the formation of the estuaries: 1 . TECTONIC . The tectonic efforts created a faults system in three directions that determinated the orientation of the North estuaries (Rías Altas) (NE-SW), Middle and South (Rías Baixas) (SW-NE). 2. FLUVIAL . The fluvial courses used these faults zones and eroded deeply the beds of the rivers. This happened in a cold period in which the coast line was off shore. 3. CLIMATIC . The change to a warm period caused ice fusion and a rise in the level of the sea, flooding the end of the fluvial valleys previously dug out,. The estuaries were created. Coast level in glaciar period Rise of the level of water in the deglaciation Current level coast
- 3. Upwelling The wind that blows from the earth to the sea removes the warm superficial water allowing the rise of the cold deep water with a lot of nutrients. The deep water has a lot of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates which are the result of the decomposition of the organic matter that came from the superficial water. When these nutrients are carried by the cold water to the surface, they are used by the phytoplankton for (with CO2 and light) making the photosynthesis. This growth of the primary producers carries all the food chain of the ecosystem. Phytoplankton -> Filtering Zooplankton>Predator Zooplankton ->Filtering Fishes-> Predator Fishes.
- 4. The most important upwelling zones in the world match up with that phenomenon and they are the most productive fhising areas. They are, besides the Galician short estuary tidal, the coast of Namibia and South Africa, the coast of Perú and Chile in South America…
- 5. SEA RESOURCES RECURSOS DO MAR
- 6. Bivalve Mollusks: MUSSELS Filtering bivalve mollusks which live in highly populated communities fixed over a substratum. They are in tidal zones and below them, but always in shallow zones. We can find them on the rocks but the traditional method to produce them is the growing in bed. In this system, the larvae of the mussels are fixed on the ropes that hang from a floating plattform. These beds are placed inside the estuary tidal, where the mussels will stay completely submerged until they get their commercial weight.
- 7. Bivalve Mollusks:CLAMS Bivalve mollusks with a smooth shell and different colors which live buried in shallow sandy areas. Gathering shellfish on foot is the traditional way to get the mollusks on the beach (clams, cockle) or on the rocks (mussels, goose barnacle) during the low tide. It is also called « ir á seca». Gathering afloat shellfish is the proper method to capture mollusks that grow below the water. The fisherman uses a device ( raño ) with a net and a very long handle (8-9 metres) which is thrown into the sea and dragged through the sandy floor towards the boat. The shellfish is kept into the net. It is also called “ ir ao raño”.
- 11. Punta Carreirón , in the island of Arousa, belongs to the Complexo intermareal Umia-O Grove. In this area, the fresh water from the Umia river and the salty waters from the Atlantic ocean mix together creating an amazing group of ecosystems composed of big sandy areas, intertidal plains, marshlands, and the only coast lake which exists in Pontevedra. It has included a lot of protection figures as Ramsar zone, ZEPA, LIC ….
- 12. Dune vegetation. Adaptations . The plants of dune are exposed to the hard environmental conditions; wind, salinity and high insolation. To get an appropiate adaptation to them, they develop strategies such as the white pilosity, deep roots and succulent leaves. Othantus maritimus (carrascas de San Xoán) . White pilosity. Eryngium maritimum (cardo de ribeira) . Up to five metres long roots and leaves with thorns. Cakile maritima (eiruga de mar). Succulent leaves.
- 15. COME AND VISIT US.