This document analyzes the feasibility of behind-the-meter solar plus energy storage systems for high tension consumers in Tamil Nadu. Key findings include:
1) Solar plus energy storage is already a financially viable option for reducing electricity costs compared to grid supply alone, especially for office consumers.
2) The cost of lithium-ion battery storage is expected to reduce by 78% by 2030, improving the financial viability of solar plus storage systems over time.
3) For an office consumer, investing in a "Towards Net Zero" solar plus storage system will become financially viable starting in 2022 due to anticipated tariff increases.
2020 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE: FEASIBILITY OF BEHIND-THE-METER SYSTEMS FOR L...AurovilleConsulting
A transition towards a decarbonized and sustainable energy future will incorporate renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind. The intermittency of these renewable sources creates a substantial mismatch between energy produced and required. Energy storage plays an important role in balancing supply and demand and helps to create a more flexible and reliable electricity grid. If we want to source 100% of our electrical energy from renewables by 2050, significant investment in energy storage is necessary.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a rapidly developing and the future energy storage solution, the cost of Li-ion battery has seen a steady decline over the past years, this trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable time. A 78% reduction in the cost of Li-ion battery pack over the 2015 cost is expected by 2030. Consumers, in India particularly, are highly cost-sensitive. With the increasing affordability solar plus energy storage becomes a viable investment option while at the same time providing a certain degree of energy security and independence for the consumer.
This report focuses on the financial feasibility of investing in solar plus energy storage (lithium-ion) on the consumer side of the service connection (behind-the-meter) for selected LT consumer categories in Tamil Nadu.
Status of Distributed Solar Energy in Tamil Nadu – Challenges & Roadmap 2025AurovilleConsulting
As of the end of 2020, Tamil Nadu has an installed solar PV capacity of over 4 GW. However, distributed solar PV makes a disproportionately small contribution in this: less than 20%. This report outlines the current state of distributed solar energy in the State. It identifies and elaborates on the challenges for distributed solar energy in relation to: i) policy and regulations, ii) operational challenges, iii) solar PV financing, iv) skill development, and v) grid integration of solar energy. We explore a roadmap to 2025 consisting of a set of measures – foundational and advanced – for the utility and policy makers to accelerate the transition to a distributed solar energy future.
IMPLEMENTATION MODELS FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
This report explores the potential of a diverse set of business and implementation models for distributed solar energy generation in the context of Tamil Nadu. In 2019 Tamil Nadu introduced the Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2019 with a total solar energy target of 9,000 MW by 2023. The solar energy target is divided into two categories: utility category with a 5,400 MW target, and the consumer category with a 3,600 MW target.
LEVELISED COST OF BTM STORAGE IN INDIA 2021 – A STATUS REPORTAurovilleConsulting
This status report aims to present a snapshot of the current cost of energy storage in India for behind-the-meter (BtM) applications, and project them over the next 10 years to analyse when energy storage will start seeing significant adoption. Based on a detailed cost model for solar PV and energy storage with 50+ parameters & data on battery energy storage systems (BESS) gathered from several vendors in India, we evaluate the levelized cost of solar plus energy storage and standalone energy storage.
Even though as of today, BtM energy storage is not feasible in a lot of cases, we find that this will change fast this decade. By 2025, it will be possible for non-residential consumers to integrate large amounts of battery storage to generate and consume their own energy, enabling a distributed energy future. Along with it, the utilities face an inevitable transition from their traditional roles to distribution system operators.
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO DIESEL GENERATORS – A COM...AurovilleConsulting
Power demand across the country is growing, and meeting peak demand is becoming more challenging. In Tamil Nadu, frequent power outages are observed, especially during summer months. To reduce economic impacts of unreliable power supply, commercial and industrial (C&I) entities, undertake investments in power backup systems. The most commonly used systems are diesel generator sets (DG sets) and battery energy storage systems (BESS), also known as an uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
DG sets have been a convenient power backup option due to an established market, their reliability, affordability, and modularity. But they have a high environmental footprint, cause noise pollution and negatively impact human health. On the other hand, BESSs could operate on zero emissions, if charged from renewable energy sources, and with minimal noise pollution. And with no exhaust emissions, they are particularly helpful in urban areas.
The cost of batteries, especially those of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs, have been observing a dramatic drop – of 89% over the years 2010-2020. And, apart from performing their primary function as a power backup, BESSs can also provide grid services such as load shifting, load following, peak load management, voltage, and frequency support and facilitate higher levels of renewable energy integration. Thus, BESSs contest DG sets economically and technically as an alternative type of back-up system.
This report compares the economic and environmental performance of a Li-ion-based BESS with a conventional DG set, as power backup solutions. The analysis indicated that the levelized cost of battery storage (LCOS) is dictated by the battery pack costs in the market, while the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the DG is sensitive to diesel prices. The cost analysis was carried over a range of hours of back-up required, and the results favour the Li-ion BESS as a back-up option, in terms of economic and environmental performance, especially when charged at solar tariff solar tariff.
We hope that this report will assist C&I entities in Tamil Nadu to make the most economic and environmentally sound investment in their power backup systems.
The presentation highlights the following :
a) Current status of Renewable Energy in India
b) The issue of duck curve due to high volume of solar energy
c) Demand increase due to Electric Vehicle (EV) will lead to more demand for Renewable Energy
d) Global & Indian Market Scenario for Electric Vehicle (EV)
e) Recommendation of Niti Aayog for development of Electric Vehicle (EV) market in India
The agricultural sector in the country is distressed, water scarcity being a major reason. The agrarian
distress is also intertwined with the woes in the power distribution sector. Of major importance to
development, solving these deeply connected issues will require a holistic approach. The recently
announced KUSUM scheme by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) attempts to address
some of these issues.
KUSUM is presented as a scheme that primarily aims at benefiting farmers.
2020 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE: FEASIBILITY OF BEHIND-THE-METER SYSTEMS FOR L...AurovilleConsulting
A transition towards a decarbonized and sustainable energy future will incorporate renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind. The intermittency of these renewable sources creates a substantial mismatch between energy produced and required. Energy storage plays an important role in balancing supply and demand and helps to create a more flexible and reliable electricity grid. If we want to source 100% of our electrical energy from renewables by 2050, significant investment in energy storage is necessary.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a rapidly developing and the future energy storage solution, the cost of Li-ion battery has seen a steady decline over the past years, this trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable time. A 78% reduction in the cost of Li-ion battery pack over the 2015 cost is expected by 2030. Consumers, in India particularly, are highly cost-sensitive. With the increasing affordability solar plus energy storage becomes a viable investment option while at the same time providing a certain degree of energy security and independence for the consumer.
This report focuses on the financial feasibility of investing in solar plus energy storage (lithium-ion) on the consumer side of the service connection (behind-the-meter) for selected LT consumer categories in Tamil Nadu.
Status of Distributed Solar Energy in Tamil Nadu – Challenges & Roadmap 2025AurovilleConsulting
As of the end of 2020, Tamil Nadu has an installed solar PV capacity of over 4 GW. However, distributed solar PV makes a disproportionately small contribution in this: less than 20%. This report outlines the current state of distributed solar energy in the State. It identifies and elaborates on the challenges for distributed solar energy in relation to: i) policy and regulations, ii) operational challenges, iii) solar PV financing, iv) skill development, and v) grid integration of solar energy. We explore a roadmap to 2025 consisting of a set of measures – foundational and advanced – for the utility and policy makers to accelerate the transition to a distributed solar energy future.
IMPLEMENTATION MODELS FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
This report explores the potential of a diverse set of business and implementation models for distributed solar energy generation in the context of Tamil Nadu. In 2019 Tamil Nadu introduced the Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2019 with a total solar energy target of 9,000 MW by 2023. The solar energy target is divided into two categories: utility category with a 5,400 MW target, and the consumer category with a 3,600 MW target.
LEVELISED COST OF BTM STORAGE IN INDIA 2021 – A STATUS REPORTAurovilleConsulting
This status report aims to present a snapshot of the current cost of energy storage in India for behind-the-meter (BtM) applications, and project them over the next 10 years to analyse when energy storage will start seeing significant adoption. Based on a detailed cost model for solar PV and energy storage with 50+ parameters & data on battery energy storage systems (BESS) gathered from several vendors in India, we evaluate the levelized cost of solar plus energy storage and standalone energy storage.
Even though as of today, BtM energy storage is not feasible in a lot of cases, we find that this will change fast this decade. By 2025, it will be possible for non-residential consumers to integrate large amounts of battery storage to generate and consume their own energy, enabling a distributed energy future. Along with it, the utilities face an inevitable transition from their traditional roles to distribution system operators.
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO DIESEL GENERATORS – A COM...AurovilleConsulting
Power demand across the country is growing, and meeting peak demand is becoming more challenging. In Tamil Nadu, frequent power outages are observed, especially during summer months. To reduce economic impacts of unreliable power supply, commercial and industrial (C&I) entities, undertake investments in power backup systems. The most commonly used systems are diesel generator sets (DG sets) and battery energy storage systems (BESS), also known as an uninterrupted power supply (UPS).
DG sets have been a convenient power backup option due to an established market, their reliability, affordability, and modularity. But they have a high environmental footprint, cause noise pollution and negatively impact human health. On the other hand, BESSs could operate on zero emissions, if charged from renewable energy sources, and with minimal noise pollution. And with no exhaust emissions, they are particularly helpful in urban areas.
The cost of batteries, especially those of lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs, have been observing a dramatic drop – of 89% over the years 2010-2020. And, apart from performing their primary function as a power backup, BESSs can also provide grid services such as load shifting, load following, peak load management, voltage, and frequency support and facilitate higher levels of renewable energy integration. Thus, BESSs contest DG sets economically and technically as an alternative type of back-up system.
This report compares the economic and environmental performance of a Li-ion-based BESS with a conventional DG set, as power backup solutions. The analysis indicated that the levelized cost of battery storage (LCOS) is dictated by the battery pack costs in the market, while the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the DG is sensitive to diesel prices. The cost analysis was carried over a range of hours of back-up required, and the results favour the Li-ion BESS as a back-up option, in terms of economic and environmental performance, especially when charged at solar tariff solar tariff.
We hope that this report will assist C&I entities in Tamil Nadu to make the most economic and environmentally sound investment in their power backup systems.
The presentation highlights the following :
a) Current status of Renewable Energy in India
b) The issue of duck curve due to high volume of solar energy
c) Demand increase due to Electric Vehicle (EV) will lead to more demand for Renewable Energy
d) Global & Indian Market Scenario for Electric Vehicle (EV)
e) Recommendation of Niti Aayog for development of Electric Vehicle (EV) market in India
The agricultural sector in the country is distressed, water scarcity being a major reason. The agrarian
distress is also intertwined with the woes in the power distribution sector. Of major importance to
development, solving these deeply connected issues will require a holistic approach. The recently
announced KUSUM scheme by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) attempts to address
some of these issues.
KUSUM is presented as a scheme that primarily aims at benefiting farmers.
Telecom towers have traditionally relied on Gensets and Batteries for their power backup. With these methods, the challenges of high operating costs due to maintenance, repairs and cost of fuel are well known. Fuel cells have lately emerged as a potential alternate for this application. It is a market to watch closely as further technology improvements in the coming years will happen. The time is right to further improve upon the backup power technology. The Government, TRAI and telecom operators will need to work together to make fuel cells usage mainstream. Given the competitiveness of solar power, a hybrid of fuel cell & solar could emerge as a perfect combination which is reliable, sustainable, and a green alternative in future
BRIEFING NOTE: IMPACT OF ROOFTOP SOLAR BY C&I CONSUMERS ON TANGEDCO’S FINANCESAurovilleConsulting
The Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2019 excludes HT consumers from availing the net feed-in metering mechanism. This discourages a large segment of industrial, commercial, and institutional consumers from installing consumer category solar PV plants.
The only option available for these HT consumers for generating solar energy on their premises is to operate the plant under paralleling, in which any excess generation has to be either curtailed or stored. One key driver for excluding HT consumers from the net feed-in mechanism was a perceived revenue loss in the case of HT consumers installing rooftop solar energy systems. Under the existing cross-subsidy scheme higher tariff paying consumers are cross-subsidizing lower tariff paying consumers.
The Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy sets a consumer category solar energy target of 3,600 MW by 2023. As of December 2020, 6.87% of this target has been achieved. If the target of 3,600 MW is achieved by 2023 the solar energy from consumer category solar energy will represent an approximate 4% of the total electricity consumption in Tamil Nadu only.
If the solar net feed-in mechanism with the current net feed-in tariff of 2.28 INR/kWh were made available for all C&I consumers including the HT consumer categories, then TANGEDCO will benefit from consumer category solar energy systems installed on the premises of C&I consumers by reducing its Average Cost of Supply and by increasing its net billing revenue.
Under the current schedule of tariffs, the adaptation of consumer category solar energy systems by C&I consumers presents an opportunity rather than a threat to TANGEDCO to reduce its cost of supply and improve its billing revenue.
India needs to grow its power generation 5x to 5,000 TWh a year in the next 20 years in order to develop. Where will this enormous amount of power come from? There are only two realistic options: a "coal-heavy" and a "solar-heavy" scenario. This presentation looks at these options and shows how solar could become the solar market opportunity of lifetime.
Assessing the Impact of Tamil Nadu’s Electricity Tariff Policy on TANGEDCO’S ...AurovilleConsulting
Electricity consumption is one of the most telling indicators to assess a nation’s economic development. A financially robust and vibrant electricity sector is pivotal for economic growth and is considered vital for a nation’s overall development. Tamil Nadu is one of the states with free electricity for agriculture and electricity tariffs for several other consumer categories such as domestic, huts, etc., are subsidised by the Government of Tamil Nadu. In addition to the electricity subsidy provided by the Government, the state owned electricity utility, TANGEDCO, cross-subsidises the lower consumer tariffs from higher tariffs revenue. However even with the combination of Government of Tamil Nadu subsidies and cross-subsidies, revenue is significantly lower than costs. In 2015-16 TANGEDCO’s cumulative revenue gap was INR 30,884.15 Crore. This paper presents an analysis of the impact of Tamil Nadu’s electricity policies on the financial performance of TANGEDCO.
Energy Management in Water Supply Systems - Pradeep Kumar , Alliance to Save ...www.theurbanvision.com
Building Livable Cities : A multi city investigation on ideas that can make Indian cities livable. See: www.theurbanvision.com/blc
Presentation Pradeep Kumar , India Director of Alliance to Save Energy
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows, for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprints.
Govt to revisit, revise power distribution guidelines in National Electricit...Tata Power
“To succeed and survive, Indian Discoms need to quickly embrace digital technology tapping the sophisticated technologies like IoT, analytics, automation and cloud to generate higher efficiency."
- Praveer Sinha. CEO & MD, Tata Power.
India's pursuit of climate targets, including net-zero emissions by 2070, hinges on integrating renewable energy. The power sector's heavy reliance on fossil fuels necessitates a significant shift towards renewables. With a rising demand for electricity, effective demand-side management strategies are vital to ensure grid stability. Time-of-use (ToU) tariffs, recognized globally, play a crucial role in this strategy, offering a more accurate reflection of electricity costs compared to flat rates.
This report focuses on evaluating the impact of various ToU tariff designs on grid management parameters for Tamil Nadu in 2024. The objective is to assess how static ToU tariffs prompt consumers to shift or reduce electricity usage, facilitating greater renewable energy integration. The study considers 27 ToU tariff designs, assuming 17% wind energy and 11% solar energy. Notably, findings are specific to Tamil Nadu's energy demand pattern, peaking in early afternoon hours in April.
Results emphasize the importance of defining peak and off-peak time slots optimally to reduce peak loads and curtailment of renewables. Shifting peak hours from 6:00h-10:00h and 18:00h-22:00h to 5:00h-7:00h and 17:00h-23:00h improves key parameters, including a reduction in peak load instances on the gross and net load. Introducing a tariff rebate during solar energy generation hours (solar sponge) from 10:00h to 16:00h effectively reduces peak load magnitudes and encourages load distribution throughout the day, enhancing grid stability. Adjusting peak hour tariffs and shifting peak hours has a noticeable impact on load distribution and peak load occurrences.
The study indicates that a 25% increase in peak-hour tariffs outperforms a more aggressive 40% increase, which may create new peak load instances. Simulated off-peak rebates of 5% and 10% during late night and early morning hours have negligible effects.
Overall, these findings underscore the potential benefits of implementing ToU tariffs for all consumer categories, including reduced peak loads, load range occurrences, and ramping requirements. Careful consideration of peak hour tariffs and adjustments to peak hours can further optimise load distribution and maximise the efficiency of the power grid. To meet its RPO and its climate change objectives Tamil Nadu will have to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy generation. In order to manage the variable nature of wind and solar energy generation and of demand the grid management will require a higher degree of demand and generation flexibility services.
Auroville Consulting (AVC) published its annual sustainability report for the financial year 2022-23.
This year we intensified this practice along with the digital footprint through network usage and website hosting, understanding the impact of our recently installed HVAC system, and emissions avoided through providing e-bikes to all our team members. We have achieved a net zero emission balance for FY 2022-23. This was made possible through planned interventions and implementation of good practices to reduce gross emissions, followed by investment in long term effective carbon positive projects. Some key highlights:
● 92% of this year’s gross emissions were offset by planting trees and the remaining 8% was offset by excess solar generation, making AVC a carbon net-zero organisation.
● 100% of electricity demand was supplied by renewable energy through rooftop solar.
● 25.58 kWh of electricity was consumed per square meter of office space, which is 75% lower than the benchmark of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for an office building in a warm and humid climate (Benchmark: 101 kWh/sq. m/yr).
● From March 2022 onwards, the organisation has been providing electric two-wheelers to all its full-time team members for their daily commute to and from office and for their own personal use, along with a charging facility supplied by an additional installed capacity of rooftop solar. This initiative resulted in :
o An emission reduction of 2,584 kg CO2e for their daily commute to and from office, which is an 88% decrease in comparison to the previous year, and
o An emission reduction of 6,309 kgCO2e, which was achieved by converting the personal commute of our team members to e-vehicles and charging them through renewable energy. This is a value higher than the total gross emissions of the organisation..
● 98% of the operational expenditure was made in local areas, with 91% inside Auroville; and the remaining 2% in Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu – preventing unnecessary emissions and stimulating the local economy.
More Related Content
Similar to 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE: FEASIBILITY OF BEHIND-THE-METER SYSTEMS FOR HT CONSUMERS IN TAMIL NADU
Telecom towers have traditionally relied on Gensets and Batteries for their power backup. With these methods, the challenges of high operating costs due to maintenance, repairs and cost of fuel are well known. Fuel cells have lately emerged as a potential alternate for this application. It is a market to watch closely as further technology improvements in the coming years will happen. The time is right to further improve upon the backup power technology. The Government, TRAI and telecom operators will need to work together to make fuel cells usage mainstream. Given the competitiveness of solar power, a hybrid of fuel cell & solar could emerge as a perfect combination which is reliable, sustainable, and a green alternative in future
BRIEFING NOTE: IMPACT OF ROOFTOP SOLAR BY C&I CONSUMERS ON TANGEDCO’S FINANCESAurovilleConsulting
The Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2019 excludes HT consumers from availing the net feed-in metering mechanism. This discourages a large segment of industrial, commercial, and institutional consumers from installing consumer category solar PV plants.
The only option available for these HT consumers for generating solar energy on their premises is to operate the plant under paralleling, in which any excess generation has to be either curtailed or stored. One key driver for excluding HT consumers from the net feed-in mechanism was a perceived revenue loss in the case of HT consumers installing rooftop solar energy systems. Under the existing cross-subsidy scheme higher tariff paying consumers are cross-subsidizing lower tariff paying consumers.
The Tamil Nadu Solar Energy Policy sets a consumer category solar energy target of 3,600 MW by 2023. As of December 2020, 6.87% of this target has been achieved. If the target of 3,600 MW is achieved by 2023 the solar energy from consumer category solar energy will represent an approximate 4% of the total electricity consumption in Tamil Nadu only.
If the solar net feed-in mechanism with the current net feed-in tariff of 2.28 INR/kWh were made available for all C&I consumers including the HT consumer categories, then TANGEDCO will benefit from consumer category solar energy systems installed on the premises of C&I consumers by reducing its Average Cost of Supply and by increasing its net billing revenue.
Under the current schedule of tariffs, the adaptation of consumer category solar energy systems by C&I consumers presents an opportunity rather than a threat to TANGEDCO to reduce its cost of supply and improve its billing revenue.
India needs to grow its power generation 5x to 5,000 TWh a year in the next 20 years in order to develop. Where will this enormous amount of power come from? There are only two realistic options: a "coal-heavy" and a "solar-heavy" scenario. This presentation looks at these options and shows how solar could become the solar market opportunity of lifetime.
Assessing the Impact of Tamil Nadu’s Electricity Tariff Policy on TANGEDCO’S ...AurovilleConsulting
Electricity consumption is one of the most telling indicators to assess a nation’s economic development. A financially robust and vibrant electricity sector is pivotal for economic growth and is considered vital for a nation’s overall development. Tamil Nadu is one of the states with free electricity for agriculture and electricity tariffs for several other consumer categories such as domestic, huts, etc., are subsidised by the Government of Tamil Nadu. In addition to the electricity subsidy provided by the Government, the state owned electricity utility, TANGEDCO, cross-subsidises the lower consumer tariffs from higher tariffs revenue. However even with the combination of Government of Tamil Nadu subsidies and cross-subsidies, revenue is significantly lower than costs. In 2015-16 TANGEDCO’s cumulative revenue gap was INR 30,884.15 Crore. This paper presents an analysis of the impact of Tamil Nadu’s electricity policies on the financial performance of TANGEDCO.
Energy Management in Water Supply Systems - Pradeep Kumar , Alliance to Save ...www.theurbanvision.com
Building Livable Cities : A multi city investigation on ideas that can make Indian cities livable. See: www.theurbanvision.com/blc
Presentation Pradeep Kumar , India Director of Alliance to Save Energy
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows, for energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output. In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon footprints.
Govt to revisit, revise power distribution guidelines in National Electricit...Tata Power
“To succeed and survive, Indian Discoms need to quickly embrace digital technology tapping the sophisticated technologies like IoT, analytics, automation and cloud to generate higher efficiency."
- Praveer Sinha. CEO & MD, Tata Power.
Similar to 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE: FEASIBILITY OF BEHIND-THE-METER SYSTEMS FOR HT CONSUMERS IN TAMIL NADU (20)
India's pursuit of climate targets, including net-zero emissions by 2070, hinges on integrating renewable energy. The power sector's heavy reliance on fossil fuels necessitates a significant shift towards renewables. With a rising demand for electricity, effective demand-side management strategies are vital to ensure grid stability. Time-of-use (ToU) tariffs, recognized globally, play a crucial role in this strategy, offering a more accurate reflection of electricity costs compared to flat rates.
This report focuses on evaluating the impact of various ToU tariff designs on grid management parameters for Tamil Nadu in 2024. The objective is to assess how static ToU tariffs prompt consumers to shift or reduce electricity usage, facilitating greater renewable energy integration. The study considers 27 ToU tariff designs, assuming 17% wind energy and 11% solar energy. Notably, findings are specific to Tamil Nadu's energy demand pattern, peaking in early afternoon hours in April.
Results emphasize the importance of defining peak and off-peak time slots optimally to reduce peak loads and curtailment of renewables. Shifting peak hours from 6:00h-10:00h and 18:00h-22:00h to 5:00h-7:00h and 17:00h-23:00h improves key parameters, including a reduction in peak load instances on the gross and net load. Introducing a tariff rebate during solar energy generation hours (solar sponge) from 10:00h to 16:00h effectively reduces peak load magnitudes and encourages load distribution throughout the day, enhancing grid stability. Adjusting peak hour tariffs and shifting peak hours has a noticeable impact on load distribution and peak load occurrences.
The study indicates that a 25% increase in peak-hour tariffs outperforms a more aggressive 40% increase, which may create new peak load instances. Simulated off-peak rebates of 5% and 10% during late night and early morning hours have negligible effects.
Overall, these findings underscore the potential benefits of implementing ToU tariffs for all consumer categories, including reduced peak loads, load range occurrences, and ramping requirements. Careful consideration of peak hour tariffs and adjustments to peak hours can further optimise load distribution and maximise the efficiency of the power grid. To meet its RPO and its climate change objectives Tamil Nadu will have to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy generation. In order to manage the variable nature of wind and solar energy generation and of demand the grid management will require a higher degree of demand and generation flexibility services.
Auroville Consulting (AVC) published its annual sustainability report for the financial year 2022-23.
This year we intensified this practice along with the digital footprint through network usage and website hosting, understanding the impact of our recently installed HVAC system, and emissions avoided through providing e-bikes to all our team members. We have achieved a net zero emission balance for FY 2022-23. This was made possible through planned interventions and implementation of good practices to reduce gross emissions, followed by investment in long term effective carbon positive projects. Some key highlights:
● 92% of this year’s gross emissions were offset by planting trees and the remaining 8% was offset by excess solar generation, making AVC a carbon net-zero organisation.
● 100% of electricity demand was supplied by renewable energy through rooftop solar.
● 25.58 kWh of electricity was consumed per square meter of office space, which is 75% lower than the benchmark of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) for an office building in a warm and humid climate (Benchmark: 101 kWh/sq. m/yr).
● From March 2022 onwards, the organisation has been providing electric two-wheelers to all its full-time team members for their daily commute to and from office and for their own personal use, along with a charging facility supplied by an additional installed capacity of rooftop solar. This initiative resulted in :
o An emission reduction of 2,584 kg CO2e for their daily commute to and from office, which is an 88% decrease in comparison to the previous year, and
o An emission reduction of 6,309 kgCO2e, which was achieved by converting the personal commute of our team members to e-vehicles and charging them through renewable energy. This is a value higher than the total gross emissions of the organisation..
● 98% of the operational expenditure was made in local areas, with 91% inside Auroville; and the remaining 2% in Pondicherry and Tamil Nadu – preventing unnecessary emissions and stimulating the local economy.
Rajapalayam is the taluk headquarters of Rajapalayam Taluk, and an important town in the district of Virudhunagar within the State of Tamil Nadu. Rajapalayam LPA, which includes Rajapalayam town, 15 surrounding revenue villages and 2 reserved forests, has a total population of 2.16 lakh, as per the 2011 Census. In 2023, a master plan was formulated for Rajapalayam LPA, the master plan has a planning period till 2041. The master plan was meant to foster sustainable urban development, responsible land-use and resource efficiency and is expected to propel the town on a pathway towards decarbonization and inclusive growth. Rajapalayam is the first town in Tamil Nadu that has aspired to announce a GHG emission reduction target, it aims at achieving net zero emissions by the year 2041.
It is in this context that an emissions inventory for the town has been developed. The purpose of this GHG emissions inventory is to report on the sources and magnitude of GHG emissions. While this inventory provides us a broad understanding of today’s emissions, consecutive reports on a yearly or bi-yearly basis can help improve the quality of the data and understand the progress of the activities undertaken by the LPA to reduce their impact on the surrounding environment.
ELECTRICITY SUBSIDY AND A JUST ENERGY TRANSITION IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
To address climate change, to promote adaptation and resilience, to eliminate energy poverty, and to ensure a just energy transition, countries and states will have to mobilise substantial financial resources. A recent study estimated that India will need to invest a 900 billion USD over the next 30 years to ensure a ‘just energy transition’ (Bushan 2023). While developed countries have pledged to provide climate finance to developing countries, these pledges have not been fulfilled, or are very slow to arrive, or are insufficient. Developing countries will need to find additional and alternative resources to accelerate the decarbonization of its economies and to invest into climate adaptation. The United Nations (2022) has outlined a few interventions that can help in accelerating a just energy transition. These include:
to make renewable energy technologies a public good,
to shift energy subsidies from fossil fuels to renewable energy, and
to triple investments into renewables.
In 2009, G20 members committed to phasing out and rationalizing fossil fuel subsidies in the medium term (Reuters 2009). But as of 2022, fossil fuel subsidies have not been phased out, neither have they been reduced; instead, fossil fuel subsidies exceeded USD 1 trillion globally for the first time. This is largely due to governments’ increased subsidies to cushion consumers from rising energy prices (IISD 2023).
Energy subsidies are found in virtually every country. Justifications for their use range from social welfare protection, job creation, encouragement of renewable energy sources, promotion of economic development, to energy security. However, it may be worth examining some of the current energy subsidy schemes asking if and to what extent these subsidy schemes are contributing to a just energy transition and to what extent these subsidies align with the proposed three interventions by the UN.
Read the full report here: https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/electricity-subsidy-and-a-just-energy-transition-in-tamil-nadu/
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT, MAYILADUTHURAI DISTRIC...AurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic, and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
Land and water are closely interlinked, as the availability and flow of freshwater depends on the land characteristics, such as its topography and composition, amongst other factors. Therefore, certain areas of lands naturally act as better sinks for capturing stormwater or surface run-off water from precipitation. Freshwater, on the other hand, is a critical resource, and the stress on freshwater resources is expected to increase with growing population, development, and climate change. According to India’s Composite Water Management Index (Niti Aayog, 2018), 600 million people in the country are suffering from an acute shortage of water. Read more in the report: https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/land-suitability-assessment-for-stormwater-management-mayiladuthurai-district-tamil-nadu/
MAXIMISING THE BENEFITS OF DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY: AN EVALUATIONAurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu is making significant strides towards a sustainable energy future, supported by announcements of adding 20 GW of solar energy capacity and 10 GW of battery energy storage capacity by 2030. The state’s policy and regulatory frameworks, including the Tamil Nadu Solar Policy and the Generic Tariff Order, are driving the adoption of grid-connected distributed solar energy. As the adoption of distributed generation systems increases, the importance of smart grid integration becomes evident. Studies that provide an avoided cost assessment offer an opportunity to network operators to identify the most appropriate distribution network nodes and distributed renewable energy (DRE) capacities
This report focuses on evaluating the network and societal impacts of introducing distributed solar energy in the Karungalpalayam HT Feeder under the Erode substation. This analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution of active power and voltage, allowing operators to optimize network performance. The report utilized the Solva tool. Solva is a web-based tool with the aim to assist grid operators in assessing the network and societal value of distributed energy resources (VODER). Solva assesses both network benefits and societal benefits. Network benefits encompass the avoided costs associated with energy, distribution capacity, transmission capacity, and generation capacity. Simultaneously, societal benefits factor in the avoided costs of CO2 emissions, SO2 emissions, NO2 emissions, and PM2.5 emissions.
For the selected feeder a 4.50 MW solar energy system interconnected at the tail end of the feeder results in a VODER benefit of INR 12.84 per kWh. These benefit is subdivided into network benefitss and societal benefit. The societal benefits achieved from the integration contribute to 8.84 INR/kWh or 69% of the total benefit. Network benefits are found to be at 4.00 INR/kWh or 31%. With the integration of distributed solar energy, the distribution line losses show a reduction, particularly if interconnected at the middle end or tail end of the HT feeder. When the solar energy system is interconnected at the tail end or at the middle end of Karungalpalayam HT Feeder, a deferral of feeder upgradation is found.In particular to Karungalpalayam HT feeder, interconnecting the distributed solar energy system close to the point of consumption offers the highest benefits.
In 2022 a GHG emission baseline for Auroville was established. The inventory highlighted the overall emissions from the community. This report now intends to assess the sequestration capabilities of Auroville land under tree cover for a five-year period from February 2017 to February 2022. The tree cover in Auroville is a prime contributor to the community’s long-term vision of sustainable development. The overall tree cover includes the residential zones, industrial zones, parks, public spaces and the designated green belt area of Auroville developed and maintained by the Forest Group of Auroville.
The cumulative carbon stock for Auroville’s land under tree cover of 920 hectares for the time period from February 2017 to February 2022 was estimated at 34,778 tCO2e. This equals an average carbon stock addition of 6,956 tCO2e per year. The average carbon stock per hectare of forest land in Tamil Nadu was estimated at 87.26 tCO2e/year. The average carbon stock per hectare over five years for the Auroville forest was found to be 99.96 tCO2e/year which is 14.55% above the average.
As per the Auroville Greenhouse Gas Accounting Report, Auroville produced 8,298.54 tCO2e in FY 2018- 2019, this excludes emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFLOU) and industrial production and product use (IPPU). Auroville’s green cover sequestered 84% of its total emission or 6,956 tCO2e per year. The surplus CO2e emitted for FY 2018-19 therefore is 1,343 tCO2e or 16%. To offset this carbon an additional 19.82 hectare of land would need to be converted from moderately dense forest to very dense forest. This could also be achieved by installing a 1.19 MW solar energy capacity or by transitioning all units to low or zero emission transport solutions.
Consistent studies either on a yearly or bi-yearly basis can help improve accuracy of emissions tracking and sequestration numbers of the community and help set targets. This would lead to additional financing opportunities and access to voluntary mechanisms such as carbon financing to support existing forestry activities.
During the last COP events (COP 26 and COP 27) India stepped up its climate ambitions and announced a goal of reaching net-zero by the year 2070. More specifically its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) includes to achieve about 50 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
In December 2022 Tamil Nadu launched its own Climate Change Mission. Its goals include the development of strategies to cut emissions by using green and renewable energy. This complements an earlier announcement by the State Government, that it aims to add an additional 20 GW of solar energy by the year 2030.
More recently, in March 2023, the Tamil Nadu Governments announced that it will target that 50% of all energy will be sourced from renewable energy sources. If the state where to meet this target it would firmly establish itself as a climate leader on the national and international stage. Further, Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state and as there is increasing international supply chain pressures for industries to reduce their carbon emissions accelerating the transition towards a renewable energy can help its industries to stay competitive in a decarbonizing world. An accelerated energy transition will also promote Tamil Nadu as an attractive location for industries.
In FY 2021-22 the total energy generated was 1,17,553 million units (MU). Renewable energy, this is solar, wind, bioenergy, and hydro, accounted for a 22% of the total energy generation in FY 2021-22. Coal power with a share of 70% is the single largest energy sources. This total energy generation can be subdivided into two parts, (i) energy procured by TANGEDCO and (ii) energy under Open Access. TANGEDCO accounted for 83% or 97,297 MU of energy in FY 2021-22. Whereas the remaining 17% of 20,266 MU are on account of Open Access.
Interestingly TANGEDO procured only 16% of its energy from renewables. Whereas 52% of all energy under Open Access is RE. 51% of all energy procured by TANGEDCO came from either TANGEDCO owned or Centra owned coal power plants. The actual share of coal power may be higher as there is 24% of energy that was sourced under the category ‘Short term and others’ and this may primarily be coal power.
To meet the 2030 RE target an additional 60,637 MU of RE will need to be generated in 2030. This represents approximately an addition of 28 GW of wind energy capacity or a 32 GW of solar energy capacity and means that in the next six years starting with FY 2023-24 approximately 4.80– 5.50 GW of renewable energy capacity needs to go on-grid. The average annual RE capacity addition in Tamil Nadu from 2018 to 2023 was 1.21 GW.
Meeting the 50% RE target will require a concerted effort by all major power sector institutions and players including the distribution licensee, the Electricity Regulatory Commission, the Energy Department, Independent Power producers and the consumers/prosumers.
In the face of the global climate crisis there is an increasing commitment to decarbonise the global economy. This is highlighted by a shift towards renewable energy sources, the energy transition. Energy transition is the process of reducing reliance on fossil fuel across the economy and moving toward greater use of cleaner energy sources such as renewables.
Globally, countries, including those in the European Union, are introducing legislative measures to accelerate the decarbonisation of its economies. In January 2021, the European Union (EU) introduced a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). CBAM is part of the EU’s efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. It will put restrictions at the borders on goods produced with carbon and Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG)
While the carbon price will be levied from 2026 onwards, the reporting of emissions on imported goods has stated in January 2023. CBAM is initially focusing on some key sectors only, but is expected to expand over time. Sectors for which CBAM applies include:
Iron and steel, Cement, Chemicals, Aluminium, Paper, Glass, Fertilizers, Pulp and paper, Textiles,Ceramics,Basic metals
Other countries or regions that consider introducing similar mechanisms include: Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Japan and South Korea.
The EU is a key export market for India, it is India’s third largest trading partner. India’s exports to the EU were worth EUR 46.20 billion in 2021. Compliance of Indian companies with the EU CBAM will require monitoring, calculating and disclosure of the GHG emissions embedded in the products covered under CBAM.
Tamil Nadu has the second largest state economy in India. The Tamil Nadu Government has set a goal of becoming a USD 1 trillion economy by 2030. The state has a diversified manufacturing sector and features among the leaders in several industries like automobiles and auto components, engineering, pharmaceuticals, garments, textiles, leather, chemicals, plastics, etc.
The role of Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the economic and social development of the country is well established. Tamil Nadu has the third-largest number of MSMEs in the country with a share of 8% or about five million enterprises (MSME Department 2022). MSMEs form an important and growing segment of the state’s industrial sector, contributing 12.09% to the GSDP. However, the growth of the state’s MSME sector has been severely impacted by Covid and has been stagnant.
As Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state in India at a time when more countries are proposing Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) decarbonisation will become an imperative for export-oriented industries to stay completive. For the exported goods from Tamil Nadu to be compliant with regulations it is important to decarbonise the production. The decarbonization will also be paramount for the MSME sector.
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY, VILLUPURAM DISTRICTAurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic, and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
As per its intended Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, India is targeting 50% of its cumulative power generation capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030. Tamil Nadu has announced that it aims at adding an additional 20 GW of solar energy capacity by the year 2030. This capacity addition is envisioned to be primarily achieved by distributed solar energy generation.
One of the key challenges in developing solar energy project is the identification of suitable lands and land acquisition. The complex land acquisition process can lead to project delays or even cancelation of proposed projects. Unused or fallow lands can be of particular interest for solar energy development. This method avoids the uptake of land under productive agricultural use. Local authorities can proactively facilitate solar energy development in the district by identifying unused lands and by undertaking a solar suitability assessment of these lands. This geospatial information if provided to solar developers and electricity distribution companies has the potential to spur local economic development and to create green jobs.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands in Villupuram district and to evaluate to what extent these unused lands can be utilized to meet the state’s solar energy capacity addition target of 20 GW by the year 2030. Deploying 20 GW of ground mounted solar energy will require approximately 80,000 acres of land, this represents 0.25% of Tamil Nadu’s total geographical area (TGA).
Villupuram, district has a total geographical area of 3,907 km2 of which 1,092 km2 or 28% has been classified as unused or fallow lands. The district’s solar energy target has been set as a proportional share of the state’s solar energy capacity addition target of 20 GW by 2030. The district’s target is to add 0.62 GW of solar energy by 2030. This requires a land area of 2,465 acres. The land suitability analysis revealed that 92,149 acres of unused land have a technical potential for ground mounted solar energy development. These lands are distributed over 3,084 plots. The suitable lands identified can accommodate up to 23.04 GW of solar capacity, this would help achieving a whooping 3,738% of (or 37 times) the district’s solar capacity addition target.
THE SOLAR ENERGY-LAND NEXUS SUSTAINABLE LAND USE STRATEGY FOR SOLAR ENERGY IN...AurovilleConsulting
Energy generation can have intensive or extensive land use requirements, causing habitat and biodiversity loss in sensitive and diverse ecosystems globally or competing with other land use such as agriculture.
As a direct consequence of the Paris Climate Agreement, which requires global decarbonization, renewable energy sources will continue to expand, in particular solar and wind. The increasing land use for renewable energy generation systems and related infrastructure will become more relevant in the future. The extent to which the overall land use balance will be more favourable than for non-renewable sources depends on the mix of renewables, their siting and centralized or decentralized mode of deployment (UNEP, 2016). Innovative deployment of renewables can reduce land use pressures, as well as avoid landscape disturbances caused by fossil fuels and nuclear energy (Lovins, 2011).
While the use of fossil fuels is limited by the size of the resource (including future cost and the carbon dioxide (CO2 ) budget), renewable energy and in particular solar energy, is mostly restricted by land use allocation and by the availability or solar irradiation or adequate windspeeds.
Land or sea occupancy is one of the most visible impacts for any energy development. The relatively large land requirement for solar energy highlights the importance of good mitigation practices to help facilitate the transition into a renewable energy future. Fortunately, the abundance of solar energy means that, unlike other energy sources, there is often flexibility in project siting, allowing the integration of solar energy systems with buildings and infrastructure assets or the co-location of solar energy systems with agricultural practices or the use of wastelands.
Tamil Nadu has set a target of adding a 20 GW of solar energy by 2030. If this target is to be primarily met by ground-mounted solar plants a 405 km2 land area will be required. Considering the projected annual electrical energy demand of 4,89,395 MU by 2050 (Auroville Consulting 2022) the need to decarbonize the state’s power sector and the fact that solar is among the most cost -efficient energy sources today, the potential land-impact of solar is substantial. Meeting 50% of the projected electricity demand for 2050 would require 133 GW of solar capacity, and 2,691 km2 of land resources, which equals the total geographical area of Chengalpattu District or 2.07% of the state’s geographical area.
There are competing and often conflicting demands for land for economic, ecological, and social needs in the development sector. It will be critical to limit the conversion of agricultural lands for solar energy development.
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LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR FORESTATION, MAYILADUTHURAI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
Land is a finite resource with competing and conflicting use. Unplanned and unscientific use of land can exacerbate climate change, and disasters like drought or floods. Judicious use of land resources is key in meeting the state’s social, economic and environmental development goals. A comprehensive land suitability assessment can guide responsible and sustainable development practices and land-use policies.
As per its intended Nationally Determined Contribution under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, India is targeting the creation of an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 4 billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030 – through additional forest and tree cover of 25-30 million hectares. In this context, the State Government of Tamil Nadu has set a target to increase its percentage of tree cover from 23% to 33% by the year 2030.
A forestation land suitability assessment for the Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu, India was carried out using a geospatial digital tool LiLa (LifeLands). LiLa uses satellite imagery, AI & GIS mapping to create critical data-based insights and visualization that supports decision-making by providing detailed information. This includes geo-spatial and socio-economic data-layers to address the core aspects of sustainable land-use management. It identifies and evaluates unused lands for its potential in terms of solar energy, forestation and water management.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands in Mayiladuthurai district and evaluate its potential for forestation initiatives that can contribute meeting the state’s tree-cover target of 33% by the year 2030.
Identified unused lands were evaluated based on multiple-criteria methodology including parameters pertaining to terrain suitability, existing road, rail and electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure, elevation, water potential and potential to create forest corridors. The lands are also further assessed based on their potential for competing climate action, such as areas that are suitable for water harvesting and solar energy generation.
The land use mapping indicates that 8% of the district’s geographical area is under tree cover. Agriculture land use is by far the most dominating land use category accounting for 63%. Identified unused lands account for an area of 118 km2 or 10% of the total geographical area. Out of the total identified unused lands 56% or 16,237 acres have been found to be suitable for forestation. If all the unused lands suitable for forestation were put under tree cover Mayiladuthurai district would increase its share of lands under tree cover from 8% to 13.5% creating a carbon stock of 0.55 million tonnes of carbon.
PATHWAYS TO DECARBONISATION – MODELLING TAMIL NADU’S POWER SECTOR DECARBONISA...AurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu’s electricity demand is expected to increase year on year, and so are the sector’s absolute carbon dioxide emissions. Considering India’s commitments under the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention, and the recent announcement of targeting net zero carbon by 2070, Tamil Nadu will require a long-term strategy to reduce its emissions. This may start with establishing sector-specific emission inventories, followed by sector-specific emission target setting.
The power sector is deemed to be one of the sectors easiest to decarbonise. One of the first steps for putting in place a decarbonisation strategy is target setting. This report assumes a net-zero carbon target for the Tamil Nadu power sector by 2050. It applies the Sectoral Decarbonisation Approach (SDA) of the Science Based Target (SBT) model to simulate decarbonisation pathways that are in line with the goals of the Paris agreement – limiting global warming well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (ETP B2DS) and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C (SBT 1.5°C) respectively.
In this paper, we undertake the following steps:
1) Projecting the electricity generation for the upcoming years along with the corresponding emissions.
2) Setting targets for the emissions based on the Science Based Targets (SBT).
3) Comparing various scenario planning models for decarbonising the electricity sector of Tamil Nadu.
LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED SOLAR ENERGY MAYILADUTHURAI DISTR...AurovilleConsulting
A land assessment for the Mayiladuthurai district in Tamil Nadu, India was carried out using a geospatial digital tool LiLa (LifeLands) developed in-house. LiLa uses satellite imagery, AI & GIS Mapping to create critical data-based insights and visualization that supports decision-making by providing detailed information. This includes geo-spatial and socio-economic data-layers to address the core aspects of sustainable land-use management. It identifies and evaluates unused lands for its potential in terms of solar energy, reforestation and water management.
The objective of this report is to identify unused lands for this district and evaluate to what extent these unused lands can be utilized to meet the state’s solar energy target of 20 GW by the year 2030. The lands were evaluated based on multiple levels of criteria that accounted for plot size, and their distance from evacuation infrastructure, roads, railways and waterbodies. The lands are also further assessed based on their potential for climate action, such as areas that are suitable for forestation and water harvesting.
The assessment indicated that a target of 0.29 GW of solar installation is achievable with lands that meet the technical criteria. Lands ranked medium can achieve a cumulative capacity of 0.46 GW with a total area of 1,860 acres. Lands ranked high with a total area 698 acres can achieve a capacity of 0.17 GW.
The prevalence of offshore wind is growing globally. According to the Global Wind Energy Council, the total installed capacity worldwide climbed to 57.2 GW at the end of 2021. Offshore wind technology has key advantages such as eliminating the need for large areas of land and harnessing energy from better wind conditions than onshore. Currently, India does not have any installed capacity. However, there has been a recent build-up in momentum. Tamil Nadu has been identified as one of the highest potential states for harnessing offshore wind energy in India. But the State faces technical, social, and financial barriers for phasing-in this new technology. In this regard, the Tamil Nadu Government can play a key role in unlocking this significant source of energy by (i) providing the overall infrastructure required, (ii) engaging with local stakeholders, and (iii) facilitating the clearance process for offshore wind projects, among others.
BRIEFING NOTE: ELECTRIFICATION OF TOP-PERFORMING INDUSTRIES IN TAMIL NADUAurovilleConsulting
Tamil Nadu is one of the most industrialised states in India and accounted for 9.47% of India’s GDP in FY 2020-21. Tamil Nadu aspires to be a leading export state in India at a time when more countries are proposing Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). CBAM includes the introduction of a carbon price on certain products imported into the European Union (EU). This will put restrictions at the borders of the EU on goods produced with carbon and Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). As per an assessment of the World Bank, many countries are considering setting a carbon price in the years to come. Tamil Nadu could be exporting its finished goods to a few of those countries in the future. For the exported goods from Tamil Nadu to be regulation-proof, it is important to decarbonise the production. The first step towards decarbonisation is the electrification of the processes in the industries. This briefing note explores the potential for the electrification of some of the processes in the top-performing (in terms of contribution to the State’s GDP) industrial sectors of Tamil Nadu.
The second phase of the Auroville Smart Mini Grid is also complete. Driven and conceived by Auroville Consulting it compromises 108 kW of distributed rooftop solar energy systems. The solar PV systems reduces Auroville’s electricity consumption from the TANGEDCO grid by an average of 1,57,680 kWh per year and reduces it’s dependency on TANGEDCO. This is another step forward towards self reliance and sustainability. The project includes an energy storage system with a capacity of 10 kWh, 20 smart energy meters with a remote reading facility and additions to the Auroville internal electricity distribution system. Further we were able to upgrade our internal HT and LT distribution infrastructure and started piloting an active demand response program for domestic air conditioners and for municipal water pumps. The project was lead by Auroville Consulting. Other Auroville units include Auroville Electrical Service, Sunlit Future & Aurinoco.
Inspired by the method of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting, this report attempts to consolidate data on the performance of Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Company (TANGEDCO). The aim of this work is to initiate and develop holistic benchmarks. These key performance indicators would help TANGEDCO to track its own performance. Apart from the KPIs, this report also highlights the importance of sharing data in a public domain for the civil society to access.
BRIEFING NOTE: RECOVERY OF TANGEDCO’S FIXED COSTS FOR GENERATION, DISTRIBUTIO...AurovilleConsulting
This briefing note analyses the recovery of fixed costs through demand/fixed charges, compares the average fixed costs incurred with the fixed charges levied for select consumer categories, and finally compares the increase in the monthly billing rate of select consumer categories upon an increase in the fixed charges.
In none of the years from FY 2011-12 up until FY 2018-19 was TANGEDCO able to recover its Aggregate Revenue Requirement (ARR). One of the reasons is the under-recovery of fixed costs through fixed/demand charges levied.
TANGEDCO was unable to recover its fixed costs through demand/fixed charges since FY 2011-2012 since the demand/fixed charges component in the tariff schedule does not represent the actual fixed costs incurred. Since the fixed costs are under-recovered, there is a shortfall in meeting the ARR.
A rationalisation of the demand/fixed charges levied across all consumer categories would ensure the complete recovery of all fixed costs incurred and equal distribution4 of these costs. This entails an increase in demand/fixed charges for all LT consumers. Whereas the demand charges for all HT consumers would be lowered. Such a rationalisation of the demand/fixed charges would result in completely recovering the net ARR.
The benefits of recovering fixed costs through demand/fixed charges include the following:
• Reducing the need for tariff cross-subsidies;
• Reduction in TANGEDCO’s revenue gap and higher recovery of the net ARR;
• Reduce the migration of HT consumers to other states with more attractive tariff schedules;
• De-risking of energy demand changes that result in lower energy off-take from sources with fixed capacity booking costs.
Auroville has been active in renewable energy generation since the early years, starting with windmills for water pumping and stand-alone solar PV systems with battery banks. In 2012 Auroville pioneered rooftop grid-connected solar energy by proposing to the Tamil Nadu Government that pilot projects may be undertaken in Auroville with grid-connectivity.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
3. 2 3
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This publication forms part of the Sustainable Energy Transformation, Tamil Nadu
(SET-TN) series of documents and activities. SET-TN aims to facilitate higher
clean energy deployment in the State by working with all stakeholders in order
to find sustainable and equitable solutions. SET-TN is a collaborative initiative by
Auroville Consulting (AVC), Citizen consumer and civic Action Group (CAG) and
the World Resources Institute India (WRI).
Multiple industry experts supported us with information and data on the cost of
Solar PV and Li-ion energy storage technology: Hemanth Kumar (Waaree Energy
Storage Solutions), Praveen Venigalla (Mahindra Powerol), Nitin Singhal (Exicom
Power Solutions), Sharad Srivastava (CTech Energy), Rishi Kapoor (Sunlit Future),
Munish Handa (Coslight India), Ramakrishna G K (Wartsila), Yash Roongta (Renon
India), Shanmuganandam (TouchEnergy), and Nitesh Bhutada (Newen Systems).
Energy storage is expected to play an increasingly important role in the future electricity grid systems
due to its potential to balance power supply and demand. Coupled with solar energy generation,
behind-the-meter (BtM) solar plus energy storage offer the potential to create economic value to
consumers through bill management strategies such as demand charge reduction and maximising
on-site self-consumption. Widespread adoption of BtM solar plus energy storage systems depend
on the value consumers can derive from such systems. This report compares the cost of supply from
the grid, partial supply from solar and partial supply from solar plus energy storage (lithium-ion) on
the consumer side of the service connection (behind-the-meter) for selected HT consumer types in
Tamil Nadu.
Authors:
Hari Subbish Kumar Subramanian, Auroville Consulting
Martin Scherfler, Auroville Consulting
Reviewers:
Balaji Krishnagopalan, Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group
Jeya Kumar Raju, Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group
Naren Pasupalati, World Resources Institute India
Pavithra Ramesh, Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group
Sandhya Sundararagavan, World Resources Institute India
Sharad Srivastava, CTECH Energy Private Limited
Sumedha Malaviya, World Resources Institute India
Toine van Megen, Auroville Consulting
Vishnu Rao, Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group
Designer:
Thiagarajan Rajendiran, Auroville Consulting
Suggested Citation:
Auroville Consulting (2021): 2021 Solar Plus Energy Storage. Feasibility of
Behind-the-Meter systems for HT consumers in Tamil Nadu.
Available at:
https://www.aurovilleconsulting.com/2021-solar-plus-energy-storage-feasibility-
of-behind-the-meter-systems-for-ht-consumers-in-tamil-nadu/
FOREWORD
• BENEFITS FOR THE CONSUMERS
Behind-the-meter energy storage combined
with solar energy offers a solution for both bill
management and power back up.
Solar plus energy storage lessens the dependence
upon grid supply, enhances reliability and
resilience, and supports organizations in meeting
their environmental goals and emission reduction
targets.
• BENEFITS FOR THE UTILITY
BtM solar plus energy storage can also provide
critical balancing and ancillary services to the grid
operator.
There are opportunities for the utilities to leverage
on these developments and prepare for the grid-
integration of these distributed energy sources
with appropriate feed-in tariffs, market design and
aggregation mechanisms.
The declining cost of solar PV and battery storage
solutions are expected to propel a distributed solar
plus energy storage revolution in the near future.
• INCREASING AFFORDABILITY
AS DRIVER
The cost of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries has seen a
steady decline over the past years, and this trend is
expected to continue for the foreseeable time. By
2030, a 78% reduction in the cost of Li-ion battery
pack over the 2015 cost is expected (Schmidt et al.
2017). Consumers, in India particularly, are highly
cost-sensitive. With the increasing affordability,
solar plus energy storage could become a viable
investment option while providing a certain degree
of energy security and independence for the
consumers.
• STORAGE READY
BtM solar energy systems are an effective option for
HT consumers in Tamil Nadu to reduce electricity
costs and emissions. An increase in the energy
tariffs for electricity sourced from the grid and a
decreasing price of energy storage systems are
expected in the near future.
HT consumers installing BtM solar energy systems
without energy storage may consider deploying a
solar hybrid inverter at the outset. This will provide
the consumers with the possibility to add energy
storage capacity to their existing BtM solar energy
system without the requirement to invest into a
separate inverter for the energy storage system
as soon as they consider energy storage as an
attractive investment option.
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2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
KEY FINDINGS
•
SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE IS
ALREADY A FINANCIALLY VIABLE OPTION
The ‘Best Economic Returns’ case for BtM solar plus energy storage, in which the solar and energy
storage capacities have been sized to achieve maximum savings through bill management, results
in lower electricity costs for all three selected HT consumer types, each with its respective tariff
rates and load profiles. The results show that BtM solar plus energy storage is more attractive for
an ‘Office’, as compared to an Industrial or an Educational institute. This is primarily on account
of the higher tariff rate at 8.00 INR/kWh (HT- III) and load profile.
The ‘Towards Net Zero’ case is resulting in a higher 10-year supply costs for all 3 selected HT
consumer types, when compared to supply from the grid only (Business as Usual - BAU).
Discounted cost of electricity supply over 10 years
•
INVESTMENT INTO THE ‘TOWARDS NET ZERO’ WILL BE
FINANCIALLY VIABLE FOR THE HT OFFICE CONSUMER TYPE
FROM 2022 ONWARDS
Financial viability of BtM solar plus energy storage by
year of investment for the ‘Towards Net Zero’ case
Li-ion battery pack cost has reduced significantly over the last five years. As of 2021, it is at 50% of
the 2015 cost. By 2030 the battery pack cost is further expected to drop to 22% of the 2015 cost
(Schmidt et al. 2017).
Battery Pack Cost Reduction (%) 2015 to 2030
•
COST OF LI-ION BATTERY STORAGE TO REDUCE
BY 78% IN 2030 OVER THE 2015 VALUE
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2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
ASSUMPTIONS
• Consumer types
Are defined as per the existing schedule of tariffs
in Tamil Nadu (TNERC 2017) and their typical
load profiles (IESO 2021, REopt 2021).
• Bill management
Bill management has been considered as the only
revenue stream for BtM solar plus energy storage.
In the context of Tamil Nadu net feed-in metering
mechanism bill management translates into
maximizing solar self-consumption and reducing
grid export.
• Time of day (ToD)
ToD tariffs are available only for the consumer
category HT industrial (HT- IA). The ToD tariff
offers a 5% rebate on energy charges during off-
peak hours (10:00 PM to 5:00 AM) and a 20%
increase in energy charges during peak hours
(6:00 AM to 9:00 AM and 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM)
(TNERC 2017).
• Demand Charge
The demand charge for HT consumers is
INR 350/kVA/month. In this assessment, the
monthly demand charge is calculated based on
the maximum recorded peak for each month.
Currently demand charges are calculated on
either the monthly recorded peak demand or as
90% of the sanctioned demand, whichever is
higher (TNERC 2017). Financial savings through
peak load reduction on account of BtM solar plus
energy storage are added to the overall savings
under bill management.
• Paralleling
HT consumers in Tamil Nadu are currently
excluded from availing the net feed-in mechanisms.
The only option available to an HT consumer for
BtM solar energy system is through ‘paralleling’
operation, in which any excess generation has to
01
be curtailed. For generation capacities larger than
1 MW with paralleling, the consumer requires a
dedicated feeder. Further, the parallel operation
of a rooftop solar plant attracts a monthly parallel
operation charge of INR 15,000 per month for
each MW (TNERC 2018a, 2020a).
• Electricity tax
Tax of 5% applies to the electricity charges which
include energy charges and demand charges.
• Best Economic Return
For the solar plus energy storage system the
Solar capacity has been sized to meet the
instantaneous load, during sunshine hours and
maximum financial gains through bill management
over a 10-year time period. Any surplus solar
energy is being stored and dispatched whenever
required.
• Toward Net Zero
Under the ‘Towards Net Zero’ case the BtM solar
plus energy storage system is sized to achieve
a net-zero energy balance for the selected
HT consumer type and the battery is sized at
providing two hours of back up for peak load in
year 1. Energy efficiency improvements has not
been considered for calculation.
• Electricity consumption year 1
The year 1 electricity consumption is calculated
based on the state’s average annual consumption
per service connection point of the total HT
consumer-type using 2019 consumption data
(TNERC 2017, Energy Department of Tamil Nadu
2020).
• Average annual increase in electricity
consumption
This has been derived by calculating the average
annual growth rate for the respective consumer
categories from 2015 to 2019 (TNERC 2017,
Energy Department of Tamil Nadu 2015, 2016,
2017, 2018, 2019 2020).
• Solar energy penetration
The percentage of gross solar energy generation
on total electricity consumption in year 1.
• Battery dispatch strategy
A DC-coupled Li-ion battery (lithium iron
phosphate) is used for energy storage in the
analysis. One discharging cycle per day was
assumed. The objective was to optimize solar
energy self-consumption and minimize grid
import. The battery is charged from the surplus
solar energy only. Export from the battery storage
system to the grid has not been considered.
• Levelised cost of solar (LCOS)
The LCOS value has been calculated using the
tool ‘Levelised Cost Calculator for Distributed
Energy Resources V2.0 (Auroville Consulting
2021).
• Levelised cost of solar and storage
(LCOSS)
The LCOSS value has been calculated using the
tool ‘Levelised Cost Calculator for Distributed
Energy Resources V2.0 (Auroville Consulting
2021). LCOSS values are used for financial
analysis.
• Net feed-in tariff
Currently HT consumers are excluded from net
feed-in. For calculation of futurist scenarios, net
feed-in for HT consumer with a tariff of INR 2.08/
kWh is considered. This is at par with the current
solar net feed-in tariff for LT consumers (CAG
2020).
• Tariff escalation
An average annual consumer tariff escalation of
5% has been assumed.
• Time period
The cost-benefit analysis was undertaken for a
10-year time period.
• Discount factor
For the net present value calculations a discount
factor of 8.67% has been used (TNERC 2020).
• Power factor
A common power factor of 0.9 is considered.
Power factor incentive and penalty has not been
considered for financial analysis (TNERC 2017).
• Break-even investment year
It indicates the year in which investing in BtM solar
plus energy storage results in lower electricity
costs over 10 years as compared to grid supply
only (BAU case). In the analysis for the breakeven
investment year an annual tariff escalation,
consumer load growth, resizing of solar PV (to
match the base year electricity consumption),
resizing energy storage capacity (to match the
peak demand of year 1 with two hours of backup)
and a reduction in the capital cost of BtM solar
plus energy storage are considered
• ToD Solar Export
Currently there isn’t any ToD for the excess solar
export to the grid. In the calculation for various
tariff designs, a feed-in tariff of INR 2.08/kWh
(CAG 2020) (TNERC 2019a) along with a 5%
rebate during off-peak hours and 20% increase in
tariff during peak hours is considered.
ASSUMPTIONS
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2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
OFFICE
02
• Future tariff escalation as a key variable
With bill management as the current single available value stream for BtM solar plus energy storage
system, future consumer tariff and demand charge escalation is a key variable for its financial feasibility.
As Tamil Nadu has not seen a consumer tariff revision since 2016, a steeper tariff escalation can be
expected in the near future.
The figure below indicates the cost savings for 10 years for tariff escalations of 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%.
With an average annual tariff escalation of 9% for the HT III tariff the ‘Best Economic Returns’ case is
expected to result in 10-year cost savings of 11.45% over the BAU case and the ‘Towards Net Zero’ will
result in marginal savings over the BAU case of 1.96%.
10-year discounted cost of electricity2
• Solar Plus Energy Storage A Winning Proposition
Discounted cost savings for the ‘Best Economic Returns’ for BtM solar plus energy storage cases over
a 10-year time period is expected to be INR 0.95 Crore (7.87%). An investment into solar plus energy
storage in 2021 is, therefore, a financially viable investment proposition.
Whereas the ‘Towards Net Zero’ case shows a higher electricity cost over 10 years as compared to BAU
by INR 0.87 Crore. In terms of bill management, the best investment option, however, is an investment
in a BtM solar energy system only this has an expected saving of INR 2.38 Crore (19.65%).
2
For ‘Best Economic Returns’ – Solar case, Solar PV size is 625 kW and LCOS is 4.13 INR/kWh
1
The ratio can be used to determine the solar and energy storage capacities for diverging electricity consumption, provided the load profile
remains similar.
7. 10 11
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
Comparison of metering mechanisms and tariff designs
• Metering mechanisms and tariff designs
Different metering mechanisms such as a paralleling, net feed-in and a ToD tariff for solar export and
a ToD tariff for grid import were analyzed for the ‘Best Economic Return’ case. The scenario with a
net feed-in results in the lowest cost, with discounted savings of INR 1.14 Crore (9.49%) over the BAU
scenario and a saving on INR 0.19 Crore (1.75%) over the paralleling scenario.
10-year cost difference between BAU and
‘Towards Net Zero’ case by the year of investment
• Investing in the ‘Towards Net Zero’ case is
viable from 2022 onwards
Example of a weekly dispatch in January
2021 for the ’Towards Net Zero’ case
Sensitivity analysis for different tariff escalation rates
8. 12 13
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
AUTOMOBILE
INDUSTRY
03
10-year discounted cost of electricity3
• Solar Plus Energy Storage A Winning Proposition
For the automobile industrial consumer-type with ToD tariff, an investment into BtM solar plus energy
storage in the year 2021 under the ‘Best Economic Returns’ case results in a discounted saving of INR
0.28 Crore (2.89%) over a 10-year time period.
Whereas ‘Towards Net Zero’ case show an increase in electricity cost over 10 years by
INR 2.28 Crore. The investment in a BtM solar energy system only has an expected saving of INR 1.13
Crore (11.51%).
• Future tariff escalation scenarios
The ‘Best Economic Returns’ case is already a financially viable option for automobile industrial consumer
type. Higher tariff escalation will further increase the consumers’ cost savings.Investing in the ‘Towards
Net Zero ‘case in the year 2021 is not expected to result in cost savings to the industrial consumer, even
with a higher tariff escalation rate of 9%.
3
For ‘Best Economic Returns’ – Solar case, Solar PV size is 325kW and LCOS is 4.13 INR/kWh
9. 14 15
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
Sensitivity analysis for different tariff escalation rates
Comparison of metering mechanisms and tariff designs
• Metering mechanisms and tariff designs
A comparison of different metering mechanisms indicates that both the scenarios Net feed-in
and ToD solar export with a ToD grid import results in the lowest cost, with discounted savings of
INR 0.34 Crore (3.50%) over the BAU scenario and a savings of INR 0.06 Crore (0.63%) over the
paralleling scenario.
10-year cost difference between BAU and
‘Towards Net Zero’ case by the year of investment
• Investing in the ‘Towards Net Zero’ case is
viable from 2025 onwards
Example of a weekly dispatch in January
2021 for the ’Towards Net Zero’ case
10. 16 17
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTION
04
10-year discounted cost of electricity4
• Solar Plus Energy Storage A Winning Proposition
For an educational institution, Discounted cost savings for the ‘Best Economic Returns’ for BtM solar
plus energy storage cases over a 10-year time period is expected to be INR 0.16 Crore (1.69%).
Whereas for the ‘Towards Net Zero’ case the results show an electricity cost increase over 10 years by
INR 2.92 Crore. To achieve energy cost reduction the best investment option, however, is an investment
in a BtM solar energy system only. This has an expected saving of INR 0.87 Crore (9.09%).
• Future tariff escalation scenarios
The ‘Best Economic Returns’ solar plus energy storage case is financially viable at a lower tariff escalation.
Higher tariff escalation will further increase the consumers’ cost savings. Investing in the ‘Towards Net
Zero ‘case in the year 2021 is not expected to result in cost savings to the domestic consumer, even with
a higher tariff escalation rate of 9%.
4
For ‘Best Economic Returns’ – Solar case, Solar PV size is 325 kW and LCOS is 4.13 INR/kWh
11. 18 19
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
Sensitivity analysis for different tariff escalation rates
Comparison of metering mechanisms and tariff designs
• Metering mechanisms and tariff designs
Comparing the best ‘Best Economic’ Case with alternative metering mechanisms it is found that the
scenario with a solar net feed-mechanisms results in the lowest cost. Discounted savings of INR 0.21
Crore (2.15%) over the BAU scenario and a savings of INR 0.04 Crore (0.46%) over the paralleling
scenario are expected.
10-year cost difference between BAU and
‘Towards Net Zero’ case by the year of investment5
• Investing in the ‘Towards Net Zero’ case is
viable from 2025 onwards
Example of a weekly dispatch in January
2021 for the ’Towards Net Zero’ case
5
Under the paralleling mechanisms generation capacities of 1 MW or higher required a separate feeder (TNERC 2018b).
12. 20 21
2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
• BtM Solar Plus Storage, grid
independence, self-generation
Capital Dynamics is currently building the world’s
largest BtM Solar and Energy Storage system. A
127 MW solar energy system coupled with a 60
MW/240 MWh Tesla energy storage system will
provide round the clock energy supply (Capital
Dynamics 2020).
The system will be located on the campus of a
data centre operated in Nevada. Data centres
have a generally flat demand profile, which
influenced the choice to add a battery to the solar
facility. The battery sizing turns the 127 MW of
solar capacity into an evenly distributed baseload
that can dispatch deep into the night. There are
no transmission losses or charges and distribution
losses as the public grid is not used, this is a major
advantage for the behind-the-meter project. This
provides cost savings on energy procurement.
This project is made possible by the large
availability of land and laws in Nevada that allows a
large industrial consumer to generate their power.
The major challenge in replicating this would find
the ideal consumer with sufficient space and laws
permitting the customer to source their power
(Greentech Media 2020a, 2020b).
• CASE STUDY 1
World’s Largest Behind the meter Solar plus Energy Storage
by Capital Dynamics, Nevada, US
Photo credit: (Greentech Media 2020a)
• Urge for energy self-sufficiency
Unreliable grid supply drives consumers
towards deploying power back-up solutions
such as uninterrupted power systems and diesel
generators. Solar plus energy storage becomes an
increasingly attractive alternative, it can provide a
degree of energy security and independence to the
consumers.
• Higher electricity tariff
Currently, HT consumer categories are paying
comparatively higher electricity tariff rates and
demand charges to the utility as compared to
LT consumers. Higher tariff rates incentivize
consumers to explore alternative options such as
BtM solar plus energy storage.
• Non-availability of feed-in tariffs
HT consumers in Tamil Nadu are excluded from
the net feed-in mechanisms. Any BtM surplus
generation injected into the grid will not be
compensated for. This regulation may emerge as a
driverofBtMsolarplusenergystoragedeployments,
as consumers and businesses seek ways to obtain
greater returns from their investments.
• More stringent open access
regulations
The concessions for renewable energy generators
in regards to open access charges [e.g., wheeling
THE
DRIVERS
05
charges (50% of conventional power) cross-subsidy
surcharges (70% of conventional power) etc.] are
expected to gradually reduce and eventually phase
out in the near future (TNERC 2019b). This is likely
to bring the cost of renewable energy sourced from
BtM systems at par or below the cost of renewable
energy sourced via the open-access mechanisms.
HT consumers are therefore expected to accelerate
the deployment of BtM solar plus energy systems
and to optimize their energy costs.
• Incentives on manufacturing
Li-ion
In 2019-20 India imported batteries worth USD
1.2 billion making this sector heavily dependent
on foreign manufacturing capacities. Niti Aayog,
a Government of India think tank proposed setting
up Giga capacity battery factories aggregating a
capacity of 50 GWh over the next ten years at a
projected cost of USD 5 billion in order to reduce
India’s dependence on imports. The Indian
Government has proposed to offer subsidies to
the tune of INR 700 Crore a year and also provide
incentives such as the benefit of entire depreciation
in one go and zero import duty on lithium, iron
and cobalt to battery manufacturing industries
(ORF 2020).
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2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
• Bill management, reliability of
supply and crowdfunding and
lease-based business model
Agriculture accounts for approximately 23%
of sub-Saharan Africa’s GDP, this sector is
challenged by an unreliable power supply, the
rising cost of electricity, climate-induced drought
and limited access to finance for clean energy.
Zimbabwe’s leading fruit and vegetable exporter,
Nhimbe Fresh, struck a deal with South African
solar leasing platform Sun Exchange to install 500
kW solar plant with 1MWh of battery storage for its
cold store and packhouse facilities (Sun Exchange
2020).
Sun Exchange runs a solar crowdfunding model
that enables people around the world (who can
earn a rental income in cryptocurrency) to purchase
solar cells (built into modules) and then lease
them for 20 years to power schools, businesses,
and other organizations. Energy consumers at the
solar projects benefit from affordable electricity
for no upfront cost and pay for the solar power
consumed (Mercom India 2020b).
The introduction of BtM Solar Plus Energy Storage
delivers a continuous, reliable power, mitigation
of frequent grid power outages and cheaper
operating cost compared to diesel generators. The
BtM system not only provides bill management
which would result in 60% annual energy cost
reduction for Nhimbe Fresh’s facilities’ but also
reduce grid carbon emissions by more than 1,000
kilograms per year.
This project also contributes to Zimbabwe’s
renewable energy policy to generate at least 1.5
GW of solar power by 2030 (Mercom India 2020a).
• CASE STUDY 2
BtM Solar Plus Energy Storage project for Zimbabwe’s leading
cold store and packhouse facilities
Photo credit: (Disrupt Africa 2020)
• Perception of a high price
There is a general perception that energy storage
is expensive. Despite the recent trend in cost
reduction for solar PV and batteries, components
such as hybrid inverters are still in the higher price
range. Inverters have a major impact on a storage
project as they significantly influence capital cost,
system performance and financial returns. For
a DC-coupled BtM solar plus energy system –
hybrid inverters are required, which are costlier
than on-grid solar inverters. With a maturing
market, however, the prices for hybrid inverters
are expected to fall over the next few years.
• Absence of metering
mechanism and rate design
for surplus energy
Currently, HT consumers in Tamil Nadu are
excluded from the solar net feed-in mechanism.
This result either in curtailment of excess solar
energy or feed-in of the excess into the grid free
of cost, thereby reducing the cost savings to the
consumers. Additionally, it prevents utilities to
benefit from the values BtM solar plus energy
storage systems can provide for grid management.
• Capacity limitations
Limitations under the paralleling mechanism may
prevent the realization of the ‘Towards Net Zero’
scenario. Under the paralleling mechanisms, solar
PV systems greater than 1 MW are not permitted
without a dedicated feeder.
THE
BARRIERS
06
Moreover, BtM solar plus energy storage system
are limited to the sanctioned load of the service
connection. A regulatory process that permits
consumers to exceed this generation capacity limit
along with energy storage will be required in order
to make the ‘Towards Net Zero Case’ a reality.
• Higher Import Duty
Import duty for solar inverter has been increased
from 5% to 20% (w.e.f. 2nd February 2021) and
inputs, parts and sub-parts for manufacture of
lithium-ion battery and battery pack has been
increased from 0% to 2.5% (w.e.f.1st April 2021)
(Budget 2021).
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
has proposed to impose basic customs duty of 40%
on solar modules and 25% on solar cells (w.e.f.
1st April 2022) this is supported by the Ministry of
Finance, as it looks to cut imports and boost local
manufacturing capacities (MNRE 2021).
This is expected to inflate the system cost for solar
plus energy storage systems.
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2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
• Market Design
Energy Storage will offer an increasing range of
services for customers and utilities. Market design
for ancillary services and aggregation of BtM
solar energy and storage systems will have to be
developed by the regulators.
The inclusion of all consumer tariff categories (HT
and LT) under the net feed-in mechanisms will be
required.
ToD tariffs for import and export (ideally short and
high and with critical peak pricing) appear to be
the low-hanging fruit in order to propel BtM solar
plus energy storage systems. The design of the
ToD feed-in tariff rates will need to be fair, for both
the consumers and the utilities, and reflect the
actual cost of generation and storage. The Tamil
Nadu Solar Energy Policy 2019 already suggests
the introduction of ToD tariffs for BtM solar and
energy storage systems (TEDA 2019).
• Forward-looking regulations
Forward-looking interconnection regulations and
standardized communication and control protocols
will be required to leverage grid-services that can
be provided by BtM storage systems. 49.7% of
the global battery storage capacities are currently
used for frequency regulation and voltage control
(Deloitte 2018).
WAY
FORWARD
07
Developing such regulations proactively will create
an enabling environment for BtM solar plus energy
storage systems in Tamil Nadu.
• Utility / third party facilitated
solar plus energy storage
Utilities / third party owners can focus on offering
BtM solar plus energy storage as a service for HT
consumer under a RESCO or lease model. At the
same time, these storage systems can provide
balancing and ancillary services to utilities. In such
a case the energy storage systems will attract
multiple revenue streams through value stacking.
• Aggregator, ‘as-a-service’
business model and bill
management
A US-based company called Stem, largely
focused in the commercial and industrial (CI)
segment of the energy storage market, creating
virtual power plants (VPPs) through connecting
batteries at office buildings and industrial sites
(Energy Storage News 2020).
From using stored renewable energy to reduce
peak demand and lower energy costs for CI
customers and using their systems to provide grid
services, Stem Inc has been one of the primary
movers in the BtM energy storage-as-a-service
market. Stem combined BtM energy storage
with analytics via a platform that uses artificial
intelligence to dispatch and reconfigure a network
of batteries at a moment’s notice to keep demand
charges in check for the CI customer. Apart from
energy cost reduction, Stem also provides various
values streams such as solar self-consumption,
resilience and sustainability. On the flip side,
Stem offers utilities and grid operators the ability
to absorb or discharge energy from the system
to balance the grid and offset capacity shortfalls
(Energy Storage News 2018, 2020).
• CASE STUDY 3
Advances in digital technologies spur new business models
Photo credit: (Recharge 2016)
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ANNEXURE 1:
Assumptions
• Best Economic Returns and Towards Net Zero
Solar PV System capital cost (w/o solar PCU cost) INR/kW 36,000
Hybrid inverter capital in base year INR/kW 30,000
Battery pack capital cost in base year INR/kWh 21,000
Cost for storage container and others INR 1,050
EPC cost INR 15,000
ToD Solar export – Normal hour (10 AM to 5 PM) INR/kWh 2.08
ToD Solar export – Off-peak hour (10 PM to 5 AM) INR/kWh 1.98
ToD Solar export – Peak hour (6 AM to 9 AM 6 PM to 9 PM) INR/kWh 2.50
• Office (HT - III)
ToD Grid Import – Normal hour (10 AM to 5 PM) INR/kWh 8.00
ToD Grid Import – Off-peak hour (10 PM to 5 AM) INR/kWh 7.60
ToD Grid Import – Peak hour (6 AM to 9 AM 6 PM to 9 PM) INR/kWh 9.60
• Automobile Industry (HT - IIA)
ToD Grid Import – Normal hour (10 AM to 5 PM) INR/kWh 6.35
ToD Grid Import – Off-peak hour (10 PM to 5 AM) INR/kWh 6.03
ToD Grid Import – Peak hour (6 AM to 9 AM 6 PM to 9 PM) INR/kWh 7.62
• Educational Institute (HT - IA)
ToD Grid Import – Normal hour (10 AM to 5 PM) INR/kWh 6.35
ToD Grid Import – Off-peak hour (10 PM to 5 AM) INR/kWh 6.03
ToD Grid Import – Peak hour (6 AM to 9 AM 6 PM to 9 PM) INR/kWh 7.62
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2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE 2021 SOLAR PLUS ENERGY STORAGE
Li-ion cost reduction curve (Schmidt et al. 2017) Inverter cost reduction curve (Auroville Consulting 2021)
Solar PV Cost reduction Curve (Auroville Consulting 2021)