This document discusses radiation safety and fetal dose from nuclear medicine procedures. It provides information on radiation dosing concepts like Bq, mCi, rad, gray, rem, and sieverts. It notes diagnostic nuclear medicine typically results in radiation doses of 100-330 mrem which is low risk. Doses above 100 mGy to the fetus are a reason to consider termination but below that level the risks are low. It emphasizes minimizing radiation exposure to pregnant women and fetuses as much as possible to avoid unnecessary health concerns and termination of pregnancies due to misperceptions of risk from low dose exposures.
The document discusses several key questions about radiation effects: how much radiation is required to increase health risks, what health effects can occur from radiation exposure, and whether any level of radiation can be considered safe. It provides answers to these questions along a continuum, noting that risks depend on factors like radiation type, dose, and location of exposure in the body. While low levels of radiation are generally considered safe and unlikely to cause observable health effects, the linear no-threshold model assumes any dose carries a small risk of effects like cancer.
EUS2_How the Harmful Effects of Radiation can Affect Human HealthLayal Jambi
The document discusses the harmful effects of radiation on human health. It outlines the history of understanding radiation hazards from studies of radium dial painters, uranium miners, early medical workers and atomic bomb survivors. It defines radiation exposure and ionizing radiation, and describes the chain of biological events that can occur following radiation exposure, including effects on cells and tissues. The document concludes by discussing radiation protection practices aimed at limiting risk to people and the environment by keeping radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure. It provides an overview of radiation sources and the types of radiation. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA and lead to cancer or other health issues. The risk of cancer increases with higher radiation exposure but some risk exists even at low doses according to linear no-threshold models. Medical imaging is a major source of radiation exposure from diagnostic tests like CT scans.
Ppt. on Radiation Hazards by Dr. Brajesh K. Bendr brajesh Ben
This document discusses radiation hazards and provides information about radiation basics. It defines radiation as energy in transit that can be electromagnetic waves or high-speed particles. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms, causing ionization. There are two main types of biological effects from radiation exposure - deterministic effects that occur above a threshold dose and increase in severity with increasing dose, and stochastic effects which have no safe threshold and the probability of damage increases with increasing dose. Some key radiation hazards discussed are acute radiation syndrome, radiation-induced cancer risks particularly for leukemia and thyroid cancer, and fetal radiation risks which are most significant during early stages of pregnancy.
This document discusses radiation hazards and includes definitions of radiation, types of radiation like ionizing and non-ionizing, sources of radiation, and effects of radiation on different biological tissues. It covers topics like maximum permissible radiation dosage, acute vs chronic exposure, and effects of radiation on various tissues and whole body irradiation. It also discusses radiation protection principles for patients and clinicians, and concludes with recent advances.
Radiation can damage DNA through ionization, potentially leading to cell death or mutation and increased cancer risk; while high doses cause acute radiation syndromes like hematopoietic syndrome, even low doses slightly increase lifetime cancer risk proportional to dose; medical uses of radiation involve careful consideration of dose required versus risk to maximize benefits like cancer treatment and diagnostics using techniques like x-rays and radiotracers.
Radiation can cause both deterministic and stochastic biological effects. Deterministic effects occur when radiation doses exceed a threshold and the severity increases with higher doses. These include skin damage, hair loss and cataracts. Stochastic effects like cancer and genetic mutations may occur due to single or multiple low doses and only the probability increases with dose. Cancer is a delayed effect that can take years or decades to appear after radiation exposure. Genetic effects can impact future generations. Both effects have no threshold dose and can potentially occur from even the lowest doses.
A nuclear detonation would cause immediate and devastating effects:
1) A blinding gamma blast would blind all within 10 miles instantly.
2) A powerful pressure wave would cause bleeding from every orifice and shrapnel-like wounds.
3) Intense heat would fuel a massive firestorm with melting asphalt and people on fire jumping into rivers only to ignite again.
The document discusses several key questions about radiation effects: how much radiation is required to increase health risks, what health effects can occur from radiation exposure, and whether any level of radiation can be considered safe. It provides answers to these questions along a continuum, noting that risks depend on factors like radiation type, dose, and location of exposure in the body. While low levels of radiation are generally considered safe and unlikely to cause observable health effects, the linear no-threshold model assumes any dose carries a small risk of effects like cancer.
EUS2_How the Harmful Effects of Radiation can Affect Human HealthLayal Jambi
The document discusses the harmful effects of radiation on human health. It outlines the history of understanding radiation hazards from studies of radium dial painters, uranium miners, early medical workers and atomic bomb survivors. It defines radiation exposure and ionizing radiation, and describes the chain of biological events that can occur following radiation exposure, including effects on cells and tissues. The document concludes by discussing radiation protection practices aimed at limiting risk to people and the environment by keeping radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
The document discusses the health effects of radiation exposure. It provides an overview of radiation sources and the types of radiation. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA and lead to cancer or other health issues. The risk of cancer increases with higher radiation exposure but some risk exists even at low doses according to linear no-threshold models. Medical imaging is a major source of radiation exposure from diagnostic tests like CT scans.
Ppt. on Radiation Hazards by Dr. Brajesh K. Bendr brajesh Ben
This document discusses radiation hazards and provides information about radiation basics. It defines radiation as energy in transit that can be electromagnetic waves or high-speed particles. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms, causing ionization. There are two main types of biological effects from radiation exposure - deterministic effects that occur above a threshold dose and increase in severity with increasing dose, and stochastic effects which have no safe threshold and the probability of damage increases with increasing dose. Some key radiation hazards discussed are acute radiation syndrome, radiation-induced cancer risks particularly for leukemia and thyroid cancer, and fetal radiation risks which are most significant during early stages of pregnancy.
This document discusses radiation hazards and includes definitions of radiation, types of radiation like ionizing and non-ionizing, sources of radiation, and effects of radiation on different biological tissues. It covers topics like maximum permissible radiation dosage, acute vs chronic exposure, and effects of radiation on various tissues and whole body irradiation. It also discusses radiation protection principles for patients and clinicians, and concludes with recent advances.
Radiation can damage DNA through ionization, potentially leading to cell death or mutation and increased cancer risk; while high doses cause acute radiation syndromes like hematopoietic syndrome, even low doses slightly increase lifetime cancer risk proportional to dose; medical uses of radiation involve careful consideration of dose required versus risk to maximize benefits like cancer treatment and diagnostics using techniques like x-rays and radiotracers.
Radiation can cause both deterministic and stochastic biological effects. Deterministic effects occur when radiation doses exceed a threshold and the severity increases with higher doses. These include skin damage, hair loss and cataracts. Stochastic effects like cancer and genetic mutations may occur due to single or multiple low doses and only the probability increases with dose. Cancer is a delayed effect that can take years or decades to appear after radiation exposure. Genetic effects can impact future generations. Both effects have no threshold dose and can potentially occur from even the lowest doses.
A nuclear detonation would cause immediate and devastating effects:
1) A blinding gamma blast would blind all within 10 miles instantly.
2) A powerful pressure wave would cause bleeding from every orifice and shrapnel-like wounds.
3) Intense heat would fuel a massive firestorm with melting asphalt and people on fire jumping into rivers only to ignite again.
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) occurs after whole-body exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. There are three main syndromes that occur based on radiation dose: hematopoietic syndrome from 2.5-5 Gy causing bone marrow damage; gastrointestinal syndrome from 6-10 Gy causing gastrointestinal tract damage; and cerebrovascular syndrome over 10 Gy causing brain damage. The syndromes progress through prodromal, latent, and manifest illness stages and can result in death within weeks depending on the radiation dose and person's health. Recovery is possible for sublethal doses if intensive medical support is provided.
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, ionizing them. This can cause biological damage by producing free radicals that interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins. The effects of radiation are either deterministic, where severity increases with dose above a threshold, or stochastic, where probability of effects like cancer increases with any dose. Deterministic effects include cell killing while stochastic effects include somatic effects like cancer in exposed individuals and genetic effects that affect future generations. Risk to fetuses depends on gestational period, with early stages most sensitive. Techniques like ALARA, time, distance, shielding and protective materials can minimize radiation exposure.
This document summarizes the heritable effects of radiation exposure, including on germ cell production and fertility. It discusses the basics of genetics and DNA, how radiation can cause mutations, and different types of heritable diseases such as Mendelian, chromosomal, and multifactorial conditions. The document reviews studies on the effects of radiation exposure on fruit flies, mice, and humans. It also examines the sensitive periods of prenatal radiation exposure and potential outcomes such as death, malformations, growth issues, and cancer risks. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genetic and prenatal risks of radiation as understood from animal and human studies.
Ionizing radiation can cause biological damage through direct or indirect action on cells. The effects of radiation exposure depend on factors like total dose, dose rate, and part of body exposed. There are stochastic effects like cancer which occur randomly with no safe threshold, and deterministic effects like skin burns which have a threshold below which no effect occurs. Early effects appear within days of exposure while late effects can take years. Acute exposure involves a high dose over a short time compared to chronic low dose exposure. The principles of radiation protection are justification, optimization and dose limitation to reduce risk from radiation according to international standards.
This is my presentation for the final project in Design & Technology Boot Camp program at Parsons the New School for Design.
I created visualization of salad recipes and a website a processing game .
The document discusses Stanley Milgram's 1960s experiment that found most participants were willing to administer what they believed were painful electric shocks to strangers. It then lists examples of organizations and websites focused on positive social change through education, charitable donations, community building, and civic engagement. The key message is that individuals have the power to enact positive change in the world through both global and local actions.
The document discusses Stanley Milgram's 1960s experiment that found most participants were willing to administer what they believed were painful electric shocks to strangers. It then lists examples of organizations and websites focused on positive social change through education, charitable donations, community building, and civic engagement. The key message is that individuals have the power to enact positive change in the world through both global and local actions.
Digital Marketing (DMK201 at www.OnlinePIU.com) - Lecture 3: Planning for Dig...Ryan Busch
Lecture 3: Planning for Digital Marketing
Learning Objectives:
•Assess the relationships among a digital marketing plan, traditional marketing plan, and business plan.
•Explain the importance of situational analysis within marketing planning.
•Create SMART objectives for a digital marketing plan.
The document summarizes the 25th International Conference of Organization of Teratology Information Specialists that was held in Baltimore in 2012. It discusses presentations on topics such as patient perception of teratogenic risks, how economic challenges are affecting teratology information services, epidemiological research on various exposures, and counseling approaches. The document also describes a visit by the director of the Korean Motherisk Program to learn about the program in Toronto to help shape the vision and future of the Korean Motherisk Program.
1. The document is a letter from children pleading with their mother, the Earth, not to die from the damage that humanity has inflicted through greed and overconsumption of resources.
2. It announces the SEE Project, a global initiative to create awareness about environmental issues and unite humanity to adopt more sustainable practices through individual pledges to protect the Earth.
3. The SEE Project outlines specific pledges people can make to help heal the Earth, such as planting trees, reducing waste, using fewer polluting products, and engaging in outreach to spread awareness.
This is my introductory lecture to the body in performance from the first year undergraduate module 'Performance Perspectives' in the School of Performance and Culture Industries at the University of Leeds.
1) The document discusses the National Educational Technology Plan (NETP) which calls for a revolutionary transformation of the US education system to meet goals of increasing college graduates and closing achievement gaps.
2) The NETP presents recommendations in five areas: learning, assessment, teaching, infrastructure, and productivity to achieve these goals through technology-powered 21st century learning.
3) Examples of online education resources that are mentioned include academicearth.org, videolectures.net, khanacademy.org, and storynory.com.
The Motherisk Program in Canada provides drug and alcohol counseling to the public and performs research studies. It is led by Dr. Gideon Koren and has a clinic, call center, and laboratory. The program studies the transfer of drugs from mother to fetus using placental perfusion and analyzes hair samples to detect drug and alcohol use. Studies by the program found no increase in adverse fetal outcomes for babies exposed to domperidone and no association between isotretinoin therapy and congenital defects.
Performance using new media technologies often brings the performer into direct encounter with their virtual ‘other’, perhaps in the form of a projected image or a gaming avatar. What does this do to the performer’s understanding of their performance presence and kinaesthetic experience?
This paper and PhD research addresses the relationship between physical and virtual bodies as they are experienced by the performer. It draws upon Heidegger’s modelling of the hammer as the extension of the carpenter’s body, considering the virtual image as the extension of the performer’s body and ability to act in the world. I will build on common experiences identified in gaming culture such as the use of deictic markers to refer to a character (‘I’) and a kinaesthetic response to the shots fired at an avatar, and explore the nature of embodiment in a virtual body to explore key themes of agency, ownership and egocentric spatial representation.
Current research of the subject concerns challenging the myth of disembodiment in technology, fuelled by Cartesian dualism. I will go beyond this to examine more directly the experiential and philosophical nature of the embodiment of a virtual body, the factors which affect this and the effect that this has on the performer and/or audience member’s experience. It goes beyond questions of self and identity and impacts on our understanding of both our embodiment of technology and embodiment in everyday life.
This research crosses many fields including performance, philosophy and technology
Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) occurs after whole-body exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation over a short period of time. There are three main syndromes that occur based on radiation dose: hematopoietic syndrome from 2.5-5 Gy causing bone marrow damage; gastrointestinal syndrome from 6-10 Gy causing gastrointestinal tract damage; and cerebrovascular syndrome over 10 Gy causing brain damage. The syndromes progress through prodromal, latent, and manifest illness stages and can result in death within weeks depending on the radiation dose and person's health. Recovery is possible for sublethal doses if intensive medical support is provided.
Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, ionizing them. This can cause biological damage by producing free radicals that interact with DNA, RNA, and proteins. The effects of radiation are either deterministic, where severity increases with dose above a threshold, or stochastic, where probability of effects like cancer increases with any dose. Deterministic effects include cell killing while stochastic effects include somatic effects like cancer in exposed individuals and genetic effects that affect future generations. Risk to fetuses depends on gestational period, with early stages most sensitive. Techniques like ALARA, time, distance, shielding and protective materials can minimize radiation exposure.
This document summarizes the heritable effects of radiation exposure, including on germ cell production and fertility. It discusses the basics of genetics and DNA, how radiation can cause mutations, and different types of heritable diseases such as Mendelian, chromosomal, and multifactorial conditions. The document reviews studies on the effects of radiation exposure on fruit flies, mice, and humans. It also examines the sensitive periods of prenatal radiation exposure and potential outcomes such as death, malformations, growth issues, and cancer risks. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genetic and prenatal risks of radiation as understood from animal and human studies.
Ionizing radiation can cause biological damage through direct or indirect action on cells. The effects of radiation exposure depend on factors like total dose, dose rate, and part of body exposed. There are stochastic effects like cancer which occur randomly with no safe threshold, and deterministic effects like skin burns which have a threshold below which no effect occurs. Early effects appear within days of exposure while late effects can take years. Acute exposure involves a high dose over a short time compared to chronic low dose exposure. The principles of radiation protection are justification, optimization and dose limitation to reduce risk from radiation according to international standards.
This is my presentation for the final project in Design & Technology Boot Camp program at Parsons the New School for Design.
I created visualization of salad recipes and a website a processing game .
The document discusses Stanley Milgram's 1960s experiment that found most participants were willing to administer what they believed were painful electric shocks to strangers. It then lists examples of organizations and websites focused on positive social change through education, charitable donations, community building, and civic engagement. The key message is that individuals have the power to enact positive change in the world through both global and local actions.
The document discusses Stanley Milgram's 1960s experiment that found most participants were willing to administer what they believed were painful electric shocks to strangers. It then lists examples of organizations and websites focused on positive social change through education, charitable donations, community building, and civic engagement. The key message is that individuals have the power to enact positive change in the world through both global and local actions.
Digital Marketing (DMK201 at www.OnlinePIU.com) - Lecture 3: Planning for Dig...Ryan Busch
Lecture 3: Planning for Digital Marketing
Learning Objectives:
•Assess the relationships among a digital marketing plan, traditional marketing plan, and business plan.
•Explain the importance of situational analysis within marketing planning.
•Create SMART objectives for a digital marketing plan.
The document summarizes the 25th International Conference of Organization of Teratology Information Specialists that was held in Baltimore in 2012. It discusses presentations on topics such as patient perception of teratogenic risks, how economic challenges are affecting teratology information services, epidemiological research on various exposures, and counseling approaches. The document also describes a visit by the director of the Korean Motherisk Program to learn about the program in Toronto to help shape the vision and future of the Korean Motherisk Program.
1. The document is a letter from children pleading with their mother, the Earth, not to die from the damage that humanity has inflicted through greed and overconsumption of resources.
2. It announces the SEE Project, a global initiative to create awareness about environmental issues and unite humanity to adopt more sustainable practices through individual pledges to protect the Earth.
3. The SEE Project outlines specific pledges people can make to help heal the Earth, such as planting trees, reducing waste, using fewer polluting products, and engaging in outreach to spread awareness.
This is my introductory lecture to the body in performance from the first year undergraduate module 'Performance Perspectives' in the School of Performance and Culture Industries at the University of Leeds.
1) The document discusses the National Educational Technology Plan (NETP) which calls for a revolutionary transformation of the US education system to meet goals of increasing college graduates and closing achievement gaps.
2) The NETP presents recommendations in five areas: learning, assessment, teaching, infrastructure, and productivity to achieve these goals through technology-powered 21st century learning.
3) Examples of online education resources that are mentioned include academicearth.org, videolectures.net, khanacademy.org, and storynory.com.
The Motherisk Program in Canada provides drug and alcohol counseling to the public and performs research studies. It is led by Dr. Gideon Koren and has a clinic, call center, and laboratory. The program studies the transfer of drugs from mother to fetus using placental perfusion and analyzes hair samples to detect drug and alcohol use. Studies by the program found no increase in adverse fetal outcomes for babies exposed to domperidone and no association between isotretinoin therapy and congenital defects.
Performance using new media technologies often brings the performer into direct encounter with their virtual ‘other’, perhaps in the form of a projected image or a gaming avatar. What does this do to the performer’s understanding of their performance presence and kinaesthetic experience?
This paper and PhD research addresses the relationship between physical and virtual bodies as they are experienced by the performer. It draws upon Heidegger’s modelling of the hammer as the extension of the carpenter’s body, considering the virtual image as the extension of the performer’s body and ability to act in the world. I will build on common experiences identified in gaming culture such as the use of deictic markers to refer to a character (‘I’) and a kinaesthetic response to the shots fired at an avatar, and explore the nature of embodiment in a virtual body to explore key themes of agency, ownership and egocentric spatial representation.
Current research of the subject concerns challenging the myth of disembodiment in technology, fuelled by Cartesian dualism. I will go beyond this to examine more directly the experiential and philosophical nature of the embodiment of a virtual body, the factors which affect this and the effect that this has on the performer and/or audience member’s experience. It goes beyond questions of self and identity and impacts on our understanding of both our embodiment of technology and embodiment in everyday life.
This research crosses many fields including performance, philosophy and technology
This document discusses methylation of the MeCP2 gene and its potential intergenerational effects. It covers:
1) MeCP2 is a methyl-CpG binding protein involved in transcriptional repression. Mutations can cause Rett syndrome.
2) The structure and function of the MeCP2 protein, which binds to methylated DNA and recruits histone deacetylases to repress gene transcription.
3) The study aims to analyze relationships between maternal smoking, MeCP2 gene methylation levels, and baby phenotypes like weight, length and gestational age.
This document provides a guide to living in Gyeongsang province, Korea. It begins with contact information for the publisher, European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea (EUCCK). It then discusses the organization and objectives of EUCCK, including providing services and information to members and advocating on their behalf. It outlines the governance structure, including the Board of Directors and committees. It also provides information on EUCCK membership types and benefits. The guide is intended to help Europeans live and work comfortably in Gyeongsang province.
The document discusses world population trends over time. It provides population figures throughout history from 10,000 BC to 2000 AD. In 10,000 BC the world population was around 10 million. By 1750 it had grown to around 1 billion. Currently in 2020 the world population is estimated at around 7.8 billion and is expected to reach over 9 billion by 2050. The document also discusses challenges of supporting a growing population, such as ensuring adequate resources and the difficulties women in developing nations face in controlling family size without access to birth control methods.
This document discusses the risks of ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy. It notes that ionizing radiation is a known teratogen and can cause developmental effects, birth defects, and cancer risks to the fetus. The risks depend on the radiation dose and gestational period of exposure. Low doses below 5 rad are generally not considered high risk, while over 100 rad poses serious risks like mental retardation. Ultrasound and MRI are preferred over x-rays during pregnancy when possible due to radiation risks. Guidelines recommend evaluating risks and benefits of any radiation exposure case-by-case during pregnancy.
Radiation protection course for radiologists L4Amin Amin
1) Radiation exposure during weeks 8-15 of pregnancy poses the highest risk of detrimental effects like mental retardation and congenital abnormalities for the unborn child. Doses higher than 1Sv can cause abnormalities or death, while much lower doses may cause mental retardation.
2) The pre-implantation and organogenesis stages (weeks 2-9) are the most radiosensitive periods, as radiation exposure can cause embryonic or fetal death. During organogenesis, abnormalities are also more likely.
3) During the fetal growth stage, risks include mental retardation, diminished IQ, and increased risk of cancer induction depending on the trimester of exposure. Threshold doses exist for deterministic effects while stochastic effects like cancer have no
This document discusses the risks of ionizing radiation exposure during pregnancy. It defines ionizing radiation and teratogens, and outlines the critical periods of pregnancy when radiation exposure could impact fetal development. Exposure to high doses of radiation can increase risks of pregnancy loss, malformations, growth restriction, and cancer. The effects are dependent on radiation dose and gestational timing of exposure. Diagnostic procedures pose small risks but high doses over 50mGy or 100rad may cause mental retardation. Protecting the pregnant woman from unnecessary radiation is recommended.
Use of radiation in medicine (medical use of radiation)Dr Arvind Shukla
Radiation can be classified as ionizing or non-ionizing. Ionizing radiation such as gamma rays and X-rays have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, while non-ionizing radiation such as visible light does not. Sources of ionizing radiation include nuclear reactors, X-ray machines, and radionuclides. Radiation exposure can cause both stochastic effects like cancer that have no threshold dose and deterministic effects like burns that become more severe above a threshold dose. International guidelines establish limits for radiation exposure to protect occupational workers and the public.
Ionizing radiation can cause both deterministic and stochastic effects on the human body. Deterministic effects, such as radiation burns, occur above threshold doses and include skin damage, cataracts, sterility, and growth issues for children. Stochastic effects, like cancer induction, occur probabilistically with no safe threshold. The risk of cancer increases with radiation dose. Radiation protection principles aim to justify medical uses, optimize protection measures, and limit radiation doses. Attention to shielding, distance, equipment positioning, and monitoring can help reduce radiation exposures.
Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Healthforumonenergy
The document discusses the implications of low-dose radiation exposure from the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster for human health. It provides context on natural background radiation, established radiation exposure thresholds for increased cancer risk, and uncertainties in the linear no-threshold model for radiation risk. Exposure levels from Fukushima were generally low, with increased thyroid cancer risk estimated to be small for the most exposed infants. Japanese food radioactivity standards are highly protective, keeping exposure doses far below levels of natural background radiation. Health monitoring of cleanup workers continues due to small potential increased cancer risks from some exceeding 100 mSv exposure.
Fukushima NPP Disaster and Implications for Human Healthforumonenergy
The document discusses the implications of low-dose radiation exposure from the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster for human health. It provides context on natural background radiation, established radiation exposure thresholds for increased cancer risk, and uncertainties in the linear no-threshold model for radiation risk. Exposure levels from Fukushima were generally low, with increased thyroid cancer risk for the most exposed infants estimated to be less than 1%. Japanese food safety standards are highly protective, limiting additional lifetime cancer risk to negligible levels. Health monitoring of cleanup workers continues due to small potential increased risks.
The objectives of radiation protection according to the ICRP and NCRP are to prevent serious radiation effects and reduce stochastic effects to acceptable levels while allowing beneficial practices involving radiation exposure. This is achieved through principles of justification, optimization and dose limitation. Justification requires that practices only be adopted if benefits outweigh radiation risks. Optimization aims to keep exposures as low as reasonably achievable. Dose limitation sets defined exposure limits for workers and the public.
This document discusses ionizing radiation and its health effects. It defines ionizing radiation as radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or ionize them. Sources of ionizing radiation include alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause both acute effects like radiation sickness and chronic effects like cancer. The risk depends on the type of radiation, dose amount and exposure duration. Units used to measure radiation include the sievert (health effect), gray (energy absorbed), rem and rad. Natural and medical sources contribute most to human radiation exposure.
The document discusses radiation exposure during pregnancy from diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures. While thousands of pregnant women are exposed to radiation annually, for most patients the exposure is medically justified and the radiation risk is minimal. Higher doses from procedures like CT scans or radiotherapy administered during critical periods of pregnancy organ development can increase risks of fetal harm like malformations or mental impairment. The risks are dependent on the radiation dose and gestational period during exposure. Termination of pregnancy is generally not justified unless fetal doses exceed 100 mGy.
The document discusses radiation exposure during pregnancy from diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures. While thousands of pregnant women are exposed to radiation annually, for most patients the exposure is medically justified and the radiation risk is minimal. Higher doses from procedures like CT scans or therapeutic radiology can harm the fetus, with risks being greatest during organ development in the first trimester. Procedures should only be performed if the medical benefit outweighs the radiation risk to the fetus.
If bystander effects for apoptosis occur in spleen after low dose irradiation...Leishman Associates
This document summarizes a study on detecting radiation bystander effects at low doses in vivo by measuring apoptosis in mouse spleen. The study found:
1) No significant changes in apoptosis were detected at low doses of 0.01 and 1 mGy in temporal studies of mouse spleen up to 7 days post-irradiation.
2) Any expected apoptosis changes due to direct effects based on the linear no-threshold model at these low doses would be a small fraction of the natural variation in apoptosis levels.
3) If bystander apoptotic effects do exist in spleen after low dose irradiation, they fall within the normal homeostatic range of apoptosis in spleen.
The document challenges the linear no-threshold theory (LNT) of radiation carcinogenesis, which states that any amount of radiation exposure can cause cancer and that cancer risk is directly proportional to radiation dose, even at low doses. It provides several lines of evidence against LNT from experimental studies on animals and cells. These studies show that low doses of radiation can stimulate protective biological defense mechanisms and immune responses, and may even reduce cancer risk through an adaptive response. They also demonstrate that cancer risk does not have a linear relationship with low dose radiation exposure as LNT predicts. The document concludes that LNT is an overly simplistic model and should be rejected.
Presentation by David J. Eschelman, MD, FSIR. Presented at the 2018 Eyes on a Cure: Patient & Caregiver Symposium, hosted by the Melanoma Research Foundation's CURE OM initiative.
Safety of Mebendazole Use During Lactationmothersafe
This case series study evaluated the safety of mebendazole use in 45 lactating women and their infants. Mebendazole was administered using single or repeated doses and was well tolerated by both the mothers and infants, with no adverse effects observed in infants. Mild GI irritability occurred in two treated mothers. This study provides the first evidence that mebendazole is safe for use in breastfeeding.
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between the drug domperidone, which is commonly used off-label to stimulate lactation, and the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and mortality during the postpartum period. The study used a retrospective cohort of over 225,000 women in British Columbia between 2002-2011. It found a possible doubling of the risk of hospitalization for ventricular arrhythmia among those exposed to domperidone, though the results were not statistically significant. Larger studies are needed to confirm any association.
This document summarizes key findings from several studies on exposures during pregnancy and lactation. The studies found:
- Teratogen information services receive thousands of calls annually regarding exposures to medications, infections, herbs and other substances during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The majority of calls concern analgesics, cold medications, herbs and dietary supplements.
- Most calls are made by exposed individuals themselves, highlighting a need for more education during prenatal care about risks of nonprescription drugs and vaccines.
- While some drugs used to treat autoimmune diseases like methotrexate and leflunomide can cause harm if taken during early pregnancy, others like sulfasalazine, azathioprine and antimalarials are
(마더리스크라운드) Thyroid disease in pregnancy 임신 중 갑상선mothersafe
This study examined pregnancy outcomes for women exposed to antithyroid medications or levothyroxine for thyroid disorders. The study found that infants of mothers treated for hyperthyroidism with antithyroid medications were more likely to be born preterm or with low birth weight. However, treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine did not negatively impact birth outcomes and showed no increased risk of infant mortality. Additionally, the study found no evidence that levothyroxine exposure increased the risk of major congenital anomalies.
Diclectin in NVP, 44th 유럽기형학회보고 / 한정열 교수mothersafe
This document summarizes a presentation on making a difference as concerned scientists in an environmentally contaminated world. It discusses how scientists have identified problems like chemical pollution and investigated effects on human health. It provides examples like Rachel Carson's Silent Spring which brought attention to pesticide impacts and led to regulations. Endocrine disrupting chemicals can alter fetal development with impacts like reduced intelligence only appearing later. The document then summarizes several talks on topics like the impacts of maternal health conditions like diabetes and epilepsy during pregnancy, using the human placenta to test chemical safety, prenatal metal exposure and DNA methylation in the placenta, free fetal hemoglobin as a potential cause and target for preeclampsia, and revising guidelines
Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of major malformations in newborns. A study of over 2000 pregnancies found the risk of major malformations was 3.3 times higher for babies exposed to maternal smoking compared to non-exposed babies. Paternal smoking was also high among the smoking mothers, occurring in over 60% of smoking mothers compared to 38% of non-smoking mothers. Exposure to alcohol and lower education levels were also associated with increased risk of maternal smoking during pregnancy.
This document summarizes guidelines and studies on screening and management of subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Key points include:
- Guidelines from thyroid societies recommend trimester-specific reference ranges for TSH and treatment of SCH with levothyroxine.
- Studies show mixed results on associations between SCH and adverse pregnancy/child outcomes, and limited benefits of levothyroxine treatment.
- Targeted high-risk screening misses a significant percentage of women with thyroid dysfunction compared to universal screening.
- While evidence is still limited, most experts recommend universal screening to detect and treat overt hypothyroidism given potential benefits.
This document provides information about external cephalic version (ECV):
1. ECV is a procedure performed near term to manually turn a breech baby into a head-down position. The success rate of ECV is reported between 35-86%.
2. ECV has been performed since ancient times but was improved in the 1970s by performing it under tocolysis after screening with ultrasound and fetal monitoring. Recent studies show ECV effectively reduces non-cephalic births and C-sections for malpresentation.
3. Guidelines from obstetric organizations recommend offering ECV to women with a breech fetus near term due to evidence it can reduce C-sections. Factors like adequate amni
1. Proper management of diabetes before and during pregnancy is important to reduce risks of complications. Tight glucose control through medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and insulin treatment can decrease risks of fetal anomalies and growth issues.
2. Gestational diabetes is diagnosed through an oral glucose tolerance test and treated with lifestyle changes and possibly insulin to control blood glucose. Women with a history of GDM require follow up after pregnancy to screen for diabetes.
3. Preconception counseling and care is crucial for women with pre-existing diabetes to optimize health before pregnancy in order to lower risks during pregnancy through strict glucose monitoring and management.
This document discusses alcohol intake during pregnancy and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). It provides statistics on alcohol use during pregnancy from various studies. It notes that a safe level of alcohol during pregnancy has not been determined, as the effects of alcohol on the fetus are variable depending on factors like the mother's metabolism and drinking patterns. Low to moderate prenatal alcohol exposure has not shown effects in some studies, but other research has found children with FAS even with reported low alcohol intake. The document describes clinical features of FASD including facial abnormalities, growth issues, central nervous system anomalies, and functional impairments. It discusses diagnostic criteria from various organizations and guidelines for diagnosing FASD.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
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11. 인체 영향과 방사선
• 인체는 여러가지 원자로 구성되어 있으며
방사선이 인체를 투과할때 인체를 구성하
는 원자에 에너지를 부여하고 에너지가 부
여된 원자는 전리와 여기등 물리적인 작용
이일어 난다
• 전리와 여기작용은 세포핵에 있는 DNA로
구성된 염색체를 절단하거나 돌연변이등
의 이상을 일으키며 방사선장애의 근원
12. 방사선
• X ray, 무선통신에 사용되는 microwave,
컴퓨터나 가전제품의 전자파(radiowave),
투열요법의 고열(diathermy)에서도 나옴.
• 파장이 길고 적은량의 에너지 조직내 이온
화하지 못하므로 해로운 영향이 없다.
13. • R(roentgen)- amount of ionization
produced by a beam of x-ray or gamma
rays in air.
• Exposure level- detection such as
Geiger counters.
• The amount of radiation energy
absorbed by irradiated tissue
• - radiation dose- specified in rads or
grays.
14. Rad란
• 1 rad: 100ergs of energy absorbed per
gram of tissue
• 1 gray: 1 joule of energy per killogram
of tissue
• = 100 rads.
15. Biologic effect
• Depends -1, the number of ergs per gram
• 2, linear energy transfer of
radiation( density of ionization produced
by radiation)
• Alpha and neutron: 10-20 times more
ionization than X,gamma or beta
• == 각각다른 ㅡmultiplied by a radiation
weighting factor
• -new measurement-equivalent dose.
16. • Rem( roentgen-equivalent-man) or sieverts.
• X-ray,gamma, beta- factor -1
• = equivalent: roentgen,rads and rem
• Radiation dose-expressed in millirads instead
of millirems
• Gray and sieverts –numerically equivalent:
1Sv= 100 rems =1Gy=100rad
• Nuclear medicine: quite low-mrem,mSv
18. Radiation dose to the patient
• Whole body- not receive a uniform
radiation throughout body
• Ex> Tc0-99mMAG3 5mci- red marrow:
9mrem, bladder-as high as 850mrem
• 장기별-sensitive or resistant
• Effective radiation dose
• Diagnostic nuclear : 100-100mrem(1-
10mSv)- 평균- 330mrem(3mSv)
• 비교: background radiation: 300mrem/yr
19. Back ground radiation
flight radiation
• Due to indoor raon etc
• Another source- human body itself
• Travel : 0.5mrem/hr
• US background radiation- about
300mrem( 3mSv)
20. 선 량 한 도 :
50mSv/yr
선량한도
구 분
직업상 피폭 일반인 피폭
100 mSv/5년
유효선량한도 1 mSv/1년
(연간 50 mSv를 넘지 않는 한도)
등가선량한도
수정체
피 부 150 mSv/1년 15 mSv/1년
500 mSv/1년 50 mSv/1년
21. 등가
증 상 비 고
선량
0.25 Sv 거의 증상이 없음
0.5 Sv 임파구 일시적 감소
1 Sv 구토, 구역질, 전신권태, 임파구 현저한 감소
방사선피폭 결과 2일간 술취한 증상을 방사
1.5 Sv 방사선 숙취 50%
선숙취라 함
2 Sv 장기 백혈구 감소
사망률 50%를 반치사선량이라 부르고
4 Sv 사망 30일 이내에 50%
LD50/30이라고 씀
6 Sv 사망 14일 이내에 90%
7 Sv 사망 100% 100%는 치사선량임
22. Genetic effect of low dose
radiation
• Hiroshima/nagasaki descents
• - hazard 평가
• -no increase in incidence of prenatal
or neonatal death or malformation
• Complete data:not yet available
• : 종사자: 5rem/yr( 50mSv/yr)
23. Pregnant women
• 10-15 rem(0.1-0.15Sv) to a fetus
• - increased incidence of fetal
malformation,death or persistent
damage of genetic material
• Fetal dose –nuclear medicine-
=0.1-1rem
• Susceptible to congenital defect-1st T:
• frequent voiding등으로 최소화
24. Potentially pregnant women
• Ask when she had last mens period
• - postponed
• If patient dose not think she is pregnant,
• Fetal risk can be minimized by limiting
the radiation exposure to the first 10
days of mens cycle before ovulation
and potential conception.
30. • 확정적 영향(deterministic effects)
확정적 영향은 세포사에 따라 일어나며 피폭선량이 클
수록 많은 세포를 잃어버리게 되며 기관이나 조직의 기
능에 한층 중한 장해가 일어나는 영향이다. 임상적으로
병적상태라고 진단하는 데는 일정한 최소선량(문턱값)이
필요하다. 따라서 임상적으로 인정할 수 있는 장해의 발
생확률은 문턱값 이하의 선량에서는 영이 된다. 문턱값
을 넘으면 선량의 증가에 따라 장해의 중독도가 증가하
며, 또, 장해의 발생확률(빈도)도 급격히 증가해서 100%
의 환자에 장해가 발생하게 된다(그림-1). 또 방사선 치
료의 문턱값은 5년이내에 1-5%의 환자에게 장해를 일으
키는 선량으로 하고 있다.
31. • 확률적 영향(stochastic effects)
확률적 영향은 세포사보다 오히려 증식 가능한 하나의
손상 세포로부터 생겨나 선량이 증가하면 손상세포의 빈
도도 증가해서 결과로서 발암이나 자손에게 전해지는 유
전장해의 빈도를 높이는 것과 같은 영향이다. 손상 세포
가 임상적으로 발암 증상을 나타내기까지엔 다단계 과정
을 거쳐 10 억개 이상의 세포로 증식할 필요가 있다. 또
손상 생식세포도 자손의 유전장해로 되기엔 다단계의 수
정 선택과정을 거쳐 140조개의 세포로 증식할 필요가 있
다. 따라서 선량이 지나치게 크면 세포사 때문에 확률적
영향은 감소한다. 증식 가능한 손상세포는 선량이 낮더
라도 생겨날 수 있기 때문에 확률적 영향에는 문턱값 선
량이 없다고 가정할 수 있다. 또 선량의 증가에 따라 영
향의 정도는 변하지 않으며 영향의 발생확률만 증가한다.
32. 100mSv:ICRP
• Ann ICRP. 2000;30(1):iii-viii, 1-43.
• Pregnancy and medical radiation.
• International Commission on Radiological Protection.
• Abstract
• Thousands of pregnant patients and radiation workers are exposed to ionising radiation each year. Lack of
knowledge is responsible for great anxiety and probably unnecessary termination of pregnancies. For many
patients, the exposure is appropriate, while for others the exposure may be inappropriate, placing the
unborn child at increased risk. Prenatal doses from most properly done diagnostic procedures present no
measurably increased risk of prenatal death, malformation, or impairment of mental development over the
background incidence of these entities. Higher doses, such as those involved in therapeutic procedures,
can result in significant fetal harm. The pregnant patient or worker has a right to know the magnitude and
type of potential radiation effects that might result from in utero exposure. Almost always, if a diagnostic
radiology examination is medically indicated, the risk to the mother of not doing the procedure is greater
than is the risk of potential harm to the fetus. Most nuclear medicine procedures do not cause large fetal
doses. However, some radiopharmaceuticals that are used in nuclear medicine can pose significant fetal
risks. It is important to ascertain whether a female patient is pregnant prior to radiotherapy. In pregnant
patients, cancers that are remote from the pelvis usually can be heated with radiotherapy. This however
requires careful planning. Cancers in the pelvis cannot be adequately treated during pregnancy without
severe or lethal consequences for the fetus. The basis for the control of the occupational exposure of
women who are not pregnant is the same as that for men. However, if a woman is, or may be, pregnant,
additional controls have to be considered to protect the unborn child. In many countries, radiation
exposure of pregnant females in biomedical research is not specifically prohibited. However, their
involvement in such research is very rare and should be discouraged. Termination of pregnancy is an
individual decision affected by many factors. Fetal doses below 100 mGy should not be considered a
reason for terminating a pregnancy. At fetal doses above this level, informed decisions should be made
based upon individual circumstances.
33. Unnecessary termination
• Teratology. 1991 Feb;43(2):109-12.
• Exposure to ionizing radiation during pregnancy: perception of teratogenic risk
and outcome.
• Bentur Y, Horlatsch N, Koren G.
• Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• Abstract
• We quantified the perception of teratogenic risk in women attending the
Motherisk program for counseling about diagnostic radiation in pregnancy (n =
50) and compared it with a control group of women exposed to nonteratogenic
drugs and chemicals (n = 48). Before receiving known information about the
specific exposure, women exposed to radiation assigned themselves a
significantly higher teratogenic risk compared with the control group (25.5 +/-
4.3% versus 15.7 +/- 3.0% for major malformations, P less than 0.01). The
post-consultation perception of teratogenic risk did not differ
between the two groups. Special consideration and attention
should be given when counseling pregnant women exposed to
low-dose ionizing radiation, as their misperception of teratogenic
risk may lead them to unnecessary termination of their pregnancy.
34. Stochastic effect- as low as
possible
• Hell J Nucl Med. 2007 Jan-Apr;10(1):48-55.
• [Fetus radiation doses from nuclear medicine and radiology diagnostic procedures. Potential risks and radiation protection
instructions]
• [Article in Greek, Modern]
• Markou P.
• Health Care Unit Management, 9 Melenikou Str., 582 00 Edessa, Macedonia, Greece. markp@otenet.gr
• Abstract
• Although in pregnancy it is strongly recommended to avoid diagnostic nuclear medicine and radiology procedures, in cases of
clinical necessity or when pregnancy is not known to the physician, these diagnostic procedures are to be applied. In such
cases, counseling based on accurate information and comprehensive discussion about the risks of radiation exposure to the
fetus should follow. In this article, estimations of the absorbed radiation doses due to nuclear medicine and radiology diagnostic
procedures during the pregnancy and their possible risk effects to the fetus are examined and then discussed. Stochastic and
detrimental effects are evaluated with respect to other risk factors and related to the fetus absorbed radiation dose and to the
post-conception age. The possible termination of a pregnancy, due to radiation exposure is discussed. Special radiation
protection instructions are given for radiation exposures in cases of possible, confirmed or unknown pregnancies.
• It is concluded that nuclear medicine and radiology diagnostic
procedures, if not repeated during the pregnancy, are rarely an
indication for the termination of pregnancy, because the dose received
by the fetus is expected to be less than 100 mSv, which indicates the
threshold dose for having deterministic effects. Therefore, the risk for
the fetus due to these diagnostic procedures is low. However, stochastic
effects are still possible but will be minimized if the radiation absorbed
dose to the fetus is kept as low as possible.
35. Not teratogenic – diagnostic
radiation
• J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2006 Jan;28(1):43-8.
• Diagnostic radiation in pregnancy: perception versus true risks.
• [Article in English, French]
• Cohen-Kerem R, Nulman I, Abramow-Newerly M, Medina D,
Maze R, Brent RL, Koren G.
• Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and
Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, the Hospital for Sick
Children, Toronto, Ontario.
• Abstract
• Significant numbers of therapeutic abortions are performed for
radiation-exposed pregnant women because of concerns about
the teratogenic risk. However, available data suggest that
current diagnostic radiation procedures are not teratogenic.
36. Total 10mSv:PETCT
PET:7 +low dose CT:3
full dose CT:2-20mSv
• Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Feb 18. [Epub ahead of print]
• RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PATIENTS AND PERSONNEL FROM A PET/CT PROCEDURE WITH 18F-FDG.
• Leide-Svegborn S.
• Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
• Abstract
• The positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) camera is a combination of a PET
camera and a CT. The image from the PET camera is based on the detection of radiation that is emitted
from a radioactive tracer, which has been given to the patient as an intravenous injection. The radiation
that is emitted from the radioactive tracer is more energetic than any other radiation used in medical
diagnostic procedures and this requires special radiation protection routines. The CT image is based on the
detection of radiation produced from an X-ray tube and transmitted through the patient. The radiation
exposure of the personnel during the CT procedure is generally very low. Regarding radiation exposure of
the patient, it is important to notice whether a CT scan has been performed prior to the PET/CT in order to
avoid any unnecessary irradiation. The total effective dose to the patient from a PET/CT procedure is
approximately 10 mSv. The major part comes from internal irradiation due to radiopharmaceuticals within
the patients (e.g. (18)F-FDG: approximately 6-7 mSv), and a minor part is due to the CT scan (low-dose
CT scan: approximately 2-4 mSv). If a full diagnostic CT investigation is performed, the effective dose may
be considerably higher. If the patient is pregnant, a PET/CT procedure should be avoided or postponed,
unless it is vital for the patient. An interruption in breastfeeding is not necessary after a PET/CT procedure
of the nursing mother. Close contact between the patient and a small child should however be avoided for
a couple of hours after the administration of the radiopharmaceutical. The radiation dose to the personnel
arises mainly due to handling of the radiopharmaceuticals (syringe withdrawal, injection, waste handling,
etc.) and from close contact to the patient. This radiation dose can be limited by using the inverse-square
law, i.e. by using the fact that the absorbed dose decreases substantially with increasing distance between
the radiation source and the personnel.
37. • No reason for termination of a
pregnancy at fetal whole body dose
below 100mGy,
• 100mGy=100mSv