This document provides an overview of basic radiation safety. It discusses the history of radiation use, natural and man-made sources of radiation, and different types of radiation including ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Key topics covered include radiation exposure limits and regulations, detection of radiation, safe practices, and biological effects of radiation. The document recommends further radiation safety training and provides contact information for the university's radiation safety program.
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
History of Radiation
Natural and Man-Made Background Sources of Radiation
Fundamentals
Exposure Limits & Regulations
Detection of Radiation
Safe Practices with Radiation
Biological Effects of Radiation
Where to Find Further Information
This presentation covers the history and fundamentals of radiation including the electromagnetic spectrum, types of radiation, atoms, and general radiation safety principles such as ALARA. Key topics include ionizing versus non-ionizing radiation, radiation sources, radiation effects on cells, comparison of radiation doses, and methods of personal radiation monitoring including film badges, pocket dosimeters, and thermoluminescent dosimeters.
Radiation Introduction, Hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Pro...Sabir Rasheed
Introduction of radiation, hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Protection.
Biology Effects.
Nuclear effects.
Different Radiation Measuring instruments.
1.Types of personnel monitoring devices
2.Instruments for measuring external Exposure.
This document discusses various sources of radiation and their biological effects. It covers natural sources like radon, cosmic, and terrestrial radiation. It also discusses man-made medical sources. The annual background radiation dose for the average person is outlined. Different types of ionizing radiation like x-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles are described along with their penetrating abilities and appropriate shielding. Radiation units like rad, rem, and guidelines like ALARA and dose limits are defined. The biological effects of radiation like somatic, genetic and threshold/non-threshold effects are summarized. Radiosensitivity of different tissues is addressed. Radiation protection techniques like minimizing exposure time, increasing distance, and using proper shielding and PPE are recommended.
Module 5 radiation detection, american fork fire rescuejhendrickson1983
This document discusses radiation sources, types of radiation, and radiation detection devices for emergency responders. It identifies common radiation sources, describes how radiation can impact humans, and defines key radiation measurement terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and half-life. The document outlines different types of radiation detectors including Geiger-Mueller tubes, scintillation crystals, and gamma spectroscopy devices. It stresses that responders need training to safely monitor for and identify radiation during emergency events.
Module 7 radiation detection, american fork fire rescuejhendrickson1983
This document discusses radiation sources, types of radiation, and radiation detection devices for emergency responders. It identifies common radiation sources, describes how radiation can impact humans, and defines key radiation measurement terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and half-life. The document outlines different types of radiation detectors including Geiger-Mueller tubes, scintillation crystals, and gamma spectroscopy devices. It stresses that responders need training to understand radiation monitoring and detection to safely respond to potential radiation incidents.
The document discusses different types of radiation including ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays. It describes their properties and how they are emitted from radioactive atoms. It also covers radiation units, health effects of radiation exposure, and common sources of radiation including medical uses, consumer products, space exploration, and nuclear power. Radiation is used for a variety of applications but also poses health risks if exposure limits are exceeded.
A former Russian spy named Litvinenko died of radiation poisoning in the UK. Tests found high levels of polonium-210, a radioactive substance, in his urine. Experts said polonium-210 is dangerous if ingested or inhaled and can spread throughout the body and damage major organs. Litvinenko's death was described as unprecedented in the UK and he was apparently poisoned by radiation.
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
History of Radiation
Natural and Man-Made Background Sources of Radiation
Fundamentals
Exposure Limits & Regulations
Detection of Radiation
Safe Practices with Radiation
Biological Effects of Radiation
Where to Find Further Information
This presentation covers the history and fundamentals of radiation including the electromagnetic spectrum, types of radiation, atoms, and general radiation safety principles such as ALARA. Key topics include ionizing versus non-ionizing radiation, radiation sources, radiation effects on cells, comparison of radiation doses, and methods of personal radiation monitoring including film badges, pocket dosimeters, and thermoluminescent dosimeters.
Radiation Introduction, Hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Pro...Sabir Rasheed
Introduction of radiation, hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Protection.
Biology Effects.
Nuclear effects.
Different Radiation Measuring instruments.
1.Types of personnel monitoring devices
2.Instruments for measuring external Exposure.
This document discusses various sources of radiation and their biological effects. It covers natural sources like radon, cosmic, and terrestrial radiation. It also discusses man-made medical sources. The annual background radiation dose for the average person is outlined. Different types of ionizing radiation like x-rays, gamma rays, and beta particles are described along with their penetrating abilities and appropriate shielding. Radiation units like rad, rem, and guidelines like ALARA and dose limits are defined. The biological effects of radiation like somatic, genetic and threshold/non-threshold effects are summarized. Radiosensitivity of different tissues is addressed. Radiation protection techniques like minimizing exposure time, increasing distance, and using proper shielding and PPE are recommended.
Module 5 radiation detection, american fork fire rescuejhendrickson1983
This document discusses radiation sources, types of radiation, and radiation detection devices for emergency responders. It identifies common radiation sources, describes how radiation can impact humans, and defines key radiation measurement terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and half-life. The document outlines different types of radiation detectors including Geiger-Mueller tubes, scintillation crystals, and gamma spectroscopy devices. It stresses that responders need training to safely monitor for and identify radiation during emergency events.
Module 7 radiation detection, american fork fire rescuejhendrickson1983
This document discusses radiation sources, types of radiation, and radiation detection devices for emergency responders. It identifies common radiation sources, describes how radiation can impact humans, and defines key radiation measurement terms like absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and half-life. The document outlines different types of radiation detectors including Geiger-Mueller tubes, scintillation crystals, and gamma spectroscopy devices. It stresses that responders need training to understand radiation monitoring and detection to safely respond to potential radiation incidents.
The document discusses different types of radiation including ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays. It describes their properties and how they are emitted from radioactive atoms. It also covers radiation units, health effects of radiation exposure, and common sources of radiation including medical uses, consumer products, space exploration, and nuclear power. Radiation is used for a variety of applications but also poses health risks if exposure limits are exceeded.
A former Russian spy named Litvinenko died of radiation poisoning in the UK. Tests found high levels of polonium-210, a radioactive substance, in his urine. Experts said polonium-210 is dangerous if ingested or inhaled and can spread throughout the body and damage major organs. Litvinenko's death was described as unprecedented in the UK and he was apparently poisoned by radiation.
This document discusses various sources of radiation exposure, both natural and man-made. It describes different types of radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. It explains how radiation can damage cells and biological tissues through ionization. Key concepts covered include radiation dose measurements using units such as rad, rem, and sievert. The document outlines radiation protection principles like minimizing time, distance and shielding of radiation sources. It discusses radiation exposure limits and the importance of keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable.
The document provides an overview of radiation safety training, defining radiation and ionizing radiation, describing different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, and outlining key radiation safety concepts such as ALARA, dose limits, shielding, and protecting pregnant patients and personnel.
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the process of emitting energy through waves or particles, and identifies ionizing radiation as radiation that can knock electrons out of atoms. The types of ionizing radiation are identified as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Sources of radiation include naturally occurring materials, medical equipment, consumer products, and industrial uses. Exposure to radiation can damage cells and DNA, potentially leading to cell death or cancer development over time. Methods to control radiation exposure include minimizing time spent near sources, maximizing distance, and using shielding to block radiation.
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the emission of energy through waves or particles. Ionizing radiation like alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons have sufficient energy to damage atoms and DNA. Sources include naturally occurring radioactive materials in the environment and man-made sources like nuclear reactors, medical equipment, and consumer products. Exposure to high doses of radiation can damage cells and lead to health issues like cancer, but risks are low from everyday sources like medical x-rays. The document recommends limiting radiation exposure through reducing time spent near sources, increasing distance, and using shielding when possible.
The document discusses various topics related to x-rays and radiation, including:
1) X-ray machine components and how they work to produce x-rays based on kVp, mA, and time settings.
2) Two types of radiation detection - gas filled detectors and scintillation detectors.
3) Bremsstrahlung radiation occurring when an electron passes close to an atomic nucleus and loses kinetic energy as an x-ray photon.
4) Key concepts in radiation protection including time, distance, shielding, and ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle.
Rad safety at hospitals v 0_7 (25-jun-2010) peter+nyanTunoo
The document discusses principles of ionizing radiation safety in a hospital environment. It describes how radiation is used in medical applications like imaging and treatment due to its ability to penetrate tissue. While radiation is useful, it can also cause biological damage. Basic radiation safety principles include justification of use, optimization of doses using ALARA, and limiting exposure. The document outlines various radiation types, interactions with human tissue, monitoring devices, exposure modes in different hospital departments and equipment.
Radiation detectors work by exploiting how radiation interacts with matter to produce measurable signals. The document discusses several types of radiation detectors, including gas-filled detectors like Geiger-Muller counters, scintillation detectors, and semiconductor detectors. It explains how each detector works and its applications, advantages, and limitations. The document also covers topics like pulse processing, resolving time, and quenching in Geiger counters to restore the detector to a quiescent state between detections.
This document provides an overview of radiation awareness and safety. It defines radiation as energy that can penetrate materials and cause ionization. There are two types: photons and particles. Radiation is not visible or detectable by our senses. Natural sources include cosmic rays, materials in our environment and bodies. Radiation protection aims to prevent deterministic effects and limit stochastic effects. The principles of justification, optimization and dose limits are explained in relation to patients, public and radiation workers. Various methods of protection include time, distance, shielding, protective equipment and monitoring with devices like film badges and TLD badges. The annual fatality rates from accidents are lower in radiation industries than most other occupations.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure, including radiation sickness caused by changes to living tissues, as well as somatic and genetic effects. It describes the mechanisms by which ionizing radiation interacts with and damages biological molecules and cells, leading to both acute and long-term health consequences like cancer and genetic mutations. Guidelines are provided for radiation safety and protection measures to minimize exposure when working with radiation sources.
Acute Radiation Syndrome results from exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation which damages cellular DNA. It progresses through three stages - prodromal (GI symptoms within hours), latent (asymptomatic bone marrow suppression within days to weeks) and manifest (multi-system organ involvement within weeks). The severity of illness depends on radiation dose with doses over 1 Sievert likely causing acute radiation syndrome and over 3 Sieverts being potentially lethal without treatment. Management involves supportive care, antibiotics, blood products, and growth factors with prognosis guided by initial lymphocyte counts.
Ionizing radiation comes from the decay of unstable atoms and includes alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays. It is measured in units of activity, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent, and can be used for power generation, research, medical procedures, and other applications. Prolonged or repeated exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to both acute and long-term health effects like cellular damage, radiation sickness, and increased cancer risk. Methods of radiation protection include containment, shielding, increasing distance, and limiting exposure time and frequency.
Health physics involves developing and applying knowledge of radiation protection. The objective is to protect people and the environment from unnecessary radiation exposure. Radiation includes ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays that have enough energy to ionize atoms, and non-ionizing radiation like microwaves. Radiation protection principles include minimizing exposure time, maximizing distance, and using shielding to reduce doses.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing and comes from natural and man-made sources. Ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays can damage biological tissues by ionizing atoms. Exposure to high doses can cause acute effects while long-term low doses are linked to increased cancer risks. Radiation protection methods aim to reduce exposure time near sources and increase distance and shielding between people and radiation. Exposure is monitored using personal dosimeters and survey meters to track doses and identify sources.
X ray laser safety training blackboard version 2021 - medical studentsTEFRANKLUTMBEDU
This document provides an overview of radiation safety for operating suites. It defines key terms like radioactivity, exposure, absorbed dose and equivalent dose. It describes different types of ionizing radiation like gamma rays, x-rays, alpha particles and beta particles. Sources of radiation discussed include radioactive materials, irradiators, imaging machines and linear accelerators. The document outlines personnel and patient techniques to reduce radiation exposure like increasing time and distance from the source and using shielding. It also covers radiation monitoring, dose limits, policies for pregnant workers and laser safety.
This document provides information on medical radiation safety. It discusses natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure, units used to measure radiation doses, and key principles of radiation protection including minimizing time, distance, and shielding. The document also covers radiation risks and perceptions, dose limits for occupational exposure, and requirements for radioactive waste management programs.
Radiation causes damage to living tissues and can cause both somatic (harmful to the person) and genetic (reflected in offspring) effects. The main mechanisms of damage are ionization, where radiation forms ions that interact with matter, and indirect effects where radiation breaks water molecules which generate reactive radicals that damage cells. Early effects include radiation sickness, while later effects include increased risk of cancer and shortened lifespan. Principles of radiation safety include increasing distance from the source, limiting exposure time, and using protective barriers like lead aprons and gloves.
This document outlines key principles of radiation safety, including definitions of common terms like exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their properties. Background radiation sources are identified. Recommended dose limits for occupational and public exposures are provided. The ALARA principle of maintaining radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable is introduced. Common radiation safety equipment and signage are depicted.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure. It provides an overview of radiation sources and the types of radiation. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA and lead to cancer or other health issues. The risk of cancer increases with higher radiation exposure but some risk exists even at low doses according to linear no-threshold models. Medical imaging is a major source of radiation exposure from diagnostic tests like CT scans.
Han 476 basic radiation safety training awarenessloum31945
This document provides an overview of radiation safety. It discusses the history of radiation and natural and man-made background sources. It also covers fundamentals, exposure limits and regulations, detection of radiation, safe practices, and biological effects. Specific topics include types of radiation, radioactive sources, allowable exposure limits, ensuring compliance, detection methods, and a summary of biological effects. The goal is to educate about radiation safety practices and regulations.
This document discusses various sources of radiation exposure, both natural and man-made. It describes different types of radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and x-rays. It explains how radiation can damage cells and biological tissues through ionization. Key concepts covered include radiation dose measurements using units such as rad, rem, and sievert. The document outlines radiation protection principles like minimizing time, distance and shielding of radiation sources. It discusses radiation exposure limits and the importance of keeping exposures as low as reasonably achievable.
The document provides an overview of radiation safety training, defining radiation and ionizing radiation, describing different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, and outlining key radiation safety concepts such as ALARA, dose limits, shielding, and protecting pregnant patients and personnel.
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the process of emitting energy through waves or particles, and identifies ionizing radiation as radiation that can knock electrons out of atoms. The types of ionizing radiation are identified as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Sources of radiation include naturally occurring materials, medical equipment, consumer products, and industrial uses. Exposure to radiation can damage cells and DNA, potentially leading to cell death or cancer development over time. Methods to control radiation exposure include minimizing time spent near sources, maximizing distance, and using shielding to block radiation.
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the emission of energy through waves or particles. Ionizing radiation like alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons have sufficient energy to damage atoms and DNA. Sources include naturally occurring radioactive materials in the environment and man-made sources like nuclear reactors, medical equipment, and consumer products. Exposure to high doses of radiation can damage cells and lead to health issues like cancer, but risks are low from everyday sources like medical x-rays. The document recommends limiting radiation exposure through reducing time spent near sources, increasing distance, and using shielding when possible.
The document discusses various topics related to x-rays and radiation, including:
1) X-ray machine components and how they work to produce x-rays based on kVp, mA, and time settings.
2) Two types of radiation detection - gas filled detectors and scintillation detectors.
3) Bremsstrahlung radiation occurring when an electron passes close to an atomic nucleus and loses kinetic energy as an x-ray photon.
4) Key concepts in radiation protection including time, distance, shielding, and ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle.
Rad safety at hospitals v 0_7 (25-jun-2010) peter+nyanTunoo
The document discusses principles of ionizing radiation safety in a hospital environment. It describes how radiation is used in medical applications like imaging and treatment due to its ability to penetrate tissue. While radiation is useful, it can also cause biological damage. Basic radiation safety principles include justification of use, optimization of doses using ALARA, and limiting exposure. The document outlines various radiation types, interactions with human tissue, monitoring devices, exposure modes in different hospital departments and equipment.
Radiation detectors work by exploiting how radiation interacts with matter to produce measurable signals. The document discusses several types of radiation detectors, including gas-filled detectors like Geiger-Muller counters, scintillation detectors, and semiconductor detectors. It explains how each detector works and its applications, advantages, and limitations. The document also covers topics like pulse processing, resolving time, and quenching in Geiger counters to restore the detector to a quiescent state between detections.
This document provides an overview of radiation awareness and safety. It defines radiation as energy that can penetrate materials and cause ionization. There are two types: photons and particles. Radiation is not visible or detectable by our senses. Natural sources include cosmic rays, materials in our environment and bodies. Radiation protection aims to prevent deterministic effects and limit stochastic effects. The principles of justification, optimization and dose limits are explained in relation to patients, public and radiation workers. Various methods of protection include time, distance, shielding, protective equipment and monitoring with devices like film badges and TLD badges. The annual fatality rates from accidents are lower in radiation industries than most other occupations.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure, including radiation sickness caused by changes to living tissues, as well as somatic and genetic effects. It describes the mechanisms by which ionizing radiation interacts with and damages biological molecules and cells, leading to both acute and long-term health consequences like cancer and genetic mutations. Guidelines are provided for radiation safety and protection measures to minimize exposure when working with radiation sources.
Acute Radiation Syndrome results from exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation which damages cellular DNA. It progresses through three stages - prodromal (GI symptoms within hours), latent (asymptomatic bone marrow suppression within days to weeks) and manifest (multi-system organ involvement within weeks). The severity of illness depends on radiation dose with doses over 1 Sievert likely causing acute radiation syndrome and over 3 Sieverts being potentially lethal without treatment. Management involves supportive care, antibiotics, blood products, and growth factors with prognosis guided by initial lymphocyte counts.
Ionizing radiation comes from the decay of unstable atoms and includes alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays. It is measured in units of activity, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent, and can be used for power generation, research, medical procedures, and other applications. Prolonged or repeated exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to both acute and long-term health effects like cellular damage, radiation sickness, and increased cancer risk. Methods of radiation protection include containment, shielding, increasing distance, and limiting exposure time and frequency.
Health physics involves developing and applying knowledge of radiation protection. The objective is to protect people and the environment from unnecessary radiation exposure. Radiation includes ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma rays that have enough energy to ionize atoms, and non-ionizing radiation like microwaves. Radiation protection principles include minimizing exposure time, maximizing distance, and using shielding to reduce doses.
Radiation can be ionizing or non-ionizing and comes from natural and man-made sources. Ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays can damage biological tissues by ionizing atoms. Exposure to high doses can cause acute effects while long-term low doses are linked to increased cancer risks. Radiation protection methods aim to reduce exposure time near sources and increase distance and shielding between people and radiation. Exposure is monitored using personal dosimeters and survey meters to track doses and identify sources.
X ray laser safety training blackboard version 2021 - medical studentsTEFRANKLUTMBEDU
This document provides an overview of radiation safety for operating suites. It defines key terms like radioactivity, exposure, absorbed dose and equivalent dose. It describes different types of ionizing radiation like gamma rays, x-rays, alpha particles and beta particles. Sources of radiation discussed include radioactive materials, irradiators, imaging machines and linear accelerators. The document outlines personnel and patient techniques to reduce radiation exposure like increasing time and distance from the source and using shielding. It also covers radiation monitoring, dose limits, policies for pregnant workers and laser safety.
This document provides information on medical radiation safety. It discusses natural and man-made sources of radiation exposure, units used to measure radiation doses, and key principles of radiation protection including minimizing time, distance, and shielding. The document also covers radiation risks and perceptions, dose limits for occupational exposure, and requirements for radioactive waste management programs.
Radiation causes damage to living tissues and can cause both somatic (harmful to the person) and genetic (reflected in offspring) effects. The main mechanisms of damage are ionization, where radiation forms ions that interact with matter, and indirect effects where radiation breaks water molecules which generate reactive radicals that damage cells. Early effects include radiation sickness, while later effects include increased risk of cancer and shortened lifespan. Principles of radiation safety include increasing distance from the source, limiting exposure time, and using protective barriers like lead aprons and gloves.
This document outlines key principles of radiation safety, including definitions of common terms like exposure, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent. It describes different types of ionizing radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays and their properties. Background radiation sources are identified. Recommended dose limits for occupational and public exposures are provided. The ALARA principle of maintaining radiation exposures as low as reasonably achievable is introduced. Common radiation safety equipment and signage are depicted.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure. It provides an overview of radiation sources and the types of radiation. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA and lead to cancer or other health issues. The risk of cancer increases with higher radiation exposure but some risk exists even at low doses according to linear no-threshold models. Medical imaging is a major source of radiation exposure from diagnostic tests like CT scans.
Han 476 basic radiation safety training awarenessloum31945
This document provides an overview of radiation safety. It discusses the history of radiation and natural and man-made background sources. It also covers fundamentals, exposure limits and regulations, detection of radiation, safe practices, and biological effects. Specific topics include types of radiation, radioactive sources, allowable exposure limits, ensuring compliance, detection methods, and a summary of biological effects. The goal is to educate about radiation safety practices and regulations.
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2. Outline
History of Radiation
Natural & Man-Made Background Sources of
Radiation
Fundamentals
Exposure Limits & Regulations
Detection of Radiation
Safe Practices with Radiation
Biological Effects of Radiation
Where to Find Further Information
3. First Known Human Use of
Uranium
79 A D
Roman artisans
produce yellow
colored glass in
mosaic mural near
Naples, Italy
4. Radium Effects Confirmed
1925
Suspicions develop
around watch dial
painters’ jaw lesions
Dentists diagnose lesions
as jaw necrosis due to
radium deposits in jaw
bone
Doctor notes bone
changes and anemia in
dial painters
5. What is Radiation?
Radiation: energy in motion
Radioactivity: spontaneous emission of radiation from the
nucleus of an unstable atom
Isotope: atoms with the same number of protons, but different
number of neutrons
Radioisotope: unstable isotope of an element that decays or
disintegrates spontaneously, emitting radiation. Approximately
5,000 natural and artificial radioisotopes have been identified
6. Types of Radiation
Non-Ionizing Radiation: Radiation that does not have sufficient
energy to dislodge orbital electrons.
Examples of non-ionizing radiation: microwaves, ultraviolet
light, lasers, radio waves, infrared light, and radar.
Ionizing Radiation: Radiation that has sufficient energy to
dislodge orbital electrons.
Examples of ionizing radiation: alpha particles, beta particles,
neutrons, gamma rays, and x-rays.
9. Terrestrial Radiation
Common radionuclides created during formation of earth:
–Radioactive Potassium (K-40) found in bananas,
throughout the human body, in plant fertilizer and
anywhere else stable potassium exists.
–Radioactive Rubidium (Rb-87) is found in brazil nuts
among other things.
Terrestrial radiation comes from radioactivity emitting from
Primordial radio nuclides - these are radio nuclides left over
from when the earth was created.
10. Terrestrial Radiation
Greatest contributor is 226Ra (Radium) with
significant levels also from 238U, 232Th, and 40K.
Igneous rock contains the highest concentration
followed by sedimentary, sandstone and limestone.
Fly ash from coal burning plants contains more
radiation than that of nuclear or oil-fired plants.
11. Let’s Compare Backgrounds
Sea level - 30 mrem/year
from cosmic radiation
10,000 ft. altitude - 140 mrem/year
from cosmic radiation
12. Consumer Products and
Radioactive Material
There are more sources of radiation in the
consumer product category than in any other.
Television sets - low energy x-rays.
Smoke detectors
Some more products or services:
treatment of agricultural products; long
lasting light bulbs; building materials;
static eliminators in manufacturing; and
luminous dials of watches, clocks and
compasses
13. Annual Dose from
Background Radiation
Total US average dose equivalent = 360 mrem/year
Total exposure Man-made sources
Radon
Internal 11%
Cosmic 8% Terrestrial 6%
Man-Made 18%
55.0%
Medical X-Rays
Nuclear
Medicine 4%
Consumer
Products 3%
Other 1%
11%
15. Ionizing radiation
Occurs from the addition or removal of
electrons from neutral atoms
Four main types of ionizing radiation
alpha, beta, gamma and neutrons
Alpha
Beta
Gamma (X-ray)
n Neutron
17. ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
How?
Time
Distance
Shielding
Why?
Minimize Dose
18. Time
Less time = Less radiation exposure
Use RAM only when necessary
Dry runs (without radioactive material)
Identify portions of the experiment that can be altered in order to
decrease exposure times
Shorten time when near RAM
Obtaining higher doses in order to get an
experiment done quicker is NOT “reasonable”!
19. Distance
Effective & Easy
Inverse Square Law
Doubling distance from source,
decreases dose by factor of four
Tripling it decreases dose nine-fold
More Distance = Less Radiation
Exposure
Tongs, Tweezers, Pipettes, Pliers
22. •
Shielding used where
appropriate
Significantly reduces
radiation effects
Lead
Plexiglas
Radiation Shielding
23. Radiation use will be labeled on door, work area & storage area
Research laboratories work with very low levels of radioactive materials
Safety can check for potential contamination prior to work in a lab that
uses radioactive materials
As a precaution: wear gloves, safety glasses and wash hands
Radiation Postings
27. Laboratory Wipe Tests
Fill out form RS-8
Draw map of laboratory
Take wipes of surfaces (10 cm2) throughout lab
Run wipes monthly for possible contamination
Document all information on form and place in
Radiation Safety Binder
29. Radioactivity
Rate of Decay / Potential to Decay
“Strength”
Curie (Ci) - 1 gram of radium
disintegrates
3.7 X 1010 disintegration/
second (dps)
Becquerel (Bq)
= 1 disintegration/second (dps)
1 mCi = 37 MBq
30. Exposure
Radioactivity is measured in Roentgens (R)
Charge produced in air from ionization by
gamma and x-rays
ONLY for photons in air
Rather infrequently used unit
A measure of what is emitted
31. Absorbed Dose
Energy deposited by any form of ionizing
radiation in a unit mass of material
Roentgen Absorbed Dose (rad)
Gray (Gy)
1 Gy = 100 rad
32. Dose Equivalent
Scale for equating relative hazards of
various types of ionization in terms of
equivalent risk
Damage in tissue measured in rem
(Roentgen Equivalent Man)
Q:risk of biological injury
rem = Q * rad
Sievert (Sv)
1 Sv = 100 rem
33. What do we really need to
know?
1 R 1 rad = 1 rem
For gammas & betas*
1 rad 1 rem
For alphas, neutrons & protons
1 rem = 1 rad * Q
34. And why do we want to know
it?
Dosage and dosimetry are measured and
reported in rems.
All the Federal and State regulations are
written in rems.
The regulators must be placated with
reports in rems.
35. Annual Radiation Exposure
Limits
Occupationally Exposed Worker:
rem mrem
Whole body 5 5000
Eye 15 15,000
Shallow 50 50,000
Minor 0.5 500
Pregnant Worker 0.5* 500*
_____________*9 months_
General Public: 100 mrem/year or 2mrem/hour
36. Why Establish Occupational
Exposure Limits?
We want to eliminate ability of
non-stochastic effects (Acute) to
occur
Example: Skin Reddening
We want to reduce the
probability of the occurrence of
stochastic effects (Chronic)
to same level as other
occupations
Example: Leukemia
Established from
Accident Data
37. Whole Body
Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)
TEDE = Internal + External
Assume Internal Contribution Zero
Unless Ingestion, Absorption or Inhalation
Suspected
Limit = 5 rem / yr
38. Ensuring Compliance to Radiation
Exposure Limits
Use the established activity limit for each isotope
Compare with similar situations
Estimate with meter
Calculate
Time, Distance, Shielding, Type, Energy, Geometry
Measure
TLD Chip, Luxel
Bioassay
39. Who should wear radiation
dosimeters or badges?
Those “likely” to exceed 10% of their
annual limit are required
Those who would like a badge
Minors & Declared Pregnant Workers*
41. Rules, Rights & Responsibilities as a
Radiation Worker
Department of State Health Services
Radiation Control
Texas Regulations for Control of Radiation
In Accordance with Texas Radiation
Control Act, Health & Safety Code, Ch
401
25 TAC (Texas Administrative Code) 289
47. More Radiation Misconceptions
Radiation does not
give you super human
powers
Radiation will not
make you glow in
the dark
48. Summary of Biological Effects of
Radiation
Radiation may…
Deposit Energy in Body
Cause DNA Damage
Create Ionizations in Body
Leading to Free Radicals
Which may lead to biological damage
49. Radiation Effects on Cells
Radio sensitivity Theory of Bergonie &
Tribondeau.
Cell are radiosensitive if they :
Have a high division rate
Have a long dividing future
Are of an unspecialized type
These are the underlying premise for ALARA
50. Response to radiation depends on:
Total dose
Dose rate
Radiation quality
Stage of development at the time of
exposure
51. Whole Body Effects
Acute or Nonstochastic
Occur when the radiation dose is large enough to
cause extensive biological damage to cells so that
large numbers of cells die off.
Evident hours to a few months after exposure (Early).
Late or Stochastic (Delayed)
Exhibit themselves over years after acute exposure.
Genetic
Somatic
Teratogenic
52. Most and Least Radiosensitive Cells
Low Sensitivity Mature red blood cells
Muscle cells
Ganglion cells
Mature connective tissues
High Sensitivity Gastric mucosa
Mucous membranes
Esophageal epithelium
Urinary bladder epithelium
Very High Sensitivity Primitive blood cells
Intestinal epithelium
Spermatogonia
Ovarian follicular cells
Lymphocytes
53. Comparison of Administrative, Regulatory and Biological
Effect Doses
100% of People Die,
CNS Syndrome
Permanent Infertility
Whole Body Regulatory Limit (5 rem/yr)
Eye Regulatory Limit (15 rem/yr)
50% of People Die (450 – 500 rad)
Nausea & Vomiting (10% of People)
Whole Body UTHSCH Administrative
Limit (0.125 rem/month)
Whole Body Exposure
Partial Body Exposure
Extremities Regulatory Limit (50 rem/yr)
Eye UTHSCH Administrative
Limit (0.375 rem/month)
Rad or Rem
Extremities UTHSCH Administrative
Limit (1.275 rem/month)
General Public Whole Body Regulatory
Limit (0.100 rem/yr)
No Clinical Symptoms Seen Below 10 rem
Cataract Formation
Loss of Hair
Skin Reddening
Decreased White Blood Cell Count
Ulcers on the Skin
Molecular Death (> 100,000 rad)
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
54. Medical Treatment
External Decontamination
Mild cleaning solution applied to
intact skin
Betadine, Soap, Rad-Con for hands
Never use harsh abrasive or steel
wool
Internal Decontamination
Treatment which enhances excretion
of radionuclides
55. <5 rem
82%
10-25 rem
5%
25-100 rem
3%
5-10 rem
8%
>100 rem
2%
How Often Does This Happen?
Results of reported exposure-related incidents in Texas
1956 – 2000
Source: Emery, et. al.
Only 2% at the
Level that Clinical
Effects From
Radiation Can be
Seen
(n=3,148)
56. Where to Find More Radiation
Safety Information….
Basic Radiation Safety Training (6-hr) Required
for All Individuals Working with Radiation
July 11 & 12th – 9 a.m. to Noon (both days)
Call at 713-500-5840
Website www.uth.tmc.edu/safety
Radiation Safety Manual
Important Safety Information Posted in Every
Laboratory (Yellow)