Definition: Any messenger that acts on blood vessels, inflammatory cells, or other cells to contribute to an inflammatory response.
Cell derived mediators
Plasma derived mediators
vasoactive amines (serotonin,histamine)
arachidonic acid metabolites
cycloxygenase pathway
lipoxygenase pathway
Lysosomal components
Platelet activating factor
Cytokines (IL-1,TNF-α,TNF-β,IF-γ,Chemokines) f) Nitric oxide and oxygen metabolites
Histamine :-
Stored in granuls of mast cells, basophiles and platelets.
Released by the stimuli of various agents like Heat, Cold, Irradiation, Irritant chemicals, Anaphilatoxins, Interleukins,.. etc.
Actions ; Vasodilation
Vascular permeability Itching and pain
Coagulation: In medicine, the clotting of blood. The process by which the blood clots to form solid masses, or clots.
More than 30 types of cells and substances in blood affect clotting. The process is initiated by blood platelets. Platelets produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in the blood to form thromboplastin, which in turn converts the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme, converts fibrinogen, a protein substance, into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms an intricate network of minute threadlike structures called fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel. The blood cells and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to form the clot.
A lecture on Chemical Mediators of inflammation as a part of undergraduate pathology curriculum. The lecture is primarily based on Robbin's textbook of pathology
Definition: Any messenger that acts on blood vessels, inflammatory cells, or other cells to contribute to an inflammatory response.
Cell derived mediators
Plasma derived mediators
vasoactive amines (serotonin,histamine)
arachidonic acid metabolites
cycloxygenase pathway
lipoxygenase pathway
Lysosomal components
Platelet activating factor
Cytokines (IL-1,TNF-α,TNF-β,IF-γ,Chemokines) f) Nitric oxide and oxygen metabolites
Histamine :-
Stored in granuls of mast cells, basophiles and platelets.
Released by the stimuli of various agents like Heat, Cold, Irradiation, Irritant chemicals, Anaphilatoxins, Interleukins,.. etc.
Actions ; Vasodilation
Vascular permeability Itching and pain
Coagulation: In medicine, the clotting of blood. The process by which the blood clots to form solid masses, or clots.
More than 30 types of cells and substances in blood affect clotting. The process is initiated by blood platelets. Platelets produce a substance that combines with calcium ions in the blood to form thromboplastin, which in turn converts the protein prothrombin into thrombin in a complex series of reactions. Thrombin, a proteolytic enzyme, converts fibrinogen, a protein substance, into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms an intricate network of minute threadlike structures called fibrils and causes the blood plasma to gel. The blood cells and plasma are enmeshed in the network of fibrils to form the clot.
A lecture on Chemical Mediators of inflammation as a part of undergraduate pathology curriculum. The lecture is primarily based on Robbin's textbook of pathology
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Origin
Page 2
• Locally by cells(cell derived
mediators)
• Liver
– Inactive precursors in
plasma(plasma protein derived
mediators)
3. Cell derived Mediators
Page 3
• Preformed in secretory
granules→Vasoactive Amines e.g
Histamine, serotonin
• Newly Synthesized
a. Arachidonic Acid
Metabolites(PGS, PGI2, TXA2, LTS, LXS)
b. TNF, IL-1
c. Cytokines
d. ROS
e. NO
f. Neuropeptides
g. PAF
h. Lysosomal Enzymes of WBCs
5. Cell Derived Mediators
Page 5
• Histamine
• Produced by circulating basophils,
platelets & massed cells adjacent to
vessels
• Produced in response to physical
injury,immune
reactions, neuropeptides, C3a &
C5a, Cytokines, WBC-derived
Histamine releasing protein
• Vasodilatation, Increase vascular
permeability, Endothelial activation
6. Cell Derived Mediators
Page 6
• Serotonin
• Produced mainly within platelets dense
body granules
• Released during platelet aggregation
• Cause vasodilatation, Increase vascular
permeability
7. Cell Derived Mediators
Page 7
• AA Metabolites
– Cyclooxygenase pathway
• PGD2,PGE2,PGF2α
– V.D
– Potentiates Edema formation
• PGI2
– Produced by prostacyclin synthase in endothelial
cell
– V.D, Inhibits Platelet aggregation
• TxA2
– Produced by Thromboxane synthase in pllatelets
– V.C & stimulates platelets aggregation
8. Cell Derived Mediators
Page 8
– Lipoxygenase Pathway
• LTB4
– Produced by neutrophils & some macrophages
– Chemotactic agent for neutrophils
• LTC4,LTD4 & LTE4
– Produced by mast cells
– V.C bronchospasm
• Lipoxins
– Endogenous antagonists of Leukotrienes
10. Cell Derived Mediators
Page 10
• Cytokines
– Some stimulate bone marrow
precursors to produce more WBCs
– Some mediate communication
between WBCs(Interleukins)
– Some play role in inflammation(TNF,
IL-1, Chemokines, IFN-γ ,IL-12)
13. Cell Derived Mediators
Page 13
• Chemokines
– Helps in recruitment of Leukocytes
– Responsible for anatomic distribution of
B & T lymphocytes in different areas of
lymph nodes & spleen
14. Cell Derived Mediators
Page 14
• ROS
– Produced by NADPH oxidase in
neutrophils & macrphages
– At low levels, increases cytokines &
adhesion molecule expression ,destroy
phagocytosed microbes & necrotic tissues
– At high levels, cause tissue injury by
endothelial damage, breakdown of ECM &
direct injury to other cell types
– Protective mechanisms(
Catalase, Superoxide dismutase &
Glutathione)
18. Plasma Protein derived mediators
Page 18
• Complement System
– Consists of Plasma proteins
– Upon activation different complement
proteins(C3b) coat/opsonize microbes for
phagocytosis & destruction
– C3a & C5a cause mass cells to release
histamine which inturn causes V.D thus
increasing vascular permeability
– C5a activates lipoxygenase pathway
causing release of more inflammatory
mediators
– C5a also helps in leukocyte
activation, adhesion & chemotaxis
19. Plasma Protein derived mediators
Page 19
• Coagulation & Kinin System
– Hageman factor/Factor12a
• A protein synthesized by liver
• Circulates in an inactive form in plasma
• Activated by collagen basement
membrane or activated platelets
• Activated with the help of HMWK &
kallikrein
• Activated factor12 further activates
– Kinin System
– Clotting System
– Fibrinolytic System
– Complement System
20. Plasma Protein derived mediators
Page 20
• Kinin System
– Ultimately leads to formation of
bradykinin
– Bradykinin causes arteriolar
dilation, increases vascular permeability
& broncho constriction
• Clotting System
– 12a → 11a → 10a → 2a (Thrombin)
– Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
& generates fibrinopeptides
– Fibrinopeptides → Increased Vascular
permeability & chemotactic for WBCs
21. Plasma Protein derived mediators
Page 21
• Fibrinolytic System
– Ultimately leads to formation of
plasmin
– Plasmin
• converts C3 to C3a
• Converts factor-12 to factor-12a
• Breaks down fibrin to fibrin degradation
products which further increases the
vascular permeability
22. Plasma Protein derived mediators
Page 22
• Complement System
– Mainly leads to the formation of C3a
& C5a
– Vascular effects( C3a & C5a)
– Leukocyte activation, adhesion,
chemotaxis(C5a)
– Phagocytosis(C3b,iC3b)