R. Klingbeil, 2011: Treated Sewage Effluent as a Resource for Urban Planning

Treated Sewage Effluent as a
Resource for Urban Planning:
Examples from ESCWA Region
Manama, Bahrain
26 October 2011
Ralf Klingbeil
Regional Advisor Environment & Water

Outline
• ESCWA and Regional Advisor services
• ESCWA support to Bahrain:
– MEW / EWA
– MMAUP
• Treated Sewage as Resource
• Examples from ESCWA Region:
– Haya Water, Muscat, Oman
– Aqaba Water, Aqaba, Jordan
• Conclusions & Recommendations
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 2

UN ESCWA
• 14 Member Countries
• Bahrain
• Egypt
• Iraq
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Lebanon
• Qatar
• Oman
• Palestine
• Saudi Arabia
• Sudan
• Syrian Arab Republic
• United Arab Emirates
• Yemen

Organizational
Chart

Sustainable Development and Productivity
Division and RA Environment & Water
WaterEnergy
Productive
Sectors
§ Energy efficiency
§ Access to modern
energy services
§ Renewable
energies
§ Advanced/cleaner
fossil fuels
§ Rural electrification
§ Sustainable energy
use in transport
§ Integrated water
resource
management
(IWRM)
§ Management of
shared water
resources
§ Improved water
supply and
sanitation
§ Competitiveness
and productivity of
SMEs
§ Environmentally
sound technologies
§ Sustainable
agriculture and
rural development
§ Trade and
environment
Cross-cutting issues:
§ Climate change adaptation and mitigation
§ Sustainable consumption and production
§ Green economy

RA services as part of Technical Cooperation
• ESCWA RA services in
– Empowerment &
Advancement of
Women
– National Accounts &
Economic Statistics
– ENVIRONMENT & WATER
– Social / MDGs
– Social Policy
– Information &
Communication
Technology (ICT)
01 February, 2012 www.escwa.un.org 8
 http://www.escwa.un.org/divisions/pptcd/TCnetwork

RA Environment & Water 2009-2010
• Modalities
– Policy Advice, Technical
Support and Advocacy
– Training & Capacity
Building
Workshops, Study Tours,
Fellowships
– Regional Knowledge
Networking
Partnerships w Centers of
Excellence
– Field Projects
Pilot projects with seed money
• Total requests 2009-2010:
– Environment: 38
– Water: 60
1 February 2012 9
Status:
End of 2010

ESCWA Support to Bahrain 1/3
• Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) /
Electricity & Water Authority (EWA)
• Date of request: Mar 2010
– Assistance in the Field of
National Water Conservation and
Water Demand Management
• Refinement of joint activities: Oct 2010
• Review of ToR for consultancy on
Non-Revenue Water (NRW): Mar 2011
• Proposal for Further Support:
– On site review demand management efforts of EWA
– Review of water related bylaws, initial desk
study with presentation of outcome to
concerned stakeholders

• Ministry of Municipalities Affairs and Urban
Planning (MMAUP)
• Date of request: Sep 2010
– Assistance in developing a national approach to
Reuse of Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE) and
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), Oct 2010
• 1st Ad-hoc National Technical Consultation Group
meeting on Managed Aquifer Recharge in Bahrain
• Proposal for institutionalization of national
dialogue process under the newly set up
National Water Resources Council
• Commenting on on-going technical work
– Support to the Workshop on
“Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE) and its
Utilization in the Kingdom of Bahrain”, Oct 2011
Rausch, 2008

• MMAUP, Recommendations Oct 2010:
1. The “Ad-hoc Technical Consultation Group for MAR in
Bahrain” shall meet regularly (bi-monthly or quarterly) to
build an exchange forum for all institutions related to MAR
in Bahrain.
2. A substantive feasibility study shall be conducted to
assess the different options for MAR in Bahrain, taking
into account different injection/infiltration waters and
hydrogeological, economic and social aspects.
3. A pilot test injection and recovery shall be conducted with
close monitoring of all surrounding groundwater
monitoring wells for water quality changes.
4. The National Water Resources Council (NWRC) may
wish to assign a “National Technical Consultation
Committee for MAR in Bahrain” with the task of assessing
the different options for decision making by the NWRC.
5. The NWRC may include a Technical Chair which ideally
could be assigned to one senior staff member from the
MMAA with substantive groundwater experience.
Rausch, 2008

13www.escwa.un.org
Treated Sewage Effluent as Resource
• Domestic
Reuse
• Agriculture
Irrigation
• Industrial
Reuse
• Managed
Aquifer
Recharge
1 February 2012
FAO, 2010

Reuse: Domestic “Grey Water”
Bath
35%
Toilet
30%
Laundry
20%
Drinking
10%
Cleaning
5%
Green Buildings: “Grey Water”
Surendran. S.; 1998: Grey‐Water Reclamation for Non‐Potable Re‐Use, Water and Environment Journal
Jefferson, B., Palmer , A., Jeffrey, P.; 2004: Grey water characterization and its impact on the selection and operation of technologies
for urban reuse, Water Science and Technology Vol 50 No 4
Sources:
http://guelph.ca/

TSE Utilization in Middle East
1 February 2012 www.escwa.un.org 15FAO, 2007

Oman: Haya Water, Muscat
Overall Goals:
• 100% of landscaped area
around Muscat is irrigated
by Haya Water’s TE
• Keep Muscat city Greener
by saving every drop of
potable water and use the
TE for irrigation

• Vision:
To enable Muscat to become one of the
top cities in the world by building &
operating a world class Water Reuse
system that connects at least 80% of the
residential properties by year 2018.
• Mission Statement:
Serving society by converting wastewater
into environmental friendly products.
• Our Slogan:
Protecting the environment,
Serving society
www.haya.com.om/hayawater/aboutus_Vision_ Mission.aspx

Building Positive Image: Corporate Identity
• Haya Water is Oman Wastewater
Services Company's brand name.
• It is fresh, short and green.
• Haya in Arabic is a three letter word
“‫“حيــــا‬ and is the root for the Arabic
Hayat or life.
• Haya is also used to refer to the grass that
comes out after the rains in the desert.
• At Haya we bring life to the waste water
that we treat and we produce water that
brings life to the soil helping make Muscat
ever greener ...
www.haya.com.om/hayawater/aboutus_Vision_ Mission.aspx

Treated Effluent Quality:
• The Treated Effluent is
– Clear
– Colorless
– Odorless
• Some TE Parameters, 145/93 Ministerial Decision

Treated Effluent Quality:
• Usages of TE classes vary,
according to different quality of TE classes

Treated Effluent Usages:
• Current Applications:
– Irrigation of public parks and
landscaped areas
– Irrigation of golf courses
– Dust control
• Future Applications:
– Managed Aquifer Recharge
– Agriculture – Farms
– Industrial – Cooling, Construction

Treated Effluent Network and Production:

2010
2011

Consumer Prices:
• Potable Water:
• Treated Effluent:
Segment Quantity
(Gallon)
Quantity
(Liter)
Rate
(R.O./Gallon)
Rate
(USD/Liter)
Residential &
Government
0 - 5,000
> 5,000
0 - 18,927
> 18,927
0.002
0.0025
0.0014
0.0017
Commercial - 0.003 0.0021
Blue Tanker 0 - 3,000
> 3,000
0 - 11,356
> 11,356
0.001
0.003
0.0007
0.0021
Haya
Segment
TE Rate
(R.O./Gallon)
TE Rate
(USD/Liter)
Network 0.001 0.0007
Green Tanker 0.0005 0.0003

Highest Level Support:
“Conserving water is a sacred
duty for which we will be held
accountable in the future if we
do not undertake our duty
towards this vital resource”
Sultan Qaboos bin Said

Jordan: Aqaba Water, Aqaba
• Aqaba Water:
– Network coverage
97% of urban Aqaba
– 4.5 MCM/yr TE
– 31% of total water supply
www.aqabawater.com

• Natural treatment plant (1987):
– 9,000 m3/d TE production,
40% of Aqaba WW
– Irrigating bush and date palm trees
• Mechanical treatment plant (2005):
– Activating sludge, UV radiation,
sand filters, chlorination
– 12,000 m3/d TE production,
60% of Aqaba WW
– Green spaces inside the city by
separate network
– Industrial purposes:
5,000 m3/d to Jordan phosphate company

• Reclaimed wastewater usage:
– Aqaba treatment plant greening project
– Aqaba city greening project
– Pioneering project
– Palm tree forest project
– Alsalam forest project
– Al-Haq farms project
– Phosphate Mining Company – industrial complexes

• Quality of reclaimed water:

Conclusions & Recommendations 1/2
1. Cost-benefit-assessments of alternative usages
for TSE, taking into account social, economic
and environmental cost factors,
2. Use of appropriate decision support systems
such as WEAP to simulate scenarios and
visualize cost-benefit-assessments,
3. Stable TSE composition after treatment,
4. Application of TSE to different uses according
to national quality standards for TSE utilization,
5. TSE quality standards may differ depending
on the utilization intended,

Conclusions & Recommendations 2/2
6. High quality sewage treatment facilities and
institutions to manage and operate these,
7. High quality TSE network infrastructure, preventing
leakages and cross-contaminations,
8. Qualified independent regulator ensuring highest
quality service for sewage treatment and TSE
transfer, contributing to transparency,
9. Higher level political oversight (NWRC ?), ensuring
clear mandates of institutions involved, contributing to
accountability of government institutions and actors
10. High level political commitment to ensure public
support for TSE utilization, PR campaigns

- Thank You -
Treated Sewage Effluent as a
Resource for Urban Planning:
Examples from ESCWA Region
Manama, Bahrain
26 October 2011
Ralf Klingbeil
Regional Advisor Environment & Water

R. Klingbeil, 2011: Treated Sewage Effluent as a Resource for Urban Planning

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R. Klingbeil, 2011: Treated Sewage Effluent as a Resource for Urban Planning