Rajapalayam is the taluk headquarters of Rajapalayam Taluk, and an important town in the district of Virudhunagar within the State of Tamil Nadu. Rajapalayam LPA, which includes Rajapalayam town, 15 surrounding revenue villages and 2 reserved forests, has a total population of 2.16 lakh, as per the 2011 Census. In 2023, a master plan was formulated for Rajapalayam LPA, the master plan has a planning period till 2041. The master plan was meant to foster sustainable urban development, responsible land-use and resource efficiency and is expected to propel the town on a pathway towards decarbonization and inclusive growth. Rajapalayam is the first town in Tamil Nadu that has aspired to announce a GHG emission reduction target, it aims at achieving net zero emissions by the year 2041.
It is in this context that an emissions inventory for the town has been developed. The purpose of this GHG emissions inventory is to report on the sources and magnitude of GHG emissions. While this inventory provides us a broad understanding of today’s emissions, consecutive reports on a yearly or bi-yearly basis can help improve the quality of the data and understand the progress of the activities undertaken by the LPA to reduce their impact on the surrounding environment.
Program harus terdokumentasi
Identifikasi semua langkah dalam operasi yang kritis terhadap keamanan dan mutu pangan
Terapkan prosedur kontrol yang efektif pada setiap tahap operasi
Monitor prosedur kontrol untuk menjamin efektifitasnya
Pelihara pencatatan yang baik dan review prosedur pengendalian (secara periodik atau jika ada perubahan operasi
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kontrol kualitas, tujuannya untuk menjaga kualitas produk sesuai rencana dengan melibatkan seluruh bagian. Metode yang dijelaskan adalah brainstorming, why-why analysis, dan fishbone diagram untuk mengidentifikasi akar masalah seperti cacat produk dan gangguan mesin.
Manajemen Pergudangan__Materi Training "MANAJEMEN LOGISTIK & SCM"Kanaidi ken
Dokumen tersebut membahas tiga aktivitas utama manajemen pergudangan yaitu penerimaan barang, penyimpanan dan penyiapan, serta pengiriman. Aktivitas penerimaan barang mencakup pemeriksaan fisik dan dokumen barang, penyimpanan meliputi penempatan barang di lokasi penyimpanan sesuai dengan sistem, sedangkan pengiriman meliputi pengepakan, penimbangan, penempatan di trailer, hingga distribusi bar
Halal refers to things permitted under Islamic law, while haram means prohibited. Foods are halal if they do not contain pork or alcohol, and the animal was properly slaughtered. Some foods of uncertain origin are considered mashbooh. Halal certification verifies a product meets Islamic rules and allows companies to access the large halal market. Manufacturers must ensure raw materials, facilities, and processes maintain halal standards for hygiene, separation from non-halal items, and supplier approval. Maintaining halal compliance requires coordination across departments like purchasing, quality control, research and development, warehousing, and logistics.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pentingnya sanitasi dan keamanan dalam perencanaan unit pengolahan/pabrik. Faktor-faktor yang perlu diperhatikan meliputi konstruksi bangunan, ventilasi, penempatan peralatan, sarana air bersih, toilet, dan limbah. Semua aspek tersebut ditujukan untuk menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang sehat dan menjamin keselamatan bagi para pekerja.
Program harus terdokumentasi
Identifikasi semua langkah dalam operasi yang kritis terhadap keamanan dan mutu pangan
Terapkan prosedur kontrol yang efektif pada setiap tahap operasi
Monitor prosedur kontrol untuk menjamin efektifitasnya
Pelihara pencatatan yang baik dan review prosedur pengendalian (secara periodik atau jika ada perubahan operasi
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kontrol kualitas, tujuannya untuk menjaga kualitas produk sesuai rencana dengan melibatkan seluruh bagian. Metode yang dijelaskan adalah brainstorming, why-why analysis, dan fishbone diagram untuk mengidentifikasi akar masalah seperti cacat produk dan gangguan mesin.
Manajemen Pergudangan__Materi Training "MANAJEMEN LOGISTIK & SCM"Kanaidi ken
Dokumen tersebut membahas tiga aktivitas utama manajemen pergudangan yaitu penerimaan barang, penyimpanan dan penyiapan, serta pengiriman. Aktivitas penerimaan barang mencakup pemeriksaan fisik dan dokumen barang, penyimpanan meliputi penempatan barang di lokasi penyimpanan sesuai dengan sistem, sedangkan pengiriman meliputi pengepakan, penimbangan, penempatan di trailer, hingga distribusi bar
Halal refers to things permitted under Islamic law, while haram means prohibited. Foods are halal if they do not contain pork or alcohol, and the animal was properly slaughtered. Some foods of uncertain origin are considered mashbooh. Halal certification verifies a product meets Islamic rules and allows companies to access the large halal market. Manufacturers must ensure raw materials, facilities, and processes maintain halal standards for hygiene, separation from non-halal items, and supplier approval. Maintaining halal compliance requires coordination across departments like purchasing, quality control, research and development, warehousing, and logistics.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pentingnya sanitasi dan keamanan dalam perencanaan unit pengolahan/pabrik. Faktor-faktor yang perlu diperhatikan meliputi konstruksi bangunan, ventilasi, penempatan peralatan, sarana air bersih, toilet, dan limbah. Semua aspek tersebut ditujukan untuk menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang sehat dan menjamin keselamatan bagi para pekerja.
This document discusses inventory management. It defines inventory as items held for sale or used in production. The objectives of inventory management are to minimize investment in inventory while meeting product demand. Holding inventory incurs costs like ordering, carrying, and opportunity costs. There is also risk of price declines, deterioration, and obsolescence. Tools for inventory management include ABC analysis, economic order quantity (EOQ), order point problems, two bin technique, and just-in-time (JIT) systems. JIT aims to maintain minimal inventory levels and rely on suppliers for just-in-time delivery, compared to traditional just-in-case systems with higher safety stocks.
This document provides an overview of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles for processing and packaging fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. It discusses the key steps in HACCP planning including conducting a hazard analysis to identify biological, chemical, and physical hazards at different stages of production. The document also outlines important pre-requisite programs for fresh produce processing facilities and packaging requirements to ensure the microbiological, sensory and nutritional quality of minimally processed fresh-cut products with shelf lives of 4-21 days.
Importance of Food Technology: Today & Tomorrow in Telangana State Dr. Poshadri Achinna
The document discusses the importance of food technology in Telangana State, India. It notes that food technology offers sustainable livelihoods and economic development for rural communities by benefiting farmers through higher yields and returns, consumers through greater access to safe and affordable food varieties, and the overall economy through new business and employment opportunities. It also highlights that Telangana has diverse agricultural resources but wastes 20-30% of food due to lack of processing infrastructure, and that skilled professionals are needed to develop the food processing sector and meet governmental objectives.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan panduan mengenai Cara Pengolahan yang Baik (GMP) untuk meningkatkan mutu produk olahan, efisiensi usaha, dan lingkungan yang ramah lingkungan. GMP mencakup pedoman tentang fasilitas, proses produksi, pengemasan, penyimpanan, kesehatan pegawai, sistem pengawasan, dan sertifikasi untuk mencegah kontaminasi dan menjaga kesehatan pegawai.
Warehouse Management System in Food Industry.pdfTechugo
Because of the rapidly changing customer behavior and a growing market, warehouse management systems are becoming more popular and important every day. However, building a warehouse management system software that is high quality and reliable requires technical expertise and solid background.
Are you wondering how to select warehouse management software?
Design of CCP Monitoring Programs in Food SafetyPECB
The webinar covers:
• Definition of CCP Monitoring;
• Why is Monitoring Needed?
• Main considerations and elements of a well-designed CCP monitoring program.
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by PECB Certified Trainer and Production Manager of “Homefoods Processing & Cannery Ltd,” Samuel Oppong.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJhF4IWij2A
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pentingnya standar keamanan pangan, pengertian SNI dan manfaatnya bagi UMKM, serta persyaratan dasar untuk penerapan SNI produk pangan.
Cold storages are used for keeping perishashable food products. Design criteria for building and refrigeration concept for estimation of cooling load is decribed below.
This test report summarizes the results of an overall migration test conducted on samples of "Viro Synthetic Rattan" submitted by Viro Fiber. The samples were tested for migration into various food simulants, including water, acetic acid, ethanol and olive oil, in accordance with European standards. The test results showed that the migration levels for all simulants were below the overall migration limit of 10 mg/dm2 set by European Commission Directive 2002/72/EC. Therefore, the "Viro Synthetic Rattan" sample was found to meet the overall migration requirements of the Directive.
This document provides an overview of warehouse operations including inbound and outbound processes. Inbound processes include receiving, put away, and storage of products. Receiving involves inspecting shipments and verifying counts. Products are identified through UPC codes, part numbers, or descriptions. Outbound processes involve order picking, checking, packing, and shipping. Order picking involves using product identification numbers on pick tickets or sales orders to retrieve items from storage locations for orders.
This document outlines good manufacturing practices (GMP) and sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOP) across various areas of a food production facility. It discusses requirements and best practices for facilities, premises, production equipment, ingredients and raw materials, chemical control, personal hygiene, warehousing and distribution, traceability and recall, and cleanliness and sanitation. The goal is to prevent food contamination and adulteration at all stages of production and storage by maintaining high standards of hygiene, cleaning, and process control.
Onion is one of major bulb crop grown in India which presently attracting attention of all persons due to rise in prices. Both immature and mature bulbs are used as vegetable and condiment.The Onion is the world’s leading news publication, offering highly acclaimed, universally revered coverage of breaking national, international, and local news events.
Onions not only provide flavor, they also provide important nutrients and health-promoting phytochemicals. It contains vitamin B anda trace of vitamin C and also traces of iron and calcium. As a culinary ingredient it adds to the taste and flavour in a wide range of food preparations and itis also used as a salad. Thus there is a steady increase in the demand for onion across the world. The onion, also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is used as a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Consumption of onions may prevent gastric ulcers by scavenging free radicals and by preventing growth of the ulcer-forming microorganism, Heliobacter pylori. Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a foodstuff they are usually served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys. Our main export products are Dehydrated Red and White Onions in various forms like slices, flakes, kibbled, chopped, minced, granules and powder.
Tags
Onion Paste Manufacture, Red Onion Powder Production, Onion Powder Production, Onion Paste Manufacturing, Onion Powder Manufacturing Plant Project, Project Report on Onion Paste and Powder Making, Manufacturing Process of Onion Powder, Onion Powder Processing, Project on Onion Paste Manufacturing, Process Onions Into Powder, Paste, Onion Paste Production, Production Process of Onion Powder, Onion Paste Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process of Onion Paste, How to Start Onion Paste Productionin India, Onion Powder Productionin India, Most Profitable Red Onion Powder Production Business Ideas, Onion Paste Production Projects, Small Scale Red Onion Powder Production Projects, Starting Onion Paste Production Business, How to Start Onion Powder Production Business, Onion Paste Based Small Scale Industries Projects, New Small Scale Ideas Onion Paste Production, Project Report on Onion Powder Production, Detailed Project Report on Red Onion Paste Manufacture, Project Report on Onion Paste Production, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Onion Powder Production, Techno-Economic Feasibility Study on Onion Powder Production, Feasibility Report on Onion Paste Production, Free Project Profile on Onion Powder Production, Project Profile on Onion Paste Production, Download Free Project Profile on Red Onion Paste Production, Industrial Project Report, Project Consultant, Project Consultancy, NPCS, Niir, Process Technology Books,
The document discusses a scenario where students at Vegetable Elementary School fell ill after consuming school lunch. It describes the supply chain for lettuce served in a side salad, including a school greenhouse, distributor, processor, and farm. Each group discusses procedures and potential issues for their part of the supply chain. The goal is to help Betty the cafeteria manager trace where contamination could have occurred to prevent future illnesses.
Inventory Cost and Order Quantities- Purchasing FundamentalsBill Kohnen
Inventory carrying cost, Acquisition costs and Economic Order quantities are basic purchasing and supply chain concepts. Knowing the concepts can help to identify strategic and tactical steps to lower total costs which can directly improve overall ROI
Towards resource efficient and zero waste societies sitecmy
- Defines 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and zero waste as environmental concepts aimed at reducing waste generation and promoting more sustainable resource management.
- Notes that many government policies focus on downstream waste disposal rather than upstream waste prevention. Advocates for policies promoting greater resource efficiency through reducing consumption and waste.
- Provides examples of countries in Asia that have implemented policies and frameworks integrating 3Rs, resource efficiency and circular economy concepts into law and economic development plans. This includes Japan, Korea, China, India and others.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses inventory management. It defines inventory as items held for sale or used in production. The objectives of inventory management are to minimize investment in inventory while meeting product demand. Holding inventory incurs costs like ordering, carrying, and opportunity costs. There is also risk of price declines, deterioration, and obsolescence. Tools for inventory management include ABC analysis, economic order quantity (EOQ), order point problems, two bin technique, and just-in-time (JIT) systems. JIT aims to maintain minimal inventory levels and rely on suppliers for just-in-time delivery, compared to traditional just-in-case systems with higher safety stocks.
This document provides an overview of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles for processing and packaging fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. It discusses the key steps in HACCP planning including conducting a hazard analysis to identify biological, chemical, and physical hazards at different stages of production. The document also outlines important pre-requisite programs for fresh produce processing facilities and packaging requirements to ensure the microbiological, sensory and nutritional quality of minimally processed fresh-cut products with shelf lives of 4-21 days.
Importance of Food Technology: Today & Tomorrow in Telangana State Dr. Poshadri Achinna
The document discusses the importance of food technology in Telangana State, India. It notes that food technology offers sustainable livelihoods and economic development for rural communities by benefiting farmers through higher yields and returns, consumers through greater access to safe and affordable food varieties, and the overall economy through new business and employment opportunities. It also highlights that Telangana has diverse agricultural resources but wastes 20-30% of food due to lack of processing infrastructure, and that skilled professionals are needed to develop the food processing sector and meet governmental objectives.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan panduan mengenai Cara Pengolahan yang Baik (GMP) untuk meningkatkan mutu produk olahan, efisiensi usaha, dan lingkungan yang ramah lingkungan. GMP mencakup pedoman tentang fasilitas, proses produksi, pengemasan, penyimpanan, kesehatan pegawai, sistem pengawasan, dan sertifikasi untuk mencegah kontaminasi dan menjaga kesehatan pegawai.
Warehouse Management System in Food Industry.pdfTechugo
Because of the rapidly changing customer behavior and a growing market, warehouse management systems are becoming more popular and important every day. However, building a warehouse management system software that is high quality and reliable requires technical expertise and solid background.
Are you wondering how to select warehouse management software?
Design of CCP Monitoring Programs in Food SafetyPECB
The webinar covers:
• Definition of CCP Monitoring;
• Why is Monitoring Needed?
• Main considerations and elements of a well-designed CCP monitoring program.
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by PECB Certified Trainer and Production Manager of “Homefoods Processing & Cannery Ltd,” Samuel Oppong.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJhF4IWij2A
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pentingnya standar keamanan pangan, pengertian SNI dan manfaatnya bagi UMKM, serta persyaratan dasar untuk penerapan SNI produk pangan.
Cold storages are used for keeping perishashable food products. Design criteria for building and refrigeration concept for estimation of cooling load is decribed below.
This test report summarizes the results of an overall migration test conducted on samples of "Viro Synthetic Rattan" submitted by Viro Fiber. The samples were tested for migration into various food simulants, including water, acetic acid, ethanol and olive oil, in accordance with European standards. The test results showed that the migration levels for all simulants were below the overall migration limit of 10 mg/dm2 set by European Commission Directive 2002/72/EC. Therefore, the "Viro Synthetic Rattan" sample was found to meet the overall migration requirements of the Directive.
This document provides an overview of warehouse operations including inbound and outbound processes. Inbound processes include receiving, put away, and storage of products. Receiving involves inspecting shipments and verifying counts. Products are identified through UPC codes, part numbers, or descriptions. Outbound processes involve order picking, checking, packing, and shipping. Order picking involves using product identification numbers on pick tickets or sales orders to retrieve items from storage locations for orders.
This document outlines good manufacturing practices (GMP) and sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOP) across various areas of a food production facility. It discusses requirements and best practices for facilities, premises, production equipment, ingredients and raw materials, chemical control, personal hygiene, warehousing and distribution, traceability and recall, and cleanliness and sanitation. The goal is to prevent food contamination and adulteration at all stages of production and storage by maintaining high standards of hygiene, cleaning, and process control.
Onion is one of major bulb crop grown in India which presently attracting attention of all persons due to rise in prices. Both immature and mature bulbs are used as vegetable and condiment.The Onion is the world’s leading news publication, offering highly acclaimed, universally revered coverage of breaking national, international, and local news events.
Onions not only provide flavor, they also provide important nutrients and health-promoting phytochemicals. It contains vitamin B anda trace of vitamin C and also traces of iron and calcium. As a culinary ingredient it adds to the taste and flavour in a wide range of food preparations and itis also used as a salad. Thus there is a steady increase in the demand for onion across the world. The onion, also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is used as a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. Consumption of onions may prevent gastric ulcers by scavenging free radicals and by preventing growth of the ulcer-forming microorganism, Heliobacter pylori. Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a foodstuff they are usually served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys. Our main export products are Dehydrated Red and White Onions in various forms like slices, flakes, kibbled, chopped, minced, granules and powder.
Tags
Onion Paste Manufacture, Red Onion Powder Production, Onion Powder Production, Onion Paste Manufacturing, Onion Powder Manufacturing Plant Project, Project Report on Onion Paste and Powder Making, Manufacturing Process of Onion Powder, Onion Powder Processing, Project on Onion Paste Manufacturing, Process Onions Into Powder, Paste, Onion Paste Production, Production Process of Onion Powder, Onion Paste Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process of Onion Paste, How to Start Onion Paste Productionin India, Onion Powder Productionin India, Most Profitable Red Onion Powder Production Business Ideas, Onion Paste Production Projects, Small Scale Red Onion Powder Production Projects, Starting Onion Paste Production Business, How to Start Onion Powder Production Business, Onion Paste Based Small Scale Industries Projects, New Small Scale Ideas Onion Paste Production, Project Report on Onion Powder Production, Detailed Project Report on Red Onion Paste Manufacture, Project Report on Onion Paste Production, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Onion Powder Production, Techno-Economic Feasibility Study on Onion Powder Production, Feasibility Report on Onion Paste Production, Free Project Profile on Onion Powder Production, Project Profile on Onion Paste Production, Download Free Project Profile on Red Onion Paste Production, Industrial Project Report, Project Consultant, Project Consultancy, NPCS, Niir, Process Technology Books,
The document discusses a scenario where students at Vegetable Elementary School fell ill after consuming school lunch. It describes the supply chain for lettuce served in a side salad, including a school greenhouse, distributor, processor, and farm. Each group discusses procedures and potential issues for their part of the supply chain. The goal is to help Betty the cafeteria manager trace where contamination could have occurred to prevent future illnesses.
Inventory Cost and Order Quantities- Purchasing FundamentalsBill Kohnen
Inventory carrying cost, Acquisition costs and Economic Order quantities are basic purchasing and supply chain concepts. Knowing the concepts can help to identify strategic and tactical steps to lower total costs which can directly improve overall ROI
Towards resource efficient and zero waste societies sitecmy
- Defines 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and zero waste as environmental concepts aimed at reducing waste generation and promoting more sustainable resource management.
- Notes that many government policies focus on downstream waste disposal rather than upstream waste prevention. Advocates for policies promoting greater resource efficiency through reducing consumption and waste.
- Provides examples of countries in Asia that have implemented policies and frameworks integrating 3Rs, resource efficiency and circular economy concepts into law and economic development plans. This includes Japan, Korea, China, India and others.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN GWALIOR REGION: AN OVERVIEWadway tiwari
This document provides an overview of solid waste management in the city of Gwalior, India. It discusses the types and amounts of solid waste produced in Gwalior daily, as well as the common practices for disposal which include open dumping that creates public health and environmental issues. The document also reviews literature on solid waste management in other Indian cities and the key factors that affect waste management systems, such as various stakeholders, education, funding, and reliable data. It concludes that improved waste management is needed in Gwalior to better handle the increasing amounts of waste generated and adopt more sustainable practices.
Solid Waste Management in Gwalior Region: An OverviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of solid waste management practices in Gwalior, India. It finds that Gwalior produces about 380 tons of solid waste per day, 80% of which is collected from pickup points. The waste consists mainly of biodegradable materials like food, paper, wood, and plastics. Currently, 90% of the waste is disposed of through unscientific, open dumping which poses public health and environmental problems. The document evaluates different waste management options for Gwalior and finds that capturing energy from the city's organic waste, which makes up 55% of the total, could provide renewable energy through technologies like incineration, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion.
Talk program in the Department of applied Science with Chemical Engineering students and faculties of Tribhuvan University, Pulchwok Campus, Nepal on 21st July 2023.
This is a consolidated reply published under CC license for UNDP climate community query on greeing the rural development programmes of Ministry of Rural Development. My submission are part of the responses to the query. It was here I proposed community based ecostrategic planning. It is pleasure to have notices several projects where particpation of community is being emphasied for creation of ecologically safe futures.
Financial analysis of electricity generation from municipal solid waste: a ca...Premier Publishers
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) is amongst the largest municipal bodies in the world catering to an estimated population of 17 million citizens by providing civic services. Ghazipur is one of the three existing landfills of Delhi that has come up with a Waste to Energy (WtE) plant processing and disposing off the municipal waste. The plant produces RDF that will result in power generation .This plant will be a source of revenue and also earn carbon credits. This paper deals with the techno economic analysis of the plant to assess its viability on a commercial scale.
Proceedings of GRBMP Consultation WorkshopFRANK Water
Proceedings of the Consultation Workshop held on Saturday, August 28, 2010 at IIT Kanpur for
the preparation of Ganga River Basin Management Plan by IITs.
This document summarizes a presentation given at the International Conference on Industrial Engineering & Operation Management in Bali, Indonesia in January 2014. The presentation focuses on developing an integrated modeling approach to understand the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions on urban development in Jakarta. It outlines the background on cities and climate change, literature on sustainable urban development, and a methodology using system dynamics modeling. The model will consist of economic, social, and environmental modules to test policies and help decision makers address Jakarta's challenges in achieving sustainability and emissions reduction targets over the next 15 years.
How new indian government can reinvent sustainable development for all teri...Saniya Mishras
The document outlines TERI's recommendations for how India's new government can address sustainable development issues. It discusses key issues in water, air pollution, waste, green infrastructure, transport, energy security, and renewables. TERI recommends policies and institutional changes to promote water and sanitation safety plans, differential water tariffs, improved fuel quality and emission standards, waste reduction strategies, green building standards, public transit investments, energy efficiency programs, and coordinated energy policy. The overall aim is for India to achieve development while reducing environmental and economic costs of inaction.
The document summarizes a report on the India Sustainability Dialogue event focused on ecological challenges. It provides an executive summary of the key issues discussed, including increasing global carbon dioxide emissions and their impact on climate change. It then discusses specific sustainability challenges facing various sectors in India like land degradation, waste management, and the role of government and industries in addressing these issues. The document outlines case studies on sustainability efforts from various companies in sectors like automotive, banking, chemicals, real estate, and oil/gas. It notes that the dialogue emphasized maintaining a balance between sustainability and profitability and applying sustainability principles regardless of business type.
An Experimental Study to Assess Vermicomposting by using Vegetable Waste an...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on vermicomposting using vegetable and fruit waste. The study assessed parameters like temperature, pH, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and germination rates during the vermicomposting process over 30 days. International standards were followed and earthworms effectively converted the organic waste into nutrient-rich vermicompost. A total of 13.258 kg of vermicompost was produced, demonstrating the potential of vermicomposting to treat food waste. The study concluded that vermicomposting is an effective waste management strategy that produces a stable and mature compost suitable for soil application.
IRJET- Analyzing Constraints for Practising Solid Waste Management in Slums- ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the constraints of practicing solid waste management in slums in the city of Gwalior, India. It discusses that slums have inadequate basic infrastructure for proper waste storage, collection and disposal. Approximately 57.8% of Gwalior's population lives in slums, generating waste but lacking access to waste management services. The document also notes that as India urbanizes and incomes rise, total waste generation is increasing and the composition of waste is changing with more plastic and other non-biodegradables. Managing waste in slums remains a challenge for municipal authorities.
The document summarizes a study on development-induced problems in villages near heavy industries in Durgapur, West Bengal. It identifies several key issues: (1) pollution from industrial waste affecting air and water quality, posing health risks; (2) dilapidated housing and poverty in some settlements; (3) inadequate infrastructure and waste management; (4) higher crime rates and illiteracy compared to other parts of the city. The study aims to understand these problems, recommend policies to mitigate environmental degradation and improve quality of life, such as implementing clean development mechanisms, expanding social services and housing, and improving waste management.
The document discusses Sri Lanka's goal of achieving 100% renewable electricity generation by 2050. It assesses Sri Lanka's power sector and the changes needed to meet this target. Key points:
- Sri Lanka's electricity demand is projected to increase substantially by 2050, driven by economic and population growth.
- A scenario is proposed where 100% of Sri Lanka's electricity in 2050 would come from renewable sources like solar, wind and biomass. This would require major investment in renewable energy projects and grid infrastructure.
- Significant policy and regulatory changes are also needed to attract investment and manage the variability of renewable energy sources. Financial incentives and risk mitigation measures for investors will be crucial.
- Re
Municipal solid waste: A strategic resource sajjalp
A largely rural country, with only 18% of the population living in urban areas, Nepal is urbanizing rapidly with urban population growth rates of up to 7%. With a population growth rate of about 4% per year, the municipalities of Kathmandu Valley are facing the unprecedented challenges of rapid urbanization and modernization on a metropolitan scale. The average rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is 341.63 gm per capita per day in five municipalities (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi and Kirtipur) of Kathmandu Valley. The increasing and unmanageable waste volume is a major concern for all the municipalities. In Kathmandu Valley most of the MSW is land-filled, leading to a significant pressure on the environment. The truth is very little is recycled. In this paper, the basic indicators of MSW are analyzed: generation per capita per day, total waste generation, and waste generation from household, commercial and institutional activities etc. The municipalities of Kathmandu valley are focusing on sweeping the street,
collecting and transferring the waste to the landfill rather than minimizing the waste. The important priorities to consider MSW as a strategic resource are: reduction of waste at source, re-use, compost, recycle and recovery which will minimize the disposal volume and increase the life of landfill.
KEY WORDS: Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), waste generation, resource, recycling
The document discusses several topics related to environmental issues and disasters in India:
1) The Ganga Action Plan which aims to reduce pollution in the Ganga River through sewage treatment and preventing industrial waste. It established authorities to oversee the plan's implementation.
2) Delhi's severe air pollution problems, with particulate matter identified as a major health risk. Vehicles, agriculture, and industry are significant sources of pollution.
3) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984 which killed over 7,000 people after a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant, representing one of history's worst industrial disasters.
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy was the world's worst industrial accident that occurred on December 3rd, 1984 in Bhopal, India. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from the Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant killed thousands of people. On the night of the leak, poisonous gases escaped from the plant and quickly spread through the city. Exposure to the gases caused severe damage to people's internal organs and lungs. Official estimates state that over 15,000 people died in the first three weeks. Survivors continue to suffer from increased rates of cancer and other health issues due to the toxic exposure. The full consequences and death toll may never be known.
The document outlines Telangana's e-waste management policy and goals which include creating an aware society that actively manages e-waste, assisting the unsafe unorganized sector transition to organized recycling, and establishing a vibrant refurbishing and recycling ecosystem. It details the state's role in implementing national e-waste rules by earmarking industrial space for recycling, registering workers, developing skills programs, and creating an implementation plan. It also outlines initiatives to raise consumer awareness and incentivize proper e-waste disposal from bulk consumers and retail consumers.
Similar to Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory (FY 2021-22) (20)
India's pursuit of climate targets, including net-zero emissions by 2070, hinges on integrating renewable energy. The power sector's heavy reliance on fossil fuels necessitates a significant shift towards renewables. With a rising demand for electricity, effective demand-side management strategies are vital to ensure grid stability. Time-of-use (ToU) tariffs, recognized globally, play a crucial role in this strategy, offering a more accurate reflection of electricity costs compared to flat rates.
This report focuses on evaluating the impact of various ToU tariff designs on grid management parameters for Tamil Nadu in 2024. The objective is to assess how static ToU tariffs prompt consumers to shift or reduce electricity usage, facilitating greater renewable energy integration. The study considers 27 ToU tariff designs, assuming 17% wind energy and 11% solar energy. Notably, findings are specific to Tamil Nadu's energy demand pattern, peaking in early afternoon hours in April.
Results emphasize the importance of defining peak and off-peak time slots optimally to reduce peak loads and curtailment of renewables. Shifting peak hours from 6:00h-10:00h and 18:00h-22:00h to 5:00h-7:00h and 17:00h-23:00h improves key parameters, including a reduction in peak load instances on the gross and net load. Introducing a tariff rebate during solar energy generation hours (solar sponge) from 10:00h to 16:00h effectively reduces peak load magnitudes and encourages load distribution throughout the day, enhancing grid stability. Adjusting peak hour tariffs and shifting peak hours has a noticeable impact on load distribution and peak load occurrences.
The study indicates that a 25% increase in peak-hour tariffs outperforms a more aggressive 40% increase, which may create new peak load instances. Simulated off-peak rebates of 5% and 10% during late night and early morning hours have negligible effects.
Overall, these findings underscore the potential benefits of implementing ToU tariffs for all consumer categories, including reduced peak loads, load range occurrences, and ramping requirements. Careful consideration of peak hour tariffs and adjustments to peak hours can further optimise load distribution and maximise the efficiency of the power grid. To meet its RPO and its climate change objectives Tamil Nadu will have to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy generation. In order to manage the variable nature of wind and solar energy generation and of demand the grid management will require a higher degree of demand and generation flexibility services.
Auroville Consulting (AVC) published its annual sustainability report for the financial year 2022-23.
This year we intensified this practice along with the digital footprint through network usage and website hosting, understanding the impact of our recently installed HVAC system, and emissions avoided through providing e-bikes to all our team members. We have achieved a net zero emission balance for FY 2022-23. This was made possible through planned interventions and implementation of good practices to reduce gross emissions, followed by investment in long term effective carbon positive projects. Some key highlights:
● 92% of this year’s gross emissions were offset by planting trees and the remaining 8% was offset by excess solar generation, making AVC a carbon net-zero organisation.
● 100% of electricity demand was supplied by renewable energy through rooftop solar.
● 25.58 kWh of electricity was consumed per square meter of office space, which is 75% lower than the benchmark of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for an office building in a warm and humid climate (Benchmark: 101 kWh/sq. m/yr).
● From March 2022 onwards, the organisation has been providing electric two-wheelers to all its full-time team members for their daily commute to and from office and for their own personal use, along with a charging facility supplied by an additional installed capacity of rooftop solar. This initiative resulted in :
o An emission reduction of 2,584 kg CO2e for their daily commute to and from office, which is an 88% decrease in comparison to the previous year, and
o An emission reduction of 6,309 kgCO2e, which was achieved by converting the personal commute of our team members to e-vehicles and charging them through renewable energy. This is a value higher than the total gross emissions of the organisation..
● 98% of the operational expenditure was made in local areas, with 91% inside Auroville; and the remaining 2% in Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu – preventing unnecessary emissions and stimulating the local economy.
ELECTRICITY SUBSIDY AND A JUST ENERGY TRANSITION IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
To address climate change, to promote adaptation and resilience, to eliminate energy poverty, and to ensure a just energy transition, countries and states will have to mobilise substantial financial resources. A recent study estimated that India will need to invest a 900 billion USD over the next 30 years to ensure a ‘just energy transition’ (Bushan 2023). While developed countries have pledged to provide climate finance to developing countries, these pledges have not been fulfilled, or are very slow to arrive, or are insufficient. Developing countries will need to find additional and alternative resources to accelerate the decarbonization of its economies and to invest into climate adaptation. The United Nations (2022) has outlined a few interventions that can help in accelerating a just energy transition. These include:
to make renewable energy technologies a public good,
to shift energy subsidies from fossil fuels to renewable energy, and
to triple investments into renewables.
In 2009, G20 members committed to phasing out and rationalizing fossil fuel subsidies in the medium term (Reuters 2009). But as of 2022, fossil fuel subsidies have not been phased out, neither have they been reduced; instead, fossil fuel subsidies exceeded USD 1 trillion globally for the first time. This is largely due to governments’ increased subsidies to cushion consumers from rising energy prices (IISD 2023).
Energy subsidies are found in virtually every country. Justifications for their use range from social welfare protection, job creation, encouragement of renewable energy sources, promotion of economic development, to energy security. However, it may be worth examining some of the current energy subsidy schemes asking if and to what extent these subsidy schemes are contributing to a just energy transition and to what extent these subsidies align with the proposed three interventions by the UN.
Read the full report here: https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/electricity-subsidy-and-a-just-energy-transition-in-tamil-nadu/
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT, MAYILADUTHURAI DISTRIC...AurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic, and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
Land and water are closely interlinked, as the availability and flow of freshwater depends on the land characteristics, such as its topography and composition, amongst other factors. Therefore, certain areas of lands naturally act as better sinks for capturing stormwater or surface run-off water from precipitation. Freshwater, on the other hand, is a critical resource, and the stress on freshwater resources is expected to increase with growing population, development, and climate change. According to India’s Composite Water Management Index (Niti Aayog, 2018), 600 million people in the country are suffering from an acute shortage of water. Read more in the report: https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/land-suitability-assessment-for-stormwater-management-mayiladuthurai-district-tamil-nadu/
MAXIMISING THE BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY: AN EVALUATIONAurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu is making significant strides towards a sustainable energy future, supported by announcements of adding 20 GW of solar energy capacity and 10 GW of battery energy storage capacity by 2030. The state’s policy and regulatory frameworks, including the Tamil Nadu Solar Policy and the Generic Tariff Order, are driving the adoption of grid-connected distributed solar energy. As the adoption of distributed generation systems increases, the importance of smart grid integration becomes evident. Studies that provide an avoided cost assessment offer an opportunity to network operators to identify the most appropriate distribution network nodes and distributed renewable energy (DRE) capacities
This report focuses on evaluating the network and societal impacts of introducing distributed solar energy in the Karungalpalayam HT Feeder under the Erode substation. This analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution of active power and voltage, allowing operators to optimize network performance. The report utilized the Solva tool. Solva is a web-based tool with the aim to assist grid operators in assessing the network and societal value of distributed energy resources (VODER). Solva assesses both network benefits and societal benefits. Network benefits encompass the avoided costs associated with energy, distribution capacity, transmission capacity, and generation capacity. Simultaneously, societal benefits factor in the avoided costs of CO2 emissions, SO2 emissions, NO2 emissions, and PM2.5 emissions.
For the selected feeder a 4.50 MW solar energy system interconnected at the tail end of the feeder results in a VODER benefit of INR 12.84 per kWh. These benefit is subdivided into network benefitss and societal benefit. The societal benefits achieved from the integration contribute to 8.84 INR/kWh or 69% of the total benefit. Network benefits are found to be at 4.00 INR/kWh or 31%. With the integration of distributed solar energy, the distribution line losses show a reduction, particularly if interconnected at the middle end or tail end of the HT feeder. When the solar energy system is interconnected at the tail end or at the middle end of Karungalpalayam HT Feeder, a deferral of feeder upgradation is found.In particular to Karungalpalayam HT feeder, interconnecting the distributed solar energy system close to the point of consumption offers the highest benefits.
In 2022 a GHG emission baseline for Auroville was established. The inventory highlighted the overall emissions from the community. This report now intends to assess the sequestration capabilities of Auroville land under tree cover for a five-year period from February 2017 to February 2022. The tree cover in Auroville is a prime contributor to the community’s long-term vision of sustainable development. The overall tree cover includes the residential zones, industrial zones, parks, public spaces and the designated green belt area of Auroville developed and maintained by the Forest Group of Auroville.
The cumulative carbon stock for Auroville’s land under tree cover of 920 hectares for the time period from February 2017 to February 2022 was estimated at 34,778 tCO2e. This equals an average carbon stock addition of 6,956 tCO2e per year. The average carbon stock per hectare of forest land in Tamil Nadu was estimated at 87.26 tCO2e/year. The average carbon stock per hectare over five years for the Auroville forest was found to be 99.96 tCO2e/year which is 14.55% above the average.
As per the Auroville Greenhouse Gas Accounting Report, Auroville produced 8,298.54 tCO2e in FY 2018- 2019, this excludes emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFLOU) and industrial production and product use (IPPU). Auroville’s green cover sequestered 84% of its total emission or 6,956 tCO2e per year. The surplus CO2e emitted for FY 2018-19 therefore is 1,343 tCO2e or 16%. To offset this carbon an additional 19.82 hectare of land would need to be converted from moderately dense forest to very dense forest. This could also be achieved by installing a 1.19 MW solar energy capacity or by transitioning all units to low or zero emission transport solutions.
Consistent studies either on a yearly or bi-yearly basis can help improve accuracy of emissions tracking and sequestration numbers of the community and help set targets. This would lead to additional financing opportunities and access to voluntary mechanisms such as carbon financing to support existing forestry activities.
During the last COP events (COP 26 and COP 27) India stepped up its climate ambitions and announced a goal of reaching net-zero by the year 2070. More specifically its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) includes to achieve about 50 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
In December 2022 Tamil Nadu launched its own Climate Change Mission. Its goals include the development of strategies to cut emissions by using green and renewable energy. This complements an earlier announcement by the State Government, that it aims to add an additional 20 GW of solar energy by the year 2030.
More recently, in March 2023, the Tamil Nadu Governments announced that it will target that 50% of all energy will be sourced from renewable energy sources. If the state where to meet this target it would firmly establish itself as a climate leader on the national and international stage. Further, Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state and as there is increasing international supply chain pressures for industries to reduce their carbon emissions accelerating the transition towards a renewable energy can help its industries to stay competitive in a decarbonizing world. An accelerated energy transition will also promote Tamil Nadu as an attractive location for industries.
In FY 2021-22 the total energy generated was 1,17,553 million units (MU). Renewable energy, this is solar, wind, bioenergy, and hydro, accounted for a 22% of the total energy generation in FY 2021-22. Coal power with a share of 70% is the single largest energy sources. This total energy generation can be subdivided into two parts, (i) energy procured by TANGEDCO and (ii) energy under Open Access. TANGEDCO accounted for 83% or 97,297 MU of energy in FY 2021-22. Whereas the remaining 17% of 20,266 MU are on account of Open Access.
Interestingly TANGEDO procured only 16% of its energy from renewables. Whereas 52% of all energy under Open Access is RE. 51% of all energy procured by TANGEDCO came from either TANGEDCO owned or Centra owned coal power plants. The actual share of coal power may be higher as there is 24% of energy that was sourced under the category ‘Short term and others’ and this may primarily be coal power.
To meet the 2030 RE target an additional 60,637 MU of RE will need to be generated in 2030. This represents approximately an addition of 28 GW of wind energy capacity or a 32 GW of solar energy capacity and means that in the next six years starting with FY 2023-24 approximately 4.80– 5.50 GW of renewable energy capacity needs to go on-grid. The average annual RE capacity addition in Tamil Nadu from 2018 to 2023 was 1.21 GW.
Meeting the 50% RE target will require a concerted effort by all major power sector institutions and players including the distribution licensee, the Electricity Regulatory Commission, the Energy Department, Independent Power producers and the consumers/prosumers.
This document discusses clean energy access for MSMEs in Tamil Nadu. It notes that Tamil Nadu relies heavily on coal for electricity generation, accounting for 75% in 2020. While the state aims to increase renewable energy, current plans show most new demand will be met by coal. This poses challenges for MSMEs seeking affordable clean energy options. The document analyzes various clean energy procurement options for MSMEs, finding rooftop solar and open access solar captive to have the lowest landed costs compared to grid electricity or the state's green tariff. It recommends Tamil Nadu provide a clear framework for rooftop solar and green open access to help MSMEs decarbonize and remain competitive.
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY, VILLUPURAM DISTRICTAurovilleConsulting
This document presents the findings of a land suitability assessment conducted for distributed solar energy development in Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu. The assessment identifies unused lands using satellite imagery and evaluates their potential for solar energy generation. It finds that Villupuram District has 1,092 km2 of unused land, with a technical potential of 23.04 GW of solar capacity across 92,149 acres. This exceeds the district's solar target of 0.62 GW by over 3,700%. Lands are categorized based on their theoretical, technical and highest commercial potential. The document outlines the methodology used, including criteria for assessing solar suitability and setting solar targets. Key factors like slope, solar irradiation and power evacuation infrastructure are also discussed
THE SOLAR ENERGY-LAND NEXUS SUSTAINABLE LAND USE STRATEGY FOR SOLAR ENERGY IN...AurovilleConsulting
Energy generation can have intensive or extensive land use requirements, causing habitat and biodiversity loss in sensitive and diverse ecosystems globally or competing with other land use such as agriculture.
As a direct consequence of the Paris Climate Agreement, which requires global decarbonization, renewable energy sources will continue to expand, in particular solar and wind. The increasing land use for renewable energy generation systems and related infrastructure will become more relevant in the future. The extent to which the overall land use balance will be more favourable than for non-renewable sources depends on the mix of renewables, their siting and centralized or decentralized mode of deployment (UNEP, 2016). Innovative deployment of renewables can reduce land use pressures, as well as avoid landscape disturbances caused by fossil fuels and nuclear energy (Lovins, 2011).
While the use of fossil fuels is limited by the size of the resource (including future cost and the carbon dioxide (CO2 ) budget), renewable energy and in particular solar energy, is mostly restricted by land use allocation and by the availability or solar irradiation or adequate windspeeds.
Land or sea occupancy is one of the most visible impacts for any energy development. The relatively large land requirement for solar energy highlights the importance of good mitigation practices to help facilitate the transition into a renewable energy future. Fortunately, the abundance of solar energy means that, unlike other energy sources, there is often flexibility in project siting, allowing the integration of solar energy systems with buildings and infrastructure assets or the co-location of solar energy systems with agricultural practices or the use of wastelands.
Tamil Nadu has set a target of adding a 20 GW of solar energy by 2030. If this target is to be primarily met by ground-mounted solar plants a 405 km2 land area will be required. Considering the projected annual electrical energy demand of 4,89,395 MU by 2050 (Auroville Consulting 2022) the need to decarbonize the state’s power sector and the fact that solar is among the most cost -efficient energy sources today, the potential land-impact of solar is substantial. Meeting 50% of the projected electricity demand for 2050 would require 133 GW of solar capacity, and 2,691 km2 of land resources, which equals the total geographical area of Chengalpattu District or 2.07% of the state’s geographical area.
There are competing and often conflicting demands for land for economic, ecological, and social needs in the development sector. It will be critical to limit the conversion of agricultural lands for solar energy development.
https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR FORESTATION, MAYILADUTHURAI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
As per its intended Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, India is targeting the creation of an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 4 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030 – through additional forest and tree cover of 25-30 million hectares. In this context, the State Government of Tamil Nadu has set a target to increase its percentage of tree cover from 23% to 33% by the year 2030.
A forestation land suitability assessment for the Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu, India was carried out using a geospatial digital tool LiLa (LifeLands). LiLa uses satellite imagery, AI & GIS mapping to create critical data-based insights and visualization that supports decision-making by providing detailed information. This includes geo-spatial and socio-economic data-layers to address the core aspects of sustainable land-use management. It identifies and evaluates unused lands for its potential in terms of solar energy, forestation and water management.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands in Mayiladuthurai district and evaluate its potential for forestation initiatives that can contribute meeting the state’s tree-cover target of 33% by the year 2030.
Identified unused lands were evaluated based on multiple-criteria methodology including parameters pertaining to terrain suitability, existing road, rail and electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure, elevation, water potential and potential to create forest corridors. The lands are also further assessed based on their potential for competing climate action, such as areas that are suitable for water harvesting and solar energy generation.
The land use mapping indicates that 8% of the district’s geographical area is under tree cover. Agriculture land use is by far the most dominating land use category accounting for 63%. Identified unused lands account for an area of 118 km2 or 10% of the total geographical area. Out of the total identified unused lands 56% or 16,237 acres have been found to be suitable for forestation. If all the unused lands suitable for forestation were put under tree cover Mayiladuthurai district would increase its share of lands under tree cover from 8% to 13.5% creating a carbon stock of 0.55 million tonnes of carbon.
PATHWAYS TO DECARBONISATION – MODELLING TAMIL NADU’S POWER SECTOR DECARBONISA...AurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu’s electricity demand is expected to increase year on year, and so are the sector’s absolute carbon dioxide emissions. Considering India’s commitments under the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention, and the recent announcement of targeting net zero carbon by 2070, Tamil Nadu will require a long-term strategy to reduce its emissions. This may start with establishing sector-specific emission inventories, followed by sector-specific emission target setting.
The power sector is deemed to be one of the sectors easiest to decarbonise. One of the first steps for putting in place a decarbonisation strategy is target setting. This report assumes a net-zero carbon target for the Tamil Nadu power sector by 2050. It applies the Sectoral Decarbonisation Approach (SDA) of the Science Based Target (SBT) model to simulate decarbonisation pathways that are in line with the goals of the Paris agreement – limiting global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (ETP B2DS) and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C (SBT 1.5°C) respectively.
In this paper, we undertake the following steps:
1) Projecting the electricity generation for the upcoming years along with the corresponding emissions.
2) Setting targets for the emissions based on the Science Based Targets (SBT).
3) Comparing various scenario planning models for decarbonising the electricity sector of Tamil Nadu.
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY MAYILADUTHURAI DISTR...AurovilleConsulting
A land assessment for the Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu, India was carried out using a geospatial digital tool LiLa (LifeLands) developed in-house. LiLa uses satellite imagery, AI & GIS Mapping to create critical data-based insights and visualization that supports decision-making by providing detailed information. This includes geo-spatial and socio-economic data-layers to address the core aspects of sustainable land-use management. It identifies and evaluates unused lands for its potential in terms of solar energy, reforestation and water management.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands for this district and evaluate to what extent these unused lands can be utilized to meet the state’s solar energy target of 20 GW by the year 2030. The lands were evaluated based on multiple levels of criteria that accounted for plot size, and their distance from evacuation infrastructure, roads, railways and waterbodies. The lands are also further assessed based on their potential for climate action, such as areas that are suitable for forestation and water harvesting.
The assessment indicated that a target of 0.29 GW of solar installation is achievable with lands that meet the technical criteria. Lands ranked medium can achieve a cumulative capacity of 0.46 GW with a total area of 1,860 acres. Lands ranked high with a total area 698 acres can achieve a capacity of 0.17 GW.
The prevalence of offshore wind is growing globally. According to the Global Wind Energy Council, the total installed capacity worldwide climbed to 57.2 GW at the end of 2021. Offshore wind technology has key advantages such as eliminating the need for large areas of land and harnessing energy from better wind conditions than onshore. Currently, India does not have any installed capacity. However, there has been a recent build-up in momentum. Tamil Nadu has been identified as one of the highest potential states for harnessing offshore wind energy in India. But the State faces technical, social, and financial barriers for phasing-in this new technology. In this regard, the Tamil Nadu Government can play a key role in unlocking this significant source of energy by (i) providing the overall infrastructure required, (ii) engaging with local stakeholders, and (iii) facilitating the clearance process for offshore wind projects, among others.
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO DIESEL GENERATORS – A COM...AurovilleConsulting
Power demand across the country is growing, and meeting peak demand is becoming more challenging. In Tamil Nadu, frequent power outages are observed, especially during summer months. To reduce economic impacts of unreliable power supply, commercial and industrial (C&I) entities, undertake investments in power backup systems. The most commonly used systems are diesel generator sets (DG sets) and battery energy storage systems (BESS), also known as an uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
DG sets have been a convenient power backup option due to an established market, their reliability, affordability, and modularity. But they have a high environmental footprint, cause noise pollution and negatively impact human health. On the other hand, BESSs could operate on zero emissions, if charged from renewable energy sources, and with minimal noise pollution. And with no exhaust emissions, they are particularly helpful in urban areas.
The cost of batteries, especially those of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs, have been observing a dramatic drop – of 89% over the years 2010-2020. And, apart from performing their primary function as a power backup, BESSs can also provide grid services such as load shifting, load following, peak load management, voltage, and frequency support and facilitate higher levels of renewable energy integration. Thus, BESSs contest DG sets economically and technically as an alternative type of back-up system.
This report compares the economic and environmental performance of a Li-ion-based BESS with a conventional DG set, as power backup solutions. The analysis indicated that the levelized cost of battery storage (LCOS) is dictated by the battery pack costs in the market, while the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the DG is sensitive to diesel prices. The cost analysis was carried over a range of hours of back-up required, and the results favour the Li-ion BESS as a back-up option, in terms of economic and environmental performance, especially when charged at solar tariff solar tariff.
We hope that this report will assist C&I entities in Tamil Nadu to make the most economic and environmentally sound investment in their power backup systems.
BRIEFING NOTE: ELECTRIFICATION OF TOP-PERFORMING INDUSTRIES IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu is one of the most industrialised states in India and accounted for 9.47% of India’s GDP in FY 2020-21. Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state in India at a time when more countries are proposing Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). CBAM includes the introduction of a carbon price on certain products imported into the European Union (EU). This will put restrictions at the borders of the EU on goods produced with carbon and Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). As per an assessment of the World Bank, many countries are considering setting a carbon price in the years to come. Tamil Nadu could be exporting its finished goods to a few of those countries in the future. For the exported goods from Tamil Nadu to be regulation-proof, it is important to decarbonise the production. The first step towards decarbonisation is the electrification of the processes in the industries. This briefing note explores the potential for the electrification of some of the processes in the top-performing (in terms of contribution to the State’s GDP) industrial sectors of Tamil Nadu.
The second phase of the Auroville Smart Mini Grid is also complete. Driven and conceived by Auroville Consulting it compromises 108 kW of distributed rooftop solar energy systems. The solar PV systems reduces Auroville’s electricity consumption from the TANGEDCO grid by an average of 1,57,680 kWh per year and reduces it’s dependency on TANGEDCO. This is another step forward towards self reliance and sustainability. The project includes an energy storage system with a capacity of 10 kWh, 20 smart energy meters with a remote reading facility and additions to the Auroville internal electricity distribution system. Further we were able to upgrade our internal HT and LT distribution infrastructure and started piloting an active demand response program for domestic air conditioners and for municipal water pumps. The project was lead by Auroville Consulting. Other Auroville units include Auroville Electrical Service, Sunlit Future & Aurinoco.
Inspired by the method of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting, this report attempts to consolidate data on the performance of Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Company (TANGEDCO). The aim of this work is to initiate and develop holistic benchmarks. These key performance indicators would help TANGEDCO to track its own performance. Apart from the KPIs, this report also highlights the importance of sharing data in a public domain for the civil society to access.
LEVELISED COST OF BTM STORAGE IN INDIA 2021 – A STATUS REPORTAurovilleConsulting
This status report aims to present a snapshot of the current cost of energy storage in India for behind-the-meter (BtM) applications, and project them over the next 10 years to analyse when energy storage will start seeing significant adoption. Based on a detailed cost model for solar PV and energy storage with 50+ parameters & data on battery energy storage systems (BESS) gathered from several vendors in India, we evaluate the levelized cost of solar plus energy storage and standalone energy storage.
Even though as of today, BtM energy storage is not feasible in a lot of cases, we find that this will change fast this decade. By 2025, it will be possible for non-residential consumers to integrate large amounts of battery storage to generate and consume their own energy, enabling a distributed energy future. Along with it, the utilities face an inevitable transition from their traditional roles to distribution system operators.
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE: FEASIBILITY OF BEHIND-THE-METER SYSTEMS FOR H...AurovilleConsulting
This document analyzes the feasibility of behind-the-meter solar plus energy storage systems for high tension consumers in Tamil Nadu. Key findings include:
1) Solar plus energy storage is already a financially viable option for reducing electricity costs compared to grid supply alone, especially for office consumers.
2) The cost of lithium-ion battery storage is expected to reduce by 78% by 2030, improving the financial viability of solar plus storage systems over time.
3) For an office consumer, investing in a "Towards Net Zero" solar plus storage system will become financially viable starting in 2022 due to anticipated tariff increases.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
1. J U N E 2 0 2 3
2 0 2 1
Rajapalayam LPA
GHG Emissions Inventory
2.
3. 2 0 2 1
Rajapalayam LPA
GHG Emissions Inventory
J U N E 2 0 2 3
4. 2
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Acknowledgements
This report was made possible with the support of Tapasya Design
Studio team and the Auroville Botanical Gardens team. We would
also like to express our gratitude towards Ms. Nirmala Raja and Ms.
Supriya Sahu (I.A.S), for the active encouragement to undertake
this work.
The report was prepared by Auroville Consulting.
Authors:
Devi Manasa Palakodeti, Auroville Consulting
Martin Scherer, Auroville Consulting
Megh Patel, Auroville Consulting
Mohan Murali, Auroville Consulting
Raghav Nandakumar, Auroville Consulting
Collaborators:
Sreevatsa Ramesh, Tapasya Design Studio, Auroville
Vishnu Shashank, Tapasya Design Studio, Auroville
Paul Blanchower, Auroville Botanical Gardens
Designer:
Thiagarajan Rajendiran, Auroville Consulting
Suggested Citation: Auroville Consulting. 2023. Rajapalayam LPA
GHG Emissions Inventory & Decarbonisation Pathway.
Available at: Auroville Consulting. 2023.
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory (2021).
Available at: https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/rajapalayam-
lpa-ghg-emissions-inventory-2021/
5. 3 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Foreword
Our future prosperity is completely intertwined with the state of our environment. We are all
aware that climate change has started, as extreme weather events increase in frequency and
severity. If we do nothing and allow the levels of greenhouse gases to increase at the current
rate, our beautiful land of Tamil Nadu will become less and less habitable for future generations.
The Hon. Chief Minister has impressively stepped forward and put our state at the forefront of
the drive in India to become climate smart and carbon neutral. The goals have been set and as
members of the wider community it is important that we motivate ourselves to find ways in which
we can contribute to these goals and inspire our fellow citizens.
It is a long and complex task in front of us as we try to navigate the road to a sustainable future.
The first part of this journey is the commitment to change and an openness to embrace new
solutions. The next is to base our choices on sound data and scientific principles.
We need to create a clear baseline from which we can measure the effectiveness of our actions.
This way we will learn from our efforts, so that in the future, others that follow us down this path
will be able to do so more efficiently and reach the goal more effectively.
Innovative and smart thinking, alongside a willingness to support and drive new projects forward
is the need of this moment. The demand for development and better standards of living are
justified for any village, town, or city in India, so we need to find ways for the economy to prosper.
However, at the same time we need to be clever and ensure our actions are not degrading the
environment for future generations and that they also provide solutions that others are able to
emulate and improve upon.
This document is the response to these needs as we look at the future growth and development
of Rajapalayam, as it aspires to become the first climate smart town in Tamil Nadu.
Nirmala Raja
Chairperson, Ramco Community Services
Member, Tamil Nadu Governing Council on Climate Change
6. 4
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Key Findings
7,05,641.20 tCO2e/yr
The total emissions of Rajapalayam LPA in the year 2021 were
7,05,641.20 tCO2e/yr with Stationary Energy contributing to 66,58%
of emissions followed by waste at 12.38%. The emissions per
resident of the town were found to be 14% higher than the average
for India (2018) and 40% higher than Coimbatore (2021).
Stationary Energy
11.55%
12.38%
9.50%
66.58%
Transportation Waste AFOLU
The total emissions of the town have an
impact equal to a forest fire, two times the size
of Sanjeevi Malai, every single day.
An installation of solar panels spanning 1.5 times
the area of Sanjeevi Malai or 330 hectares would be
required to offset emissions from stationary energy.
The total transport related emissions equalled travelling
in an Auto around the world 3,000 times,
or once every 3 hours.
The total waste related emissions equalled feeding
2 lakh 90 thousand people, the entire population of
the Rajapalayam Local planning area, once a day for 2 years.
The emissions released from activities in the Agriculture,
Forestry and other Land Use sector equalled to reforesting an
area 3 times the size of Sanjeevi Malai, every year,
spanning around 600 hectares.
7. 5 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Emissions per resident of Rajapalayam LPA
0.23
Total
2.43
(tCO2e/yr)
1.59
0.30
0.34
Total
population (2021)
2,90,671
Comparing emissions per resident
The above average per-capita GHG emissions can be attributed to the highly developed industrial capacity of the town.
Region
Per Capita
Emissions
(tCO2e)
Per Capita emissions
of Rajapalayam
India 2.12
(Global Data, 2021)
14% higher than
India’s emissions in 2021.
Tamil Nadu 2.29
(GHGPI, 2018)
6% higher than
Tamil Nadu's emissions in 2018.
Coimbatore 1.46
(ICLEI, 2021)
40% higher than
Coimbatore's emissions during
the same year, 2021.
10. 8
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Abbreviations
AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use
BAU Business as Usual
BOD Bio-chemical Oxidation Demand
CH4 Methane
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CO2e Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
DG Diesel Generator
EF Emission Factor
EV Electric Vehicle
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GPC Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
GPW Global Warming Potential
ha Hectare
HFC Hydrouorocarbons
HT High Tension
IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use
kg Kilogram
kL Kilolitre
Km Kilometre
kWh Kilowatt Hours
L Litres
LPA Local Planning Area
LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas
LT Low Tension
MDF Moderately Dense Forest
Mn Million
Mt Mega Tonne
N2O Nitrous Oxide
NF3 Nitrogen Triuoride
OF Open Forest
PFC Peruorocarbons
RE Renewable Energy
SEZ Special Economic Zones
SF Sulphur Hexauoride
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
t Tonne
T&D Transmission & Distribution
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VDF Very Dense Forest
yr Year
11. 9 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Introduction 01
Climate change is one of the most pressing
challenges faced by humanity today. Human
activities have contributed to a global temperature
rise of over 1˚ C from the pre-industrial era (IPCC
2023). This rise of temperature can be attributed
to the increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs)
in the atmosphere. The consequences can be
seen in the form of extreme weather conditions,
extinction of plant and animal species, rise in
sea level, reduction in crop yields and scarcity of
water, to name a few. India has been assessed
as being particularly climate vulnerable. It is
estimated that more than 80% of Indians live in
districts vulnerable to climate risks (CEEW 2021).
Tamil Nadu has been listed among the world’s
top 50 regions at high risk due to climate change
(XDI 2023). The region is already routinely
impacted by floods, droughts and cyclones that
cause catastrophic economic loss. These climate
impacts damage critical infrastructure, reduce
agricultural yields and threaten livelihoods. For
example, unprecedented rains in 2021 affected
31 of 38 districts and displaced 11,000 people
(WRI 2022).
In order to combat climate change, 175 countries
signed the UNFCCC Paris Agreement which aims
to curb global temperature rise to well below 2˚
C (United Nations 2016). Article 4.1 of the 2015
Paris Agreement requires Parties to undertake
the rapid reduction of emissions in accordance
with the best available science (United Nations
2015). India, one of its signatories, has pledged
to reduce the emission intensity of its economy
by 45% by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. It
also has pledged to reach net zero emissions by
the year 2070 (MoEFCCC). 2022). The State
Government of Tamil Nadu indicated that it aims
at reaching net zero emissions before 2070.
Tamil Nadu is among the most industrialized and
urbanized states in India. Cities are particularly
well-placed in helping their countries meet
the national emissions targets. It is estimated
that 70% of all energy related GHG emissions
occur within cities, and it will likely grow as more
people migrate to urban areas (Greenhouse
Gas Protocol. 2019). That being said, thousands
of cities around the globe are developing new
ways to implement climate-friendly solutions
to accelerate the achievement of the long-term
goals. Rajapalayam is among these cities and
shows a high level of climate commitments.
Rajapalayam is the taluk headquarters of
Rajapalayam Taluk, and an important town in
the district of Virudhunagar within the State
of Tamil Nadu. Rajapalayam LPA, which
includes Rajapalayam town, 15 surrounding
revenue villages and 2 reserved forests, has a
total population of 2.16 lakh, as per the 2011
Census. In 2023, a master plan was formulated
for Rajapalayam LPA, the master plan has a
planning period till 2041. The master plan was
meant to foster sustainable urban development,
responsible land-use and resource efficiency
and is expected to propel the town on a pathway
towards decarbonization and inclusive growth.
Rajapalayam is the first town in Tamil Nadu
that has aspired to announce a GHG emission
reduction target, it aims at achieving net zero
emissions by the year 2041.
It is in this context that an emissions inventory
for the town has been developed. The purpose of
this GHG emissions inventory is to report on the
sources and magnitude of GHG emissions. While
this inventory provides us a broad understanding
of today’s emissions, consecutive reports on a
yearly or bi-yearly basis can help improve the
quality of the data and understand the progress
of the activities undertaken by the LPA to reduce
their impact on the surrounding environment.
12. 10
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Methodology 02
The Global Protocol for Community-Scale
Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC)
helps create more targeted climate action
plans and track progress over time, as well as
strengthen opportunities for cities to partner with
other levels of government and increase access
to local and international climate financing.
The categories or emission sources that are
covered in the inventory of Rajapalayam LPA
are as per the BASIC+ reporting of the GPC.
The categories include:
a) stationary energy,
b) transportation,
c) waste,
d) fuel,
e)
industrial processes and products use
(IPPU,)
f)
agriculture, forestry, and other land use
(AFOLU).
The categories and the sub-categories that they
are comprised of are shown in Annexure 1.
Every sectoral activity that takes place within
a city can generate GHG emissions that occur
both inside the city boundary as well as outside
Image 1: Sources and boundaries of city GHG emissions
the city boundary. To distinguish among these,
the emissions are grouped into the following
three categories:
To illustrate this, image 1 shows emission
sources that occur within the geographic
boundary, outside the geographic boundary and
across the geographic boundary.
Scope Definition
Scope 1 GHG emissions from sources
located within the city boundary
Scope 2 GHG emissions occurring as a
consequence of the use of grid-
supplied electricity, heat, steam
and/or cooling within the city
boundary
Scope 3 All other GHG emissions that
occur outside the city boundary as
a result of activities taking place
within the city boundary
Table 2: Definition of scopes for inventories
Source: GPC, 2014
13. 11 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
For all emission sources, GHG emissions are
estimated by multiplying activity data by an
emission factor associated with the activity that
is being measured. Activity data is a quantitative
measure of an activity during a given period of
time that results in GHG emissions (e.g., litres
of diesel used, kilometres driven, and tonnes
of waste sent to landfill). An emission factor
is a measure of the mass of GHG emissions
relative to a unit of activity. For example, data
on electricity consumed to power a factory,
measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), is multiplied
by the emission factor for electricity (kgCO2/
kWh) to estimate the total amount of GHG
emissions. GHG emissions data is reported in
metric tonnes of each greenhouse gas emitted
as well as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).
The greenhouses gases covered by the GPC
are carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4),
nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride
(NF3). Each GHG has different characteristics,
the two most prominent ones for the purpose
of measuring them are the amount of heat it
absorbs and its lifespan. This is measured by
the Global Warming Potential (GWP) which
describes the warming potential of one unit of a
given GHG relative to carbon dioxide.
As mentioned earlier, emissions from each
activity are reported in metric tonnes of
GHGs emitted as well as their carbon dioxide
equivalent. CO2e is a universal unit that
simplifies the accounting process by producing
a single number to describe the impact of all
the greenhouse gases; this is done by using the
GWP of each GHG.
Points to note:
Data collection and analysis have been done
on the basis of availability and subject to
inaccuracies at source collection. All data
sources and references have been cited with
details provided under the ‘References’ section.
Detailed methodologies for each section have
been provided in green boxes as per the GPC
Protocol.
Industrial Processes and Product use (IPPU)
refers to emissions arising from industrial
processes that directly release Greenhouse
Gases into the atmosphere. Industries in
Rajapalayam LPA majorly consist of textile
and agricultural produce manufacturing and do
not consist of processes that directly release
greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions for all
other Industrial processes are covered under
the Stationary Energy and Transportation
sections.
14. 12
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Stationary Energy 03
Stationary energy emissions are a result of:
• Fuel combustion
• Grid-supplied electricity
• Transmission and Distribution (TD) losses
• Fugitive emissions
The total GHG emissions from stationary
energy were 4,73,042.77 tCO2e/yr, of
which 80.13% was from grid-supplied electricity,
followed by emissions due to transmission
and distribution losses from the grid-supplied
electricity at 14.32%, and fuel combustion at
5.55%. Fugitive emissions were not considered
due to lack of available data.
3.1. Fuel combustion
Fuel combustion amounted to 5.55%
of emissions from stationary energy.
Emissions from LPG contributed the highest
to fuel emissions at 90.21%.
Fuel combustion consists of LPG, diesel and
firewood emissions and each fuel type has been
elaborated below.
Among all fuels, LPG emission contributed the
highest with 23,685.59 tCO2e/yr at 90.21% of
total fuel-based emissions, followed by diesel
with emissions of 2,564.47 tCO2e/yr at 9.77%,
and lastly firewood with 6.27 tCO2e/yr at 0.02%
of the total fuel related emissions.
The emissions from stationary
energy make up 67.04% of the total
emissions from Rajapalayam LPA.
Grid-supplied electricity constitutes
80.13% of the emissions from the
category. Electricity supplied by
renewable sources have avoided
25.03% of stationary energy related
emissions.
An installation of solar panels
spanning 1.5 times the area of
Sanjeevi Malai or 330 hectares
would be required to offset emissions
from stationary energy.
Figure 1: Percentage share of stationary energy emissions
by sub-categories
Table 2: Emissions from stationary energy
Stationary energy Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
Fuel combustion 26,256.33
Grid-supplied
electricity
3,79,054.02
TD losses 67,732.42
Total 4,73,042.77
15. 13 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
LPG
Residential usage of LPG was the largest
contributor of emissions with household
consumption at 19,218.31 tCO2e/yr contributing
to 81.14% of total LPG related emissions
followed by commercial consumption with
emissions of 4,467.28 tCO2e/yr at 18.86%.
Diesel
Emissions from industrial usage of diesel
was 2,258.96 tCO2e/yr or 88.09%, followed
by emissions related to the use of diesel by
the agricultural sector at 305.51 tCO2e/yr or
11.91% of total diesel emissions.
Firewood
Firewood consumption data was only
considered for residential usage as data for
other usages was not available. The total
residential firewood consumption is estimated at
93,651.34 kg resulting in 6.27 tCO2e/yr.
Figure 2: Percentage share of emissions from fuel
combustion by category
Figure 4: Percentage share of diesel emissions by category
Figure 3: Percentage share of LPG emissions by category
Table 3: Emissions from fuel combustion
Source: BPCL, 2021; IOCL, 2021; Tapasya Design Studio, 2021
Source: BPCL, 2021; IOCL, 2021; Tapasya Design Studio, 2021
Source: BPCL, 2021; IOCL, 2021; Tapasya Design Studio, 2021
Fuel category Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
LPG 23,685.59
Diesel 2,564.47
Firewood 6.27
Total 26,256.33
Table 4: Emissions from LPG
Table 5: Emissions from diesel
LPG category Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
Domestic (14 kg) 19,218.31
Commercial (19 kg) 4,467.28
Total 23,685.59
Diesel
category
Consumption
(kL/yr)
Emissions
(tCO2e/yr)
Industrial 843.00 2,258.96
Agriculture 121.99 305.51
Total 964.89 2,564.47
16. 14
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Table 6: Emissions from firewood
Firewood
category
Consumption
(kg/yr)
Emissions
(tCO2e/yr)
Residential
Usage
93,651.34 6.27
Methodology section for
fuel combustion
LPG – Consumption data was obtained
from BPCL and IOCL regional offices.
Diesel – Industrial consumption for diesel
generators was obtained for one HT
industry and extrapolated for the total
consumption of industries in the LPA.
Diesel consumed by tractors in agricultural
activities was extracted from total diesel
consumption by mode share and data was
obtained from BPCL and IOCL regional
offices.
Firewood - Usage data was obtained
from a survey of 1000 households and
extrapolated to the total number of
households in the LPA.
Fuel quantity x relevant emission
factor= emissions in tCO2e/yr
Source: Tapasya Design Studio, 2021
3.2. Grid-supplied electricity
Grid-supplied electricity amounted to
80.13% of emissions from stationary energy.
Emissions from the industrial sector
contributed the highest to grid-supplied
electricity at 45.43%. Electricity generated
through wind and solar contributed to
29.41% reduction in the total electricity
related emissions.
Industries account for the largest share
related to grid-supplied electricity emissions
at 1,72,201.39 tCO2e/yr or 45.43%. This is
followed by consumption of the residential
sector at 33.39%, commercial at 20.73%,
agriculture at 0.25% and other zones at 0.20%.
Grid-supplied electricity includes the following
categories:
•
Residential buildings include all households
within Rajapalayam LPA.
•
Commercial and institutional buildings and
facilities include all commercial/ government
buildings and educational institutions.
•
Manufacturing industries include all
manufacturing and warehousing facilities.
•
Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries includes the
consumption by agricultural connections.
•
Non-specified sources include all the
temporary connections provided by TNEB.
Figure 5: Percentage share of grid consumption by
categories
17. 15 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Methodology section for
grid-supplied electricity
The electricity consumed from the grid by
consumers for all low-tension connections
was received from TNEB Rajapalayam
division, segregated by tariff codes.
Electricity consumed from the grid by
consumers with high-tension connections
was received by TNEB Rajapalayam, as
total consumption and segregated into
commercial and industrial.
Methodology section for TD losses
Transmission and distribution losses for
grid connected electricity are taken at
15.31% (TNERC, 2021) and calculated for
each consumer category.
Consumption x relevant emission
factor= emissions in tCO2e/yr
Consumption x relevant emission
factor= emissions in tCO2e/yr
3.3. Transmission and Distribution
(TD) losses from grid-supplied
electricity
TD losses amounted to 14.32% of
emissions from stationary energy. The
industrial sector accounted for the highest
emission share under the TD losses at
45.43%.
3.4. Fugitive emissions from heating
and cooling
Fugitive emission from heating and cooling
processes by air conditioners, refrigerators
and other related emissions are not
considered due to lack of data.
Wind and solar integrated with the grid
contributed to 29.41% of the total electricity
consumption of the LPA. This amounts to
1,57,893.14 tCO2e/yr avoided from the total
electricity related emissions of the LPA.
Table 7: Emissions from grid-supplied electricity
Table 9: Emissions from TD losses
Table 8: Emissions avoided
Consumer
category
Grid-supplied
electricity (MU)
Emissions
(tCO2e/yr)
Residential 154.34 1,26,558.80
Commercial 95.84 78,588.23
Industrial 210.00 1,72,201.39
Agriculture 1.14 934.80
Others 0.94 770.80
Total 462.26 3,79,054.02
Consumer
category
TD losses
(million kWh)
Emissions
for TD
losses
(tCO2e/yr)
Residential 23.63 19,376.15
Commercial 18.22 14,941.63
Industrial 40.43 33,153.51
Agricultural 0.17 143.12
Others 0.14 118.01
Total 82.60 67,732.42
Electricity
source
Supplied
electricity (million
kWh)
Emissions
avoided in
tCO2e/yr
Wind 179.02 1,46,793.61
Solar 13.54 11,099.52
Total 192.55 1,57,893.14
Source: TNERC, 2021; TNEB, 2021, CEA, 2018; GPC, 2014; India
GHG Program, 2015b: Tapasya Design Studio, 2021
Source: TNERC, 2021; TNEB, 2021, CEA, 2018; GPC, 2014; India
GHG Program, 2015b: Tapasya Design Studio, 2021
18. 16
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Transportation 04
In 2021, the activities related to transportation
in Rajapalayam LPA generated 66,080.16
tCO2e/yr of which 56.63% was from on-road
transportation followed by emissions from
railways at 43.37%. This figure does not include
GHG emissions from air travel, waterborne
travel or those generated by city services.
The emissions from transportation
make up 9.36% of the total
emissions from Rajapalayam
LPA. On-road transportation
constitutes to 56.63% of the
emissions from the category.
The total transport related emissions
equals travelling in an Auto around
the world 3,000 times a
year, or once every 3 hours.
Figure 6: Percentage share of transportation emissions by
sub-categories
Figure 7: Percentage share of emissions from on-road
transport
Table 10: Emissions from transportation
Sub-category Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
On-road transport 37,424.39
Railways 28,655.76
Total 66,080.16
Source: India GHG Program, 2015a, 2015b; Tapasya Design Studio,
2021; Ministry of Railways, Govt. of India, 2021
4.1 On-road transportation
On-road transportation amounted to 56.63%
of emissions from transportation. Emissions
from two-wheelers contributed highest to
emissions from on-road transportation with
79.90%.
Emissions from on-road transportation
amounted to 37,424.39 tCO2e/yr and includes
all passenger vehicles (two-wheelers, three-
wheelers, four-wheelers, buses) and freight
vehicles (trucks and tempos).
On-road transportation and railways are
the major modes of transport used in the
Rajapalayam LPA for the movement of both
people and goods inside and to and from the
region.
19. 17 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Table 11: Emissions from on-road transportation
Mode Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
Two-wheelers 29,901.33
Three-wheelers 2,506.53
Four-wheelers 1,961.48
Buses 798.48
Freight 2,256.57
Total on-road trans-
port emissions
37,424.39
As there are no public charging stations in
the LPA, any emissions arising from charging
Electric Vehicles (EVs) have been accounted for
in the stationary energy sector under residential
buildings. TD losses have been calculated
and accounted for in stationary energy under
residential buildings
This inventory uses the Fuel Sales
approach to estimate GHG emissions
from Transportation. The best means of
gathering activity data for transportation
was from fuel dispensing facilities and/or
distributors, or fuel sales tax receipts. The
fuel data was obtained from BPCL and
IOCL regional offices.
Methodology section for on-road
transportation
The modes of transport that are sources of
emissions include:
• On-road transportation
• Railways
• Water-borne transportation
• Aviation
• Off-road transportation
Four common methods that provide
guidance are described in the table below.
Name of the
method
Description
Fuel sales
approach
Total fuel sold within the
community; data collected
from the fuel stations within
the geographical boundary
of the city
City-induced
Activity
Based on the ASIF
framework; includes all trips
within the boundary, i.e.
trips which either originate
or end in the city; however,
it excludes pass-through
trips.
Resident
Activity
Quantifies emissions
through residents of the
city. Information on resident
vehicle kilometre travelled
(VKT) is taken from vehicle
registration records and
surveys of resident travels.
The non-city resident traffic
is tracked by the origin-
destination allocation
approach.
Geographic
or territorial
Quantifies emissions inside
the boundary of a city.
This is also based on ASIF
model, but VKT confined
to inside the city boundary.
Additional surveys could be
combined to report scope
3 emissions which are
transboundary emissions.
Fuel quantity x relevant emission
factor= emissions in tCO2e/yr
20. 18
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
4.2. Railways
Emissions from railways amounted
to 43.37% of the total emissions from
transportation.
The total emissions from railways that are
attributed to Rajapalayam LPA are 28,655.76
tCO2e/yr. The table below summarises the train
routes with the distance each route covers in
a year and its corresponding emissions for the
year.
Table 12: Emissions from railways
Train route Distance
travelled
(km/yr)
Emissions
(tCO2e/yr)
1 2,77,732 8,707.67
2 29,848 935.82
3 26,260 823.32
4 2,43,880 7,646.32
5 1,04,520 3,276.99
6 36,712 1,151.02
7 62,972 1,974.35
8 62,972 1,974.35
9 62,972 1,974.35
10 62,972 1,974.35
11 2,77,732 8,707.67
12 62,972 1,974.35
13 1,06,548 3,340.58
14 62,972 1,974.35
15 2,48,612 7,794.68
16 35,308 1,107.00
17 26,260 823.32
18 36,712 1,151.02
Total 18,27,956 57,311.53
50%
attributed to
Rajapalayam
LPA
9,13,978 28,655.76
Source: Ministry of Railways, Govt. of India, 2021
Image 2: Induced activity allocation
Source: GPC, 2014
Methodology section for railways
All trips within the boundary are considered
in the scope 1 emissions. In addition, 50%
of all transboundary trip distances are
reported in scope 1 while the other 50%
in scope 3 as per the BASIC+ reporting
outlined by GPC. And all pass-through trips
are excluded even though they are inside
the boundary since they are not induced by
the city.
Train routes and schedules were obtained
from the Indian Railways. Distance between
source and destination for each of the 18
routes were taken from IRCTC, RailYatri,
and Indian Rail Info official websites. The
latter two were used for special fare trains.
The distance travelled for the year was
calculated by obtaining the number
scheduled trips per year multiplied by
distance travelled in a day, and in turn,
the emissions from each route giving the
total emissions from railways. Of the total,
50% of the emissions are attributed to
Rajapalayam LPA.
Total distance x relevant emission
factor= emissions in tCO2e/yr
21. 19 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
4.3 Waterborne navigation
Any fuel used for transport through waterborne
mediums have been accounted for under total
fuel consumption as accurate data was not
available.
4.4 Aviation
As there is no airport present within the
boundary of the LPA, all emissions arising from
aviation would be accounted for in airports
present outside the boundary of the LPA. Due
to lack of data, aviation emissions have not
been included in the inventory.
4.5 Off-road transportation
Off-road vehicles are adapted to travel on
unpaved terrain, such as tractors. Off-road
transportation within construction sites and
industrial premises have been reported in
the Stationary Energy category under
agriculture, forestry, fishing, and other activities
as per the GPC.
22. 20
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Waste 05
Emissions from waste make up
12.21% of the total emissions from
Rajapalayam LPA. Wastewater
treatment is the highest contributor
to the category at 70.34%.
The disposal and treatment of waste generates
GHG emissions, primarily from aerobic and
anaerobic decomposition. The sub-categories of
emissions are:
•
Municipal solid waste management and
disposal
•
Wastewater treatment and discharge
• Incineration or open burning of waste
• Biological treatment of solid waste
In 2021, the emissions from the waste category
of Rajapalayam LPA amounted to a total of
86,154.79 tCO2e/yr of which wastewater
treatment was the highest contributor amounting
to 70.34% of the category, followed by solid
waste disposal at 19.53%, biological treatment
of solid waste at 10.13%, and incineration of
waste at 0.001%.
The total waste related emissions
equals feeding 2 lakh 90
thousand people, the entire
population of the Rajapalayam Local
planning area, once a day for 2 years.
Figure 8: Percentage share of emissions generated from
waste by sub-categories
Table 13: Emissions from waste by category
Waste category Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
Solid waste disposal 16,827.91
Wastewater
treatment
60,601.42
Incineration of waste 0.47
Biological treatment
of solid waste
8,725.00
Total 86,154.79
5.1. Municipal solid waste
management
Municipal solid waste amounted to 19.53%
of the emissions from waste. Emissions
from directly dumped waste contributed
highest to emissions from solid waste at
80.86%.
The disposal of municipal solid waste
(MSW) generally refers to waste collected
by municipalities or other local authorities.
MSW typically includes food waste, paper and
cardboard, wood, textiles, disposable diapers,
rubber and leather, plastics, metal, glass.
23. 21 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Figure 9: Percentage share of type of solid waste
Image 3: Waste collection though door-to-door collection
program
Image 4: Hotel and market waste at composting yard
Table 14: Emissions from solid waste
Total emission from solid waste in the
Rajapalayam LPA amount to 17,833.45 tCO2e/
yr which is 19.53 % of the total emissions from
the waste sector. Waste dumped directly in the
landfill emits the most in the solid waste section
amounting to 14,420.19 tCO2e/yr, followed by
segregated waste at 2,407.71 tCO2e/yr, and
recycled waste at 1,005.55 tCO2e/yr.
Solid waste in Rajapalayam is managed by the
municipality with the cooperation of the sanitary
department. The team collects unsegregated
solid waste from households through the door-
to-door collection program and aggregated
waste from the streets. This is then sent to the
compost yard where the garbage is eventually
burnt. Waste from markets and hotels are used
to make compost.
Solid
waste
category
Volume (kg) Share
(%)
Emissions
(tCO2e/
yr)
Recycled
waste
20,04,040 5.64% 1,005.55
Segre-
gated
waste
47,98,539 13.50% 2,407.71
Directly
dumped
waste
2,87,39,219 80.86% 14,420.19
Total 3,55,41,798 100.00% 17,833.45
Source: City Sanitation Plan, 2014
Source: City Sanitation Plan, 2014
Source: City Sanitation Plan, 2014
24. 22
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Methodology section for municipal
solid waste management
The Methane Commitment (MC) model
from the GPC protocol has been used to
calculate methane emissions from solid
waste disposal in Rajapalayam LPA.
According to the MC model, the formula to
calculate CH4 emissions is:
CH4 emissions = MSW × L0 × (1-frec) ×
(1-OX)
Where:
•
MSW is mass of waste deposited
(tonnes/yr)
•
frec is the fraction of methane gas recov-
ered from the landfill in the inventory year
•
OX is the oxidation factor or the
percentage of waste that gets converted
into CH4
•
L0 is the methane generation potential of
the waste potential of the waste
Using the equation above, the total
emissions for solid waste were calculated in
CH4 and multiplied by GWP of CH4 to get
emissions in tCO2e.
Table 15: Net emissions post appropriate solid waste
management
Description Amount Unit
Municipal solid waste
collected
35,541.80 tonnes
Emissions generated if
all waste was landfilled
17,833.45 tCO2e/
yr
Emissions saved by
recycling waste
1,005.55 tCO2e/
yr
Emissions from
waste landfilled
by Rajapalayam
Municipality
16,827.91 tCO2e/
yr
Total 35,666.90 tCO2e/
yr
Source: Tapasya Design Studio, 2021
Figure 10: Emissions saved through waste management
(tCO2e)
5.2. Wastewater treatment and
discharge
Emissions from wastewater treatment make
up most emissions from the waste category
at 70.34%.
The total emissions from wastewater treatment
amounts to 2,164.34 tCH4 which is equivalent
to 60,601.42 tCO2e/yr. Wastewater treatment
contributes to 70.34% of the total emissions
from the waste category.
Wastewater is a potential source of CH4 and
N2O emissions when it is treated or disposed
of. The extent of CH4 production depends
primarily on the quantity of degradable organic
material in the wastewater, the temperature,
and the type of treatment system. N2O is
associated with the degradation of nitrogen
components found in the wastewater and is
calculated when it is discharged into natural
water bodies. Since Rajapalayam does not have
a sewage treatment plant in the LPA, the black
water sewage are disposed of into open spaces
or riverbanks. Also lacking desludging facilities,
this practice is outsourced to private agencies.
25. 23 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Methodology section for municipal
solid waste management
The equation used to estimate CH4
emissions from domestic wastewater is:
CH4 emissions = ∑i [(TOWi − Si) EFi −
Ri] × 10-3
Where:
•
CH4 emissions is the CH4 emissions in
inventory year (kg)
•
TOW is the total organics in wastewater
in inventory year (kg BOD/yr)
•
S is the organic component removed as
sludge in inventory year (kg BOD/yr)
•
i is the income group for each of the
wastewater treatment system
•
R is the amount of CH4 recovered in
inventory year (kg CH4/yr)
•
EFi is the factor kg CH4 per kg BOD
Using the equation above, the total
emissions for solid waste were calculated in
CH4 and multiplied by GWP of CH4 to get
emissions in tCO2e/yr.
Methodology section for incineration
and open burning of waste
The equations for calculating the emissions
are listed below:
CO2 Emissions = m × ∑i (WFi × dmi ×
CFi × FCFi × OFi) × (44/12)
Where:
•
m = Mass of waste incinerated, in tonnes
•
WFi = Fraction of waste consisting of
type i matter
•
dmi = Dry matter content in the type i
matter,
•
CFi = Fraction of carbon in the dry matter
of type i matter,
•
FCFi = Fraction of fossil carbon in the
total carbon component of type i matter,
•
OFi = Oxidation fraction or factor i =
Matter type of the Solid Waste
CH4 Emissions = ∑ (IWi × EFi) × 10−6
Where:
•
EFi = Aggregate CH4 emission factor, g
CH4/ton of waste type i
•
IWi = Amount of solid waste of type i
incinerated or open-burned, tonnes
N2O Emissions = ∑ (IWi × EFi) × 10−6
Where:
•
EFi = Aggregate N2O emission factor, g
CH4/ton of waste type i,
•
IWi = Amount of solid waste of type i
incinerated or open-burned, tonnes
5.3. Incineration and open burning
of waste
Incineration and open burning of waste
contributed the least emissions to the
category at 0.001%.
Incineration of waste amounts to a total of 0.47
tCO2e which accounts for 0.001% of the total
GHG emissions from the waste category.
Incineration of clinical waste leads to CO2
emissions which can be estimated based on
the mass of waste incinerated at the facility,
the total carbon content in the waste, and the
fraction of carbon in the solid waste of fossil
origin. The non-CO2 emissions – CH4 and
N2O, are dependent on the technology used
during the incineration and its conditions, both
of which have been factored into the analysis.
26. 24
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
5.4. Biological treatment of solid
waste
Total emissions from biological treatment
of solid waste contributed to 10.13% of the
total waste category emissions.
The total emissions from biological treatment of
waste amounted to 8,725.00 tCO2e/yr, which
is 10.13% of the total emissions from the waste
category.
The biological treatment of waste refers to
composting and anaerobic digestion of organic
waste, such as food waste, garden and park
waste, sludge, and other organic waste.
Biological treatment of solid waste reduces
overall waste volume for final disposal in landfill
and reduces the toxicity of the waste.
Methodology section for biological
treatment of solid waste
The practice of biological treatment of solid
waste was followed by 224 households and
the quantity of solid waste generated per
day was recorded (City Sanitation Plan,
2014). This was then extrapolated using the
total number of households to get the total
quantity of waste generated.
The emissions from biological treatment
of waste were calculated using the below
equations:
CH4 emissions = ∑i (mi × F_ CH4i) ×
10-3 - R)
N2O emissions = ∑i (mi × EF_N2Oi) ×
10-3)
Where:
•
m = Mass of organic waste treated by
biological treatment type i, kg User input
•
EF_ CH4 = CH4 emissions factor based
upon treatment type, i
•
EF_ N2O = N2O emissions factor based
upon treatment type, i
•
i = Treatment type: composting or
anaerobic digestion User input
•
R =Total tonnes of CH4 recovered in the
inventory year, if gas recovery system is
in place
Using the equation above, the total
emissions for solid waste were calculated in
CH4 and multiplied by GWP of CH4 to get
emissions in tCO2e.
27. 25 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Agriculture, Forestry,
Other Land-use
06
The total emissions from
Agriculture, Forestry, and Other
Land-Use (AFOLU) make up
11.39% of the emissions from
Rajapalayam LPA. Agricultural
produce constitutes to 83.74% of
the emissions from the category.
The sources of emissions from AFOLU are:
• Agricultural produce,
• Livestock rearing,
• Forestry,
• Waterbody management
In 2021, the net emissions from the AFOLU
category amounted to a total of 80,363.48
tCO2e/yr of which agricultural produce was
the highest contributor amounting to 83.74%
of the category, followed by livestock rearing
at 16.26%. Forest conservation and waterbody
management together sequestered
2,071.56 tCO2e/yr.
The emissions released from activities
in the Agriculture, Forestry and other
Land Use sectors equals to reforesting
600 hectares every year, or
3 times the size of Sanjeevi Malai.
Figure 11: Percentage share of emissions and sequestration
in AFOLU
Figure 12: Percentage share of emissions from AFOLU by
sub-categories
Table 16: Emissions from AFOLU
Category Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
Agricultural produce 69,027.53
Livestock 13,407.51
Total 82,435.04
Table 17: Sequestration from AFOLU
Category Area (ha) Seques-
tration
rate
(tCO2e/
ha)
Seques-
tration
(tCO2e/yr)
Forestry 2,024 0.32 645.24
Water-
body
manage-
ment
1,981 0.72 1,426.32
Total 4,005 1.04 2,071.56
28. 26
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
6.1 Agricultural produce
Agricultural produce amounted to 83.74%
of emissions from AFOLU. Emissions
from waste cotton contributed highest to
emissions from agricultural produce at
36.56%.
Agricultural produce refers to the impact due
to agricultural practices from growing produce
used within the LPA boundary. Agricultural
produce includes the main category contributors
for emissions which are paddy, cotton, and
coconut.
Total emissions from agricultural produce in
Rajapalayam LPA amount to 69,027.53 tCO2e/yr
which is 83.74% of the total emissions from the
AFOLU category. Waste cotton emits the most
amounting to 25,234.09 tCO2e/yr or 36.56%,
followed by coconut at 21.36% and cotton kapas
at 19.94%.
6.2 Livestock
Livestock rearing amounted to 16.26% of
emissions from AFOLU. Emissions from
cows contributed the highest to emissions
from livestock at 56.37%
Figure 13: Percentage share of agricultural produce
emissions by type
Figure 14: Percentage share of livestock emissions by type
Table 18: Net emissions post appropriate solid waste
management
Crop Quantity
Arrivals (in
MT)
Emissions
(tCO2e/yr)
Paddy 2,978.94 8,341.03
Cotton 5,469.34 6,946.06
Cotton Kapas 10,837.11 13,763.13
Waste Cotton 19,869.36 25,234.09
Coconut 5,036.80 14,743.22
Total 44,191.55 69,027.53
Figure 12: Percentage share of sequestration from AFOLU by
sub-categories
Methodology section for
agricultural produce
Total agricultural produce was determined
by the total consumption of fruits, vegetables
and other agricultural goods within the LPA
29. 27 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
6.3 Forestry
Forestry sequestered 0.76% of all potential
emissions in the AFOLU category.
Methodology section for livestock
The list of total livestock in the LPA were
collected through a survey.
Methodology section for forestry
Forestry related sequestration was
estimated using some assumptions for the
period of 20 years from 2021.
It is assumed that there is no deforestation
or cutting of trees for development of the city
over the next 20 years.
Within the next 20 years all land allocated
as ‘Reserve Forest’ would be protected and
turn into Very Dense Forests and ‘Eco-
sensitive Zones’ would be protected and turn
into Moderately Dense Forest.
6.4 Waterbody management
Waterbodies sequestered 1.69% of all
potential emissions in the AFOLU category.
Methodology section for waterbody
management
Area of the waterbodies within the town
have been collected through a survey
and found to be extremely polluted. The
estimated sequestration rate for the
waterbodies is based on the assumption
that an active effort from the municipality
to clean and restore the lakes will lead to a
completely restored ecology within a 20 year
period.
30. 28
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Rajapalayam LPA’s GHG
emissions for 2021 are estimated
at 7,05,641.20 tCO2e/yr. The
stationary energy category is the
single largest emission source,
accounting for 67.04% of total
emissions in 2021 followed by
waste at 12.21%.
Conclusion 07
A more detailed assessment of the reduction
and sequestration potential for Rajapalayam
LPA’s key sectors will be needed. This will
inform short and mid-term GHG reduction
target setting, policy design interventions and
the development of sector specific climate
mitigation programs.
The Rajapalayam greenhouse gas emissions
inventory report for 2021 is the first such
exercise taken up by Rajapalayam LPA. It
has helped to quantify emissions and identify
opportunities for reduction.
Figure 15: Percentage share of total emissions by type
31. 29 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Annexure 1
Scope Residential Buildings Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city boundary 23,691.86
2 Emissions from grid supplied energy consumed within
the city boundary
1,26,558.80
3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-
supplied energy consumption
19,376.15
Commercial and Institutional Buildings and facilities
1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city NA
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary
78,588.23
3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-
supplied energy consumption
14,941.63
Manufacturing Industries
1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city 2,258.96
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary
1,72,201.39
3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-
supplied energy consumption
33,153.51
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Activities
1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city 305.51
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary
934.80
3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-
supplied energy consumption
143.12
Non-Specified Sources
1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city NA
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary
770.80
3 Emissions from transmission and distribution losses from grid-
supplied energy consumption
118.01
Fugitive emissions from Mining, Processing Storage and
Transportation of coal
1 Emissions from fuel combustion within the city NA
Stationary Energy
32. 30
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Scope On-road transportation Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
1 Emissions from fuel combustion on-road transportation occurring
within the city boundary
37,424.39
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary for on-road transportation
NA
3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring
outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution
losses from grid-supplied energy consumption
NA
Railways
1 Emissions from fuel combustion for railway transportation
occurring within the city boundary
28,655.76
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary for railways
NA
3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring
outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution
losses from grid-supplied energy consumption
NA
Waterborne navigation
1 Emissions from fuel combustion for waterborne navigation
occurring within the city boundary
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary for waterborne navigation
NA
3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring
outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution
losses from grid-supplied energy consumption
NA
Aviation
1 Emissions from fuel combustion for aviation occurring within the
city boundary
NA
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary for aviation
NA
3 Emissions from portion of transboundary journeys occurring
outside the city boundary, and transmission and distribution
losses from grid-supplied energy consumption
NA
Off-road transportation
1 Emissions from fuel combustion for off-road transportation
occurring within the city boundary
NA
2 Emissions from grid-supplied energy consumed within the city
boundary for off-road transportation
NA
Transportation
33. 31 Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
Scope Solid waste disposal Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary
and disposed in landfills or open dumps within the city boundary
16,827.91
3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but
disposed in landfills or open dumps outside the city boundary
NA
1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary and
disposed in landfills or open dumps within the city boundary
NA
Biological treatment of waste
1 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary
that is treated biologically within the city boundary
8,725.00
3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but
treated biologically outside of the city boundary
NA
1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary but
treated biologically within the city boundary
NA
Incineration and open burning
1 Emissions from solid waste generated and treated within the city
boundary
0.47
3 Emissions from solid waste generated within the city boundary but
treated outside of the city boundary
NA
1 Emissions from waste generated outside the city boundary but
treated within the city boundary
NA
Wastewater treatment and discharge
1 Emissions from wastewater generated and treated within the city
boundary
60,601.42
3 Emissions from wastewater generated within the city boundary
but treated outside of the city boundary
NA
1 Emissions from wastewater generated outside the city boundary
but treated within the city boundary
NA
Scope Category Emissions (tCO2e/yr)
1 Emissions from livestock within the city boundary 13,407.51
1 Emissions from land within the city boundary 69,027.53
1 Emissions from aggregate sources and non-CO2 emission
sources on land within the city boundary
NA
Waste
AFOLU
34. 32
Rajapalayam LPA GHG Emissions Inventory
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