Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in warm-blooded animals. It is transmitted primarily through bites from infected animals like raccoons, skunks and bats. In 1885, Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine by inoculating emulsions of rabies virus in dogs and later in humans. His method saved thousands and led to significant declines in human rabies cases in developed nations. Today, post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing and vaccination can prevent disease if started early. Rabies remains fatal once clinical symptoms appear.
This presenation includes
Introduction
Etiology- structure, various species which comes under the genus lyssa virus
Epidemiology
Distribution
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
prevention and control
Resistance to physical and chemical action
Prophylaxis
This presenation includes
Introduction
Etiology- structure, various species which comes under the genus lyssa virus
Epidemiology
Distribution
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
prevention and control
Resistance to physical and chemical action
Prophylaxis
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
An introduction to Rhabdoviridae.Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. What are Rabies?
Rabies virus causes an acute encephalitis
(inflammation of the brain) in all warm-blooded
hosts.
Rabies is not, in the natural sense, a disease of
humans.
The impact of rabies on public health includes an
estimate of the animal population that is affected
and the steps involved in preventing transmission of
rabies from animals to humans.
Raccoons, skunks, foxes, coyotes, and several
species of insectivorous bats have been identified
as reservoirs for the disease.
3. Rabies in History
Rabies cases have been reported since
before 2300 BC.
1st century AD a Roman scholar named
Aulus Cornelius Celsus gave the first
accurate description of the disease
1st scientist to test rabies infection
through inoculation of saliva was a
German scientist named Zinke in 1804
4. Pasteur’s Contribution
1885 he published a method for protecting
dogs against rabies
A dog exposed to rabies was protected by
inoculation with an emulsion prepared from
the dried spinal cord of a diseased rabbit
Pasteur had the chance to test this same
method on humans when Joseph Meister, a
nine-year-old boy who was bitten by a rabid
dog was brought to him in July of 1885
5. Joseph was injected over several days
with the emulsions prepared from
animal spinal cord material
After 2 weeks, Joseph was given an
injection of virus that had maximal
virulence when tested in a rabbit
Joseph survived as did thousands of
others treated by the same procedure.
6. Epidemiology
In 2001, 49 states, the District of Colombia, and
Puerto Rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in
animals to the Center of Disease Prevention and
Control and no cases in humans were reported.
Pennsylvania reported the largest number of rabid
domestic animals (46) for any state, followed by
New York (43)
The number of rabies-related human deaths in the
U.S. has declined from 100 or more each year at
the turn of the century to an average of 1-2 each
year in the 1990’s
9. Physiology
Genome encodes 5 proteins:
– Nucleoprotein- encases RNA
– Phosphoprotein- associated with ribonuceoprotein core
– Matrix protein- central protein of rhabdovirus assembly
– Glycoprotein- forms 400 trimeric spikes
– Polymerase- transcribes genomic strand of rabies RNA
10. Virulence
Depends on severity of bite
If treatment is given and when
Once the disease manifests in CNS:
ultimate death
11. Pathogenicity
Defined by encephalitis and myelitis
Perivascular infiltration throughout entire
central nervous system
Causes cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion
bodies (Negri bodies) in neuronal cells
Several factors may affect outcome of rabies
exposure.
– Rabies variant
– Dose
– Route
– Location of exposure
– Individual host factors
13. Discharge and
Intermediate Hosts
Infection of new host via saliva
Death of host
Wild rabid animals may infect domestic
animals/people
– Cattle, horses, pigs, dogs, cats
– Humans
Rabid domestic animals may infect
humans
15. Symptoms of Rabies
The first symptoms of rabies may be non-
specific flu- like signs, such as malaise, fever
or headache which may last for days.
There may be discomfort or paresthesia at
the site of exposure (bite) progressing
within days to symptoms of cerebral
dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, and
agitation which eventually progress to
delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations,
and insomnia.
16. Rabies Diagnosis in
animals
The direct fluorescent
antibody test (dFA) is the
test most frequently used to
diagnose rabies. This test
requires brain tissue from
animals suspected of being
rabid.
The dFA test is based on
the fact that infected
animals have rabies virus
proteins (antigen) present
in their tissues.
Positive dFA
Negative dFA
17. Rabies Diagnosis in
humans
Saliva can be tested by virus isolation
or reverse transcription by polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Serum and spinal fluid are tested for
antibodies to rabies virus.
Skin biopsy specimens are examined
for rabies antigen in the cutaneous
nerves at the base of hair follicles.
18. Methods of Cure
Rabies Vaccine: A killed virus vaccine
(Human Diploid Cell Vaccine, HDCV) grown
in human fibroblasts is available for safe use
in humans.
The unusually long incubation period of the
virus permits the effective use of active
immunization with vaccine post-exposure.
If rabies has not been diagnosed and the
victim is not treated with a vaccine and the
clinical disease manifests, it is nearly always
fatal, and treatment is typically supportive.
19. Related Studies
In the journal Antibiotics and
Chemotherapy, an article was published
which presented the results of an
experimental study of the action of
rifampicin on the process of rabies infection
in albino mice contaminated with 1-10 LD50
of the fixed rabies virus.
Exposure to rifampicin in doses of 250-500
mg/mouse resulted in survival of 66.7-
83.4% of the animals respectively while the
controls did not exceed 16.6-25%.
20. The infection of target cells by rabies is effected
through membrane receptors; it has been
suggested that nicotonic receptors could be used by
the virus.
In a study published in Neuroscience Letters,
mouse dorsal root ganglia cells were treated with
various nicotonic antagonists (mecamailamine, d-
tubocurarin, hexametonium, etc.).
After incubation the cultures were infected with the
rabies virus, the cells were then processed for
immunodetection of rabies virus.
Treatment with mecamilamine or d-tubocurarine
reduced the % of infected neurons.
21. Control and Prevention
Pre-exposure prophylaxis vaccination
Post-exposure prophylaxis
If you are exposed to a possible rabid
animal:
– Wash wound with soap and water
– Seek medical attention immediately
22. Control and Prevention
Be a responsible pet owner
– Keep vaccinations up to date
– Keep pets under direct supervision
– Spay and neuter pets
Enjoy wild animals from far away
Don’t adopt wild animals
“Love your own, leave others alone”
policy
23. References
National Center for Infectious Diseases
Microbial Life, Perry
Keen, Anthony
Rabies.com
Antibiotiki Khimioterapiia
Zubovich,I K Volume 34, Issue 2, Feb 1989, 123-125
Partial inhibition of the in vitro infection of adult
mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons by rabies virus
using nicotinic antagonists
Castellanos, J E, Neuroscience Letters, Volume 229, Issue 3,
July 4, 1997