The document discusses the relationship between motivation and cognitive science. It notes that while cognitive science often does not address motivation, motivation and cognition are intertwined aspects of psychological processes. Motivation influences cognitive processing in humans in several ways. Goals activate related concepts and influence priorities and processes used to achieve goals. Different motivational states like promotion vs prevention focus can affect what information is easier to process and the types of reasoning used. Regulatory fit between motivational focus and task structure improves performance for some tasks. Understanding motivation is crucial for computational models of the mind to account for why and how humans act.
OB foundations of individual behaviour and motivationAnushaMokhriwale1
The slide consists of content for MBA and BBA I sem students who have Organization Behaviour in their curriculum.
Contents :
1.Definition
2.Elements of OB
3. Personality definition, nature, characteristics and determinants
4.Attributes of Personality
5. Job attitude
6. Job Satisfaction
7.Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment
8. Case study related to Job attitude
9. Learning definition, types of learners, characteristics of learning and process
10. Applications of learning
11. Theories of Learning
12. What is Perception and its process
13. 2 case studies related to perception
14. Motivation, features of motivation and characteristics
15. Different theories of motivation with links
Note : The content which I have gathered is from google various sources, so all the copyrights are reserved with them.
Hope it helps :) All the best
Cross-Cultural Psychological Capital, Occupational Stress and Organizational ...Emmanuel Segui
Cross-Cultural Psychological Capital and Its Relationship With Occupational Stress and Organizational Socialization
Emmanuel Segui, Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF IMPULSIVITY IN DECISIONS MAKING DURING GAMBLING TASK:...Gyan Prakash
The aim of the current study is to understand impulsivity, reward and loss sensitivity in decision making using Iowa Gambling Task and investigate how impulsivity affects decision- making using BIS/BAS scale. We investigate how the personality trait determines decision making using NEO-FFI scale. Method: We assessed 130 participants for conducting two types of experiment (1) Choice Behavior Test is conducted with the help of Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) on the computer screen.(2) Personality Test is conducted with the help of Behavior Inhibition system and Behavior Approach System (BIS/BAS), NEO-F FI( NEO-Five Factor Inventory) scale and Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI).Results: The result indicated that participants who were low on impulsivity fared worst on IGT task compared to the participants who were high on impulsivity. Similar results were demonstrated for personality traits and information processing styles. The results imply that personality traits determine decision-making process. Similarly, information processing styles evaluate preferences for information processing that determine the decisions making and Impulsivity affects decision making
“Impact of Behavioral Biases on Investors Decision Making: Male Vs Female”IOSR Journals
This study aims to investigate the influence of behavioral biases on investment decisions made by students and employees. This objective was achieved by administering a questionnaire and collecting empirical data from graduate & post graduate students and employees about their own perceptions of biases. Questionnaire was distributed among the sample of hundred students/employees from which 45% were students and 55% were employees. Two statistical techniques were used to analyze collected data. Correlation was used to analyze the relationship of overconfidence bias with illusion of control bias, familiarity bias, loss aversion bias and confirmation bias. Chi-square was used to determine the significant difference between the responses of male and female about overconfidence bias. Results of this study reports weak negative correlation between overconfidence bias and other behavioral bias discussed in the study. This study concludes there is no significant difference between the responses of male and female decision making regarding overconfidence bias.
OB foundations of individual behaviour and motivationAnushaMokhriwale1
The slide consists of content for MBA and BBA I sem students who have Organization Behaviour in their curriculum.
Contents :
1.Definition
2.Elements of OB
3. Personality definition, nature, characteristics and determinants
4.Attributes of Personality
5. Job attitude
6. Job Satisfaction
7.Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment
8. Case study related to Job attitude
9. Learning definition, types of learners, characteristics of learning and process
10. Applications of learning
11. Theories of Learning
12. What is Perception and its process
13. 2 case studies related to perception
14. Motivation, features of motivation and characteristics
15. Different theories of motivation with links
Note : The content which I have gathered is from google various sources, so all the copyrights are reserved with them.
Hope it helps :) All the best
Cross-Cultural Psychological Capital, Occupational Stress and Organizational ...Emmanuel Segui
Cross-Cultural Psychological Capital and Its Relationship With Occupational Stress and Organizational Socialization
Emmanuel Segui, Industrial/Organizational Psychologist
INVESTIGATE THE ROLE OF IMPULSIVITY IN DECISIONS MAKING DURING GAMBLING TASK:...Gyan Prakash
The aim of the current study is to understand impulsivity, reward and loss sensitivity in decision making using Iowa Gambling Task and investigate how impulsivity affects decision- making using BIS/BAS scale. We investigate how the personality trait determines decision making using NEO-FFI scale. Method: We assessed 130 participants for conducting two types of experiment (1) Choice Behavior Test is conducted with the help of Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) on the computer screen.(2) Personality Test is conducted with the help of Behavior Inhibition system and Behavior Approach System (BIS/BAS), NEO-F FI( NEO-Five Factor Inventory) scale and Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI).Results: The result indicated that participants who were low on impulsivity fared worst on IGT task compared to the participants who were high on impulsivity. Similar results were demonstrated for personality traits and information processing styles. The results imply that personality traits determine decision-making process. Similarly, information processing styles evaluate preferences for information processing that determine the decisions making and Impulsivity affects decision making
“Impact of Behavioral Biases on Investors Decision Making: Male Vs Female”IOSR Journals
This study aims to investigate the influence of behavioral biases on investment decisions made by students and employees. This objective was achieved by administering a questionnaire and collecting empirical data from graduate & post graduate students and employees about their own perceptions of biases. Questionnaire was distributed among the sample of hundred students/employees from which 45% were students and 55% were employees. Two statistical techniques were used to analyze collected data. Correlation was used to analyze the relationship of overconfidence bias with illusion of control bias, familiarity bias, loss aversion bias and confirmation bias. Chi-square was used to determine the significant difference between the responses of male and female about overconfidence bias. Results of this study reports weak negative correlation between overconfidence bias and other behavioral bias discussed in the study. This study concludes there is no significant difference between the responses of male and female decision making regarding overconfidence bias.
UNIT - I: FOCUS AND PURPOSE: Definition, Need and Importance of organizational
behaviour – Nature and scope – Framework – Organizational behaviour models.
Running Head LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT1LIFE SPAN PARENTING.docxwlynn1
Running Head: LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT 1
LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT 2
Student's name: Emmanuel Domenech
Professor's name: Dr. Suzi Hundemer
Class: BEHS 343
Topic: Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Parenting (trait theory) Chapter 3: Approaches to parenting research(Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents)
Institution: University of Maryland University College
Date: June 9, 2019
Life Span Parenting Project
Children ought to be evaluated when it comes to their entire environment with the inclusion of whatever negative or positive parental influences that could exist, this is according to Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents. I have learned that one of the most refreshing impacts concerning parents is because mainly we work with their kids who are reaching the adolescent stage in regions of their personal/social, academic success, career development, and realm. Their work comprises of working in intervention and prevention (Denno et al., 2015). Counselors help students like who undergo rough times, for instance, in adolescent and help them in enlightening their skills of resilience to be equipped better in case of hitting tough times in the future.
The adolescent stage is characterized by uneven and dramatic integration of changes that are developmental into the day to day lives of young persons. Simultaneously, teenagers experience growing independence from their families, mood swings, and at times, rapidly increasing sexuality. The tasks of talking to them usually start within the units of the family. Often, as guardians, we tend to view our teens as fragile thus visit our pediatricians or doctors since we see them as people whom to seek advice from regarding both behavioral and physiologic issues (Shechtman, 2017). The ongoing relationship with the pediatrician and the family gives for enough prospects to offer support and guidance that is anticipated as our kids get into and move through the stage of adolescence.
Determinants of Parenting
As we all know, the parent-child relationship has a massive influence on most aspects of the development of a child. When behaviors, parenting skills, and optimal capabilities have a positive effect on the school achievement or self-esteem of a child, there is positive behavior and development on the kids.
Fig: Family-Based Therapy
Some other treatment programs that can be used to work in families include family therapy, family-centered therapy, or family-based therapy. These programs change from one to the other. These are effective when it comes to family counseling and help in coming to terms with the stage or any disorder that could arise in the process.
As far as I am concerned, therapy is vital when looking at parenting approaches. This is because when an individual is a child, through adolescent to when they mature to being adults, they require guideline on being better per.
Running head Discussion Week 32Organizati.docxjeanettehully
Running head: Discussion Week 3 2
Organizational Behavior
Melanie Fore
University of the Cumberlands
Introduction
At the very beginning of this course the authors stated the core topics of organizational behavior are motivation, leader behavior and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, attitude development and perception, change processes, conflict and negotiation, and work design. This week’s reading goes into depth of a couple of those topics: perception and motivation.
Chapter Six
Chapter six defines for us what perception is, “a process by which we organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.” There are a few factors that shape our perception, perceiver, target, and context. Our perception of people often come from our first impressions of them, we don’t get to know them. This is because of four shortcuts people take in judging someone. First, is selective perception, this means people judge based on their interest and background. Next, the halo effect, where people judge on a single characteristic. The contrast effects are where individuals compare someone who has a distinctive characteristic to others you know with the same characteristics. And lastly, is stereotyping. We know from previous chapters that stereotyping is based on the group to which someone belongs. When someone makes a decision, it is based on their perception. Generally, in organizational behavior there are three things that determine what kind of decision someone makes. One is the rational model. This is where someone decides, after they know all the information, on the option that has the highest utility. Bounded rationality is another. This means the person making the decision doesn’t know all of the information, but they can construct models that extract the essential features. Finally, there is intuition. This is where someone doesn’t know all the information, but they make their decision based on experience. There are several biases that can take place in decision making, these include overconfidence bias, anchoring bias, confirmation bias, availability bias, and hindsight bias. Along with biases, there are errors as well. These are escalation of commitment, randomness error, and risk aversion. Your decisions influence you as an individual and your organization. One of the most important things to know in any career and something that is taught in almost every class are ethics and that is also covered in the end of chapter six.
Chapter Seven
Chapter 7 and 8 cover the motivation topic of organizational behavior. Our authors define motivation as “the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.” Chapter seven is full of motivation theories. The early theories included, the hierarchy of needs, two-factor theory, and McClelland’s theory of needs. The hierarchy of needs include five needs: physiological, safety-sec ...
The Impact of Causal Relationships on Personal Outcomes: Analysing How Indivi...Dr. Devanand Mandrekar
Causal relationships are pivotal in shaping personal outcomes, underscoring the intricate connection between individual actions and the results they yield. Understanding how these causal relationships operate is crucial for gaining insight into the mechanisms through which our choices and behaviours impact the outcomes we experience. This research paper delves into the complexities of causal relationships and their influence on personal outcomes. It explores how individual actions contribute to establishing these connections and the potential for manipulation to enhance outcomes.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. What's the relation between
Motivation and Cognitive science?
“There actually is not much in cognitive psychology on
motivation -- cog psych seems somewhat against the idea of
motivated influences for some reason.”
“Cognitive Science often does not address motivation,
because cognition and representation are assumed to be
relatively independent of action”
Models of motivation and cognition often have little intrinsic
relationship with each other.
4. A new research area in Cognitive Science
Research has only begun to explore the implications of motivation on
information processing. This link between motivation and cognition is an
important area of future research.
Cognition and motivation do not constitute distinct subsystems of psychological
processes. Instead, they are aspects of one underlying ontology of interactive
systems.
we focus on motivation, which we take to be another under-represented area in
the field. motivational states influence cognitive processing in humans.
5. Goal of this Presentation
This Presentation reviews some recent research
on the interface between motivation and
cognition and draws out the implications of this
work for computational cognitive science.
6. Motivation Effect on cognitive
models of action
People’s lack of conscious access to key aspects of their
current motivational state has important implications for
cognitive models of action.
While people clearly have representations of desired
end-states they would like to achieve, many aspects of
the motivational system are not consciously accessible
7. Motivation Effect on cognitive
elements
the processes that construct mental
representations are deeply influenced by an
individual’s motivational state.
8. Motivational effect on mixture of
implicit and explicit processes
different motivational conditions can affect the
relative use of implicit and explicit processes in
learning(Arthur B. Markman, W. Todd Maddox, Darrell A. Worthy
and Grant C. Baldwin, 2007).
9. Motivational effect on reasoning
and decision making
cultural differences in reasoning may be attributed to
motivational factors that differ across cultures(Briley & Wyer,
2002; Hong & Chiu, 2001; Kim & Markman, 2006).
changes in motivational states can alter the choices
people make and the processes they use to reach
decisions(Higgins et al.,2003; Loewenstein, 1996).
10. Goals activate sub goals and
means
Changes in accessibility influence
cognitive performance.
11. Types of Goals
Goals with positive end states are called approach
goals, while goals with negative end states are called
avoidance goals.
13. Different goals result in different
Cognition
Approach and avoidance goals are not only distinct
conceptually, but also they likely involve quite different
neural structures in humans and other animals (Fanselow
1995, Pickering and Gray 2001). The approach and avoidance
systems are separate, because different kinds of actions
are appropriate for approaching desired states and
avoiding undesired states.
14. Promotion Vs prevention focus
There is a state of readiness for approach called a
promotion focus, and a state of readiness for avoidance
called a prevention focus. Individuals with a promotion
focus are sensitive to potential gains in the environment.
In contrast, individuals with a prevention focus are
sensitive to potential losses in the environment.
15. The goal leads to the focus
situations may induce a regulatory focus. In particular,
when people are pursuing a particular approach goal,
they often have an active promotion focus. Similarly,
when people are pursuing an avoidance goal, they
often have an active prevention focus.
16. Focus Point affect level of cognitive
process
Positive characteristics of a product are easier to
process for people with a promotion focus than for
people with a prevention focus, while the reverse is true
for people with a prevention focus.
17. Regulatory Fit
When one’s Focus matches the reward structure of the
task
Regulatory Fit affects Mental representation and
cognitive processes.
18. Regulatory Fit
Regulatory Fit between the situational focus and the
reward structure leads to greater cognitive performance
in some tasks.
Regulatory fit promotes explicit processing. Participants
with a regulatory fit are more likely to use rule-based
processes than are participants with a regulatory
mismatch.
19. Regulatory Fit
Unlike adults, nine-year-olds perform better in the
promotion condition than in the prevention condition
regardless of task reward structure.
There is also evidence that children process gains and
losses in the same way and that the tendencies toward
risk-seeking or risk-aversion do not develop until
adulthood
20. 2 main effects of motivation system
on computational models of mind
Activation of a goal causes activation of related
concepts. So we know what information would
computational systems process.
Approach or Avoidance focus affects the goals’
priorities and cognitive processes to reach the goals
21. Motivation’s effects on Cognition
1. The processes that construct mental representations are
deeply influenced by an individual’s motivational state.
2. Different motivational conditions can affect the relative
use of implicit and explicit processes in learning.
3. Cultural differences in reasoning may be attributed to
motivational factors that differ across cultures.
4. Changes in motivational states can alter the choices
people make and the processes they use to reach
decisions.
22. Motivation’s effects on Cognition
5. Goals activate sub goals and means in mind. Changes in
accessibility of the issues influence cognitive performance.
6. Approach or Avoidance focus affects the goals’ priorities
and cognitive processes to reach the goals
7. Positive characteristics of a product are easier to process for
people with a promotion focus than for people with a
prevention focus, while the reverse is true for people with a
prevention focus.
8. Regulatory Fit between the situational focus and the reward
structure in adults, leads to greater cognitive performance in
some tasks.
9. Regulatory fit probably promotes explicit processing.
23. How would robots act by themselves?
motivational processes are crucial for understanding
cognitive processes. Without motivation, people will not
act at all (Carver & Scheier, 1998).
behavior changes radically under different motivational
circumstances.
Such a fragmented model of mental phenomena is almost certainly false: motivation and cognition have evolved together and develop together and, consequently, must be more strongly integrated in order for their co-evolution and co-development to remain coordinated. If so, such models necessarily misrepresent the nature and interrelationships of motivation and cognition, and provide flawed guidance for developmental and educational policies and interventions.
مثلا ملت ناخودآگاه از داستانهایی که میخونن یا رفتار دیگران الگو(هدف) میگیرند و انگیزه پیدا میکنند رفتاری را نشان دهند.
در مدلهای شناختی معمولا هدفها را به عنوان بازنماییهای صریح در نظر میگیرند در حالی که انگیزش نشان میدهد خیلی از موقعها اهداف ناخودآگاه هستند.
مثلا ملت ناخودآگاه از داستانهایی که میخونن یا رفتار دیگران الگو(هدف) میگیرند و انگیزه پیدا میکنند رفتاری را نشان دهند.
در مدلهای شناختی معمولا هدفها را به عنوان بازنماییهای صریح در نظر میگیرند در حالی که انگیزش نشان میدهد خیلی از موقعها اهداف ناخودآگاه هستند.
As the psychological distance to a goal state narrows, the activation of avoidance goals increases more steeply than does the activation of approach goals.
یعنی در کل ما در انگیزش، به خط قرمزها بیشتر از اهداف عالی توجه میکنیم. یعنی تا وقتی در محیط خطر وجود دارد به اهداف دیگر فکر نمیکنیم و دنبال رفع خطریم.
In a decision criterion learning task with unequal payoffs, the subjects were more likely to maximize the reward when their motivation was in line with the reward structure (i.e. when they were in a regulatory fit), whereas they were more likely to maximize accuracy when their motivation did not match the reward structure (i.e. when they were in a regulatory mismatch).
Information about how children react to these motivational factors will be valuable in understanding how to structure classroom and testing environments to maximize students’ performance.
دلیل تفاوت تأثیر انگیزش روی فرایندهای ذهنی بزرگسالان و کودکان احتمالا این است که ذهن کودکان تکامل نیافته و مثلا کمتر اهل ریسک هستند و یا انگیزش اجتنابی استرس و فشار زیادی روی آنها وارد میکند و کلا عملکرد را خراب میکند و یا اینکه اکثر بازیها و فعالیتهای آنها تشویقی است و به آن عادت کردهاند.