IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle for dye sensitize...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion efficiencies,
simple and low cost manufacturing. Fruitful efficiency of a DSSC is that it should convert photon into current even at wavelength
of UV. Present work aimed at quantum efficiency ( Light Harvesting Efficiency) of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. Density
functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine the ground state geometries of dye 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. The
time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to calculate the excitation energies. All the calculations were
performed in both gas and solvent phase. The improved light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and free energy change of electron
injection of newly designed sensitizers revealed that these materials would be an excellent sensitizers. It may also be due to
dendrites of methyl group and cyno group which is present in the study material. The experimental spectrum of FTIR and FTRaman
supports the absorption levels.
Key Words: 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle,Dye-sensitized solar cells, Light harvesting efficiency, Density
functional Theory, FTIR, FT-Raman spectroscopy
IRJET- Coplanar Microstrip Directional Coupler with High Isolation and Goo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar microstrip directional coupler with high isolation and directivity. The coupler was designed using standard microstrip coupling equations and simulated using HFSS software. After optimization, the simulated coupler achieved a maximum isolation of 71 dB, coupling of 9.8 dB, and directivity of 61.2 dB at an operating frequency of 3.2 GHz. This high performance coupler design could be useful for applications requiring good isolation and directivity, such as mobile and satellite communication systems.
Dislocation Density in Multicomponent Alloys CoNi, CoFeNiIRJET Journal
This document discusses dislocation density in multi-component alloys CoNi and CoFeNi. It begins with an introduction to high entropy alloys and their properties. It then discusses the definition and calculation of dislocation density using X-ray diffraction peak broadening analysis. The document describes preparing CoNi, CoFeNi alloys by mechanical alloying and casting and characterizing the structural properties using X-ray diffraction to analyze dislocation density behavior.
Effects of Parameters of Photonic Crystal Fibre on Dispersion and ConfinementIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes research on the effects of varying design parameters of a photonic crystal fiber on dispersion and confinement loss. A hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with a solid core and five rings of air holes was simulated. It was found that:
1) Varying the diameter (d1) of the inner two air hole rings had a greater effect on dispersion than confinement loss, with dispersion increasing as d1 increased.
2) Varying the diameter (d2) of the outer three rings had little effect on dispersion but a greater effect on confinement loss.
3) Increasing the lattice constant decreased dispersion but increased confinement loss.
IRJET- The Ab Initio Study of Electronic and Optical Properties of CH3NH3ZnI3...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ab initio study of the electronic and optical properties of the perovskite solar cell material CH3NH3ZnI3. Key findings include:
1) CH3NH3ZnI3 has a direct bandgap of 0.34 eV, which is significantly smaller than the 1.53 eV bandgap of the commonly used CH3NH3PbI3 material.
2) X-ray diffraction data analysis showed that CH3NH3ZnI3 retains the original cuboctahedral crystal structure of CH3NH3PbI3.
3) Optical property calculations predicted CH3NH3ZnI3 would absorb electromagnetic radiation in the far UV region and
This document discusses experimental and computational studies on the inhibition performance of benzimidazole and its derivatives for copper corrosion in nitric acid. Seven benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and their inhibition efficiency was evaluated using mass loss, thermometric, and electrochemical polarization techniques. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to correlate the electronic structure of the inhibitors with their inhibition efficiencies and understand their adsorption and interaction with the copper surface. The results showed that the benzimidazole derivatives were effective inhibitors for copper corrosion in nitric acid.
Decreasing CCT deviation of white light emitting diodes by employing SiO2 nan...journalBEEI
In this research, the SiO2 nano-particles (NPs) usage in enhancing optical performances of InGaN/GaN-based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with remote phosphor structure. The research subject shows better lighting capacity than the white LEDs devices without the space between the layers. The adjustment in development process resulted in enhancements of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and light extraction efficiency (LEE) that lead to 13.5% luminous efficacy improvement. From the experiments, it can be concluded that the LEE is affected by the trapped light and enhancing the light output with SiO2 scattering properties reduce the amount of trapped light. These results confirm that SiO2 nano-particles is effective in enhancing the optical performance of WLEDs and can be considered for production of higher quality devices.
This document analyzes the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites with varying concentrations of chromium chloride (CrCl2). Absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants all increase with higher CrCl2 concentration. The forbidden energy gap of the composites decreases as CrCl2 concentration increases. Various graphs are presented showing the relationships between these optical properties and photon energy or wavelength.
Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle for dye sensitize...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion efficiencies,
simple and low cost manufacturing. Fruitful efficiency of a DSSC is that it should convert photon into current even at wavelength
of UV. Present work aimed at quantum efficiency ( Light Harvesting Efficiency) of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. Density
functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine the ground state geometries of dye 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. The
time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to calculate the excitation energies. All the calculations were
performed in both gas and solvent phase. The improved light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and free energy change of electron
injection of newly designed sensitizers revealed that these materials would be an excellent sensitizers. It may also be due to
dendrites of methyl group and cyno group which is present in the study material. The experimental spectrum of FTIR and FTRaman
supports the absorption levels.
Key Words: 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle,Dye-sensitized solar cells, Light harvesting efficiency, Density
functional Theory, FTIR, FT-Raman spectroscopy
IRJET- Coplanar Microstrip Directional Coupler with High Isolation and Goo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar microstrip directional coupler with high isolation and directivity. The coupler was designed using standard microstrip coupling equations and simulated using HFSS software. After optimization, the simulated coupler achieved a maximum isolation of 71 dB, coupling of 9.8 dB, and directivity of 61.2 dB at an operating frequency of 3.2 GHz. This high performance coupler design could be useful for applications requiring good isolation and directivity, such as mobile and satellite communication systems.
Dislocation Density in Multicomponent Alloys CoNi, CoFeNiIRJET Journal
This document discusses dislocation density in multi-component alloys CoNi and CoFeNi. It begins with an introduction to high entropy alloys and their properties. It then discusses the definition and calculation of dislocation density using X-ray diffraction peak broadening analysis. The document describes preparing CoNi, CoFeNi alloys by mechanical alloying and casting and characterizing the structural properties using X-ray diffraction to analyze dislocation density behavior.
Effects of Parameters of Photonic Crystal Fibre on Dispersion and ConfinementIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes research on the effects of varying design parameters of a photonic crystal fiber on dispersion and confinement loss. A hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with a solid core and five rings of air holes was simulated. It was found that:
1) Varying the diameter (d1) of the inner two air hole rings had a greater effect on dispersion than confinement loss, with dispersion increasing as d1 increased.
2) Varying the diameter (d2) of the outer three rings had little effect on dispersion but a greater effect on confinement loss.
3) Increasing the lattice constant decreased dispersion but increased confinement loss.
IRJET- The Ab Initio Study of Electronic and Optical Properties of CH3NH3ZnI3...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ab initio study of the electronic and optical properties of the perovskite solar cell material CH3NH3ZnI3. Key findings include:
1) CH3NH3ZnI3 has a direct bandgap of 0.34 eV, which is significantly smaller than the 1.53 eV bandgap of the commonly used CH3NH3PbI3 material.
2) X-ray diffraction data analysis showed that CH3NH3ZnI3 retains the original cuboctahedral crystal structure of CH3NH3PbI3.
3) Optical property calculations predicted CH3NH3ZnI3 would absorb electromagnetic radiation in the far UV region and
This document discusses experimental and computational studies on the inhibition performance of benzimidazole and its derivatives for copper corrosion in nitric acid. Seven benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and their inhibition efficiency was evaluated using mass loss, thermometric, and electrochemical polarization techniques. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to correlate the electronic structure of the inhibitors with their inhibition efficiencies and understand their adsorption and interaction with the copper surface. The results showed that the benzimidazole derivatives were effective inhibitors for copper corrosion in nitric acid.
Decreasing CCT deviation of white light emitting diodes by employing SiO2 nan...journalBEEI
In this research, the SiO2 nano-particles (NPs) usage in enhancing optical performances of InGaN/GaN-based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with remote phosphor structure. The research subject shows better lighting capacity than the white LEDs devices without the space between the layers. The adjustment in development process resulted in enhancements of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and light extraction efficiency (LEE) that lead to 13.5% luminous efficacy improvement. From the experiments, it can be concluded that the LEE is affected by the trapped light and enhancing the light output with SiO2 scattering properties reduce the amount of trapped light. These results confirm that SiO2 nano-particles is effective in enhancing the optical performance of WLEDs and can be considered for production of higher quality devices.
This document analyzes the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites with varying concentrations of chromium chloride (CrCl2). Absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants all increase with higher CrCl2 concentration. The forbidden energy gap of the composites decreases as CrCl2 concentration increases. Various graphs are presented showing the relationships between these optical properties and photon energy or wavelength.
Performance Investigation and Enhancement of Fiber Bragg Gratingfor Efficient...IOSRJECE
In this paper, the performance of various windowfunctions for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS)is investigated and evaluated in order to get optimized reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and an efficient side lobe suppression for efficient sensing measurement applications.For this purpose, a wide range of design parameters which include grating length and refractive index modulation amplitudehas been chosen to evaluate the sensor design. The performances of the different windowfunctions have been then compared in terms of reflectivity, full width half maximum bandwidth (FWHM), and sidelobe level(SLL) so as to get the most suitable design parametersto be used for sensing measurement.The simulation results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of the optimizedFBG sensor, which can be further implemented for high performance sensing applications.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Study of Geometrical, Electronic Structure, Spectral and NLO Properties Of Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the geometrical, electronic, spectral, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Allium cepa dye for use in solar cell applications. The dye's structure was optimized using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional. Its electronic properties, including frontier orbital energies and density of states, were then analyzed. The dye's polarizability and hyperpolarizability were also calculated, showing potential for NLO applications. Finally, its electronic absorption spectrum was simulated using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) in both vacuum and solvent environments, identifying optical transitions that could enable photoinduced electron transfer in dye-sensitized solar cells. The results indicate Allium cep
Thermal, microstructure and dielectric behavior of la modified bismuth titana...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the preparation and thermal properties of carbonized fibers made from polyethylene. It describes how low-density polyethylene fibers were cross-linked using sulfuric acid at different temperatures from 130-170°C. Thermal analysis using DSC and TGA showed that the melting point, heat of fusion, and thermal stability of the fibers increased as the cross-linking temperature rose. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cross-linking the fibers at 170°C produced the highest carbonization yield and most clearly fibrous form after carbonization. The carbonization yield of the fibers depended on the degree of cross-linking in the polyethylene precursors.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
This document presents a new design method for a low-speed torus type axial flux permanent magnet machine intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications. A torus-NS type machine structure with a coreless stator is selected to reduce losses and volume. A multi-speed design strategy is proposed and analyzed using finite element analysis. This method aims to improve machine efficiency over the vehicle's operating cycles. Both multi-speed and single-speed designed machines are simulated in urban and highway cycles, showing better performance from the multi-speed designed machine. Experimental results from a prototype confirm the analytical design method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
20160219 F. Malvestiti - DAL CARIOTIPO AL NGS: COME STA CAMBIANDO LA DIAGNOSI...Roberto Scarafia
PRIMO INCONTRO DI GENETICA ONCOLOGICA
Ruolo del dato genetico nel percorso diagnostico delle MDS
Anomalie cromosomiche nelle MDS
Dalla citogenetica convenzionale alla citogenetica molecolare
Mutazioni somatiche delle MDS e Patogenesi molecolare
Correlazione genotipo-fenotipo
Ruolo del dato genetico nel percorso diagnostico delle MDS: raccomandazioni ELN
Frequenza delle anomalie cromosomiche
Cloud based security threats with present challenges and opportunities for ma...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
This document presents a model for detecting the agent responsible for data leakage. It discusses adding fake objects to distributed data in order to identify the source if a leakage occurs. The model is implemented using C# and SQL Server. When an agent requests data, the distributor sends the original data along with randomly allocated fake objects. If the data is leaked, the distributor can analyze the fake objects to determine the guilty agent. An algorithm is provided and screenshots show modules for login, data sharing, and detecting the guilty agent using a probability calculation. The model aims to overcome limitations of existing watermarking techniques for data leakage detection.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Investigation and Enhancement of Fiber Bragg Gratingfor Efficient...IOSRJECE
In this paper, the performance of various windowfunctions for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS)is investigated and evaluated in order to get optimized reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and an efficient side lobe suppression for efficient sensing measurement applications.For this purpose, a wide range of design parameters which include grating length and refractive index modulation amplitudehas been chosen to evaluate the sensor design. The performances of the different windowfunctions have been then compared in terms of reflectivity, full width half maximum bandwidth (FWHM), and sidelobe level(SLL) so as to get the most suitable design parametersto be used for sensing measurement.The simulation results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of the optimizedFBG sensor, which can be further implemented for high performance sensing applications.
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Study of Geometrical, Electronic Structure, Spectral and NLO Properties Of Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the geometrical, electronic, spectral, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Allium cepa dye for use in solar cell applications. The dye's structure was optimized using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional. Its electronic properties, including frontier orbital energies and density of states, were then analyzed. The dye's polarizability and hyperpolarizability were also calculated, showing potential for NLO applications. Finally, its electronic absorption spectrum was simulated using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) in both vacuum and solvent environments, identifying optical transitions that could enable photoinduced electron transfer in dye-sensitized solar cells. The results indicate Allium cep
Thermal, microstructure and dielectric behavior of la modified bismuth titana...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses the preparation and thermal properties of carbonized fibers made from polyethylene. It describes how low-density polyethylene fibers were cross-linked using sulfuric acid at different temperatures from 130-170°C. Thermal analysis using DSC and TGA showed that the melting point, heat of fusion, and thermal stability of the fibers increased as the cross-linking temperature rose. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cross-linking the fibers at 170°C produced the highest carbonization yield and most clearly fibrous form after carbonization. The carbonization yield of the fibers depended on the degree of cross-linking in the polyethylene precursors.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The document reviews factors that influence the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams, including compressive strength of concrete, percentage of tension reinforcement, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement, aggregate interlock, shear span-to-depth ratio, loading distribution, side cover, and beam depth.
2) It finds that compressive strength of concrete, tension reinforcement percentage, and web reinforcement all increase shear strength, while shear strength decreases as shear span-to-depth ratio increases.
3) The distribution and amount of vertical and horizontal web reinforcement also affects shear strength, but closely spaced stirrups do not necessarily enhance capacity or performance.
This document presents a new design method for a low-speed torus type axial flux permanent magnet machine intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications. A torus-NS type machine structure with a coreless stator is selected to reduce losses and volume. A multi-speed design strategy is proposed and analyzed using finite element analysis. This method aims to improve machine efficiency over the vehicle's operating cycles. Both multi-speed and single-speed designed machines are simulated in urban and highway cycles, showing better performance from the multi-speed designed machine. Experimental results from a prototype confirm the analytical design method.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
20160219 F. Malvestiti - DAL CARIOTIPO AL NGS: COME STA CAMBIANDO LA DIAGNOSI...Roberto Scarafia
PRIMO INCONTRO DI GENETICA ONCOLOGICA
Ruolo del dato genetico nel percorso diagnostico delle MDS
Anomalie cromosomiche nelle MDS
Dalla citogenetica convenzionale alla citogenetica molecolare
Mutazioni somatiche delle MDS e Patogenesi molecolare
Correlazione genotipo-fenotipo
Ruolo del dato genetico nel percorso diagnostico delle MDS: raccomandazioni ELN
Frequenza delle anomalie cromosomiche
Cloud based security threats with present challenges and opportunities for ma...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Monitoring and assessment of air quality with reference to dust particles (pm...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on monitoring and assessing air quality with respect to dust particles (PM10 and PM2.5) in the urban environment of Visakhapatnam, India. Sampling was conducted in residential, commercial, and industrial areas from October 2013 to August 2014. The average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were within limits in residential areas but moderate to high in commercial and industrial areas. Exceedance factor levels indicated moderate pollution for residential areas and moderate to high pollution for commercial and industrial areas. There is a need for management measures like improved public transport and green spaces to combat particulate air pollution in the study areas.
This document presents a model for detecting the agent responsible for data leakage. It discusses adding fake objects to distributed data in order to identify the source if a leakage occurs. The model is implemented using C# and SQL Server. When an agent requests data, the distributor sends the original data along with randomly allocated fake objects. If the data is leaked, the distributor can analyze the fake objects to determine the guilty agent. An algorithm is provided and screenshots show modules for login, data sharing, and detecting the guilty agent using a probability calculation. The model aims to overcome limitations of existing watermarking techniques for data leakage detection.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
This document summarizes literature on reverse logistics. It discusses decision making in reverse logistics, including network design and selection of reverse logistics providers. Several methods for evaluating reverse logistics networks and providers are discussed, including fuzzy set approaches, analytic hierarchy process, and interpretive structural modeling. The document also provides a table summarizing topics and materials addressed in various reverse logistics articles.
Ensuring distributed accountability for data sharing in the cloudeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Secured client cache sustain for maintaining consistency in manetseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Lanthanum Doped Strontium Titanate as photoanode by Pechini method for...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on synthesizing lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST) powder via the Pechini method for use as a photoanode material in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Key points:
1) LST was synthesized via a Pechini sol-gel process using titanium isopropoxide, lanthanum nitrate, and strontium nitrate precursors.
2) Characterization showed the material had a crystalline perovskite structure, spherical nanoparticle morphology, and bandgap of 3.5eV suitable for DSSC photoanodes.
3) BET analysis found the LST had a high surface area
Determination of Optical Constants and Mechanical Properties of Thiourea Base...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of bis-thiourea stannous chloride dihydrate (BTSCD) crystals. BTSCD crystals were grown using the solution growth method at room temperature over 35-45 days. The crystals were characterized through single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and SHG analysis. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and mechanical properties like microhardness were determined. The BTSCD crystals showed good optical transmission in the visible region with a band gap of 5.1 eV and SHG efficiency of 0.55 times that of KDP, indicating potential for non-linear optical applications.
Synthesis and characterization of MnO2/rGO nano composite for super capacitorsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of an MnO2/rGO nanocomposite for use in supercapacitors. Graphene oxide was produced using a modified Hummer's method and then reduced to rGO. MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a drop-feeding method and mixed with rGO to form a nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques and showed improved capacitance compared to MnO2 alone, with a highest value of 678 F/g measured. The nanocomposite therefore shows promise for supercapacitor applications due to its high specific capacitance.
FT IR and FT RAMAN SPECTRA of 4 Chloro 2 Methyl Benzonitrileijtsrd
FT IR spectrum of 4 chloro 2 methyl benzonitrile in the region 400 4000 cm 1 has been recorded in KBr pellet technique with a Bruker IFS 66 Fourier transform spectrometer. FT Raman spectrum in powder form has been recorded in the region 50 4000 cm on a Bruker IFS 66 optical bench with an FRA 106 Raman module attachment interfaced to a microcomputer. Geometry and vibrational wavenumbers were calculated using ab initio calculations with HF method. The results were compared with experimental values. The observed FT IR and FT Raman vibrational frequencies were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range and the error obtained was, in general, very low. Using PEDs, the contributions were determined for different modes to each wave number. From the PED, it is apparent that the frequency corresponding to C=N stretching contains 88 contribution from the C=N stretching force constant and it mixes with C CN stretching mode to the extent of 12 . Virendra Kumar Sharma "FT-IR and FT RAMAN SPECTRA of 4-Chloro 2 Methyl Benzonitrile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49470.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/49470/ftir-and-ft-raman-spectra-of-4chloro-2-methyl-benzonitrile/virendra-kumar-sharma
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intra sheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
This document summarizes the design and testing of a photonic gas sensor using a silicon strip waveguide to detect carbon dioxide (CO2). Finite element simulations were used to design a strip waveguide with a high evanescent field ratio to enable gas absorption sensing. The sensor was experimentally tested and could detect CO2 concentrations as low as 5000 parts per million, the workplace exposure limit. Measurements matched predictions from the Beer-Lambert law for light absorption, demonstrating the sensor's potential for quantitative gas detection.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (octc) macrocycl...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of macrocyclic ligand and its complex compound. Template condensation of chlorocarbons such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with 1,3-diaminopropane in presence of nickel (II) or copper (II) yielded the corresponding metal complexes such as 3,7,10,14,15,19,20,24- octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC). The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductance, IR and NMR spectral studies. The magnetic moments, along with electronic spectral data suggested hexa coordinated state for Nickel, its geometry is outer orbit octa hedral and tetra coordinated state for copper, its geometry is square planner .Conductivity data suggests that they behave as electrolytes. The formulation of the complexes has been established on the basis of chemical composition. Keywords: Ni (II), Cu (II), Transitional Macrocyclic Complex, Synthesis, Spectroscopy.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC) macrocyclic complexes of nickel(II) and copper(II) transition metal ions derived from 1,3-diaminopropane ligands. Template condensation reactions of 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in the presence of nickel(II) or copper(II) ions yield the corresponding metal complexes. The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes were characterized through techniques such as elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductivity measurements, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The data indicated hexacoordinated nickel
Theoretical Study of (RS) - (4-chlorophenyl) (pyridine-2yl) Methanol using De...IRJET Journal
1) The document reports on a theoretical study using density functional theory to analyze the molecular structure and properties of (RS)-(4-chlorophenyl)(pyridine-2yl)methanol.
2) Geometry optimization and vibrational analysis were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level to calculate structural parameters, vibrational wavenumbers, and infrared spectrum.
3) Key structural features of the molecule were confirmed, such as bond lengths and angles, and vibrational modes such as O-H, C-C, C-H, and ring stretches and bends were assigned.
This document summarizes research into improving the lighting properties of 7000K in-cup packaged white LEDs (IPW-LEDs) by co-doping them with Ca[Mg3SiN4]Ce3+ phosphor. By varying the concentration of Ca[Mg3SiN4]Ce3+ phosphor from 0% to 1.8%, the effect on color rendering index (CRI), color quality scale (CQS), dominant correlated color temperature (D-CCT), and luminous flux (LO) was investigated using light simulation software. The results showed that increasing the phosphor concentration improved LO and D-CCT, but reduced CRI and CQS. Scattering analysis found the phosphor
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparison of calcium carbonate and titania particles on improving color homo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1) The document compares the effects of adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and titania (TiO2) particles to yellow phosphor in phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs) to improve color uniformity and luminous flux.
2) Simulation results show that pc-LEDs with 30% CaCO3 concentration have a 620K lower correlated color temperature deviation compared to no additional particles, indicating better color uniformity. In contrast, increasing TiO2 concentration sharply reduces luminous flux.
3) CaCO3 particles are recommended for achieving both higher color homogeneity and lumen output in pc-LEDs due to their scattering properties being more equal between blue and yellow light wavelengths.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman), First Order HYPERPOLARIZABILITY a...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the synthesis, spectroscopic analysis, and density functional theory calculations of the molecule (2E)-N-phenyl-3-(4H-pyran-4-yl)prop-2-enamide (P3P2E). Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the vibrational modes of the molecule experimentally. Density functional theory with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) was used to calculate the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, and other properties. The theoretical calculations showed good agreement with the experimental spectroscopic data. Frontier molecular orbital analysis and other properties like first hyperpolarizability were also calculated to understand the reactivity and nonlinear optical behavior of the
Ba[Mg2Al2N4]Eu2+ phosphor for enhancing the optical quality of the 6600K CPW-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Compared with conventional lamps, LED-based light sources have a superior lifetime, efficiency, and reliability, which promise significant reductions in power consumption and pollution from fossil fuel power plants. The main purpose of this paper is proposed and investigated the effect of the concentration of Ba[Mg2Al2N4]Eu2+conversion phosphor on the CCT deviation (D-CCT) and lumen output (LO) of the 6600 K conformal-packaging white LEDs (CPW-LEDs). For this purpose, we used the Light Tools and Mat Lab software to investigate this problem. From the research results, we can state that the concentration of the red phosphor crucially influenced on the optical quality of the 6600 K CPW-LEDs. The D-CCT can be decreased from 4700K to 2500K, and the LO can be increased from 600 lm. to 1200 lm. This research can provide the new recommendation for LEDs industry at this time.
The corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in seawater solution (3.5%NaCl and DMSO) by pure
curcumin has been studied at temperature range (298-328K) and different concentrations (2.7*10-6
,1.3*10-5
,2.7*10-
5
,3.2*10-5M) using potentiostatic techniques. The results showed that the best corrosion inhibition efficiency was
obtained with2.7*10-5Mpure curcumin concentration which reach to 77.5% at 298K.The corrosionrate increase
with increase temperature at all purecurcuminconcentrations.Thecorrosion rate decreasewith
purecurcuminconcentration increaseup to 2.7*10-5Mthen with increasing pure curcumin concentration than 2.7*10-
5M the corrosion ratewill be increase. Apparent activation energy, Arrhenius factor, free energyΔG*
, enthalpy ΔH*
and entropy ΔS*
for corrosion processeswere calculated. The inhibition mechanism according to adsorption of pure
curcumin molecules in the interface metal/solution and Langmuir adsorption isotherm type were applied.
Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ phosphor: solution for enhancing the optical properties of th...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the last decade, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which based on spontaneous light emission in semiconductors can be considered as the main light sources for civil and industrial purposes. In this paper, we presented and investigated the effect of the Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ concentration on the optical properties of the 5600K remote-packaging WLEDs (RP-WLEDs). We use the Mat Lab and the LightTool software to investigate the effect of the Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ concentration on the CRI, CQS, D-CCT and LO of the 5600K RP-WLEDs. From the result, we can state that the concentration of the Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ influenced on the CRI, CQS, D-CCT and LO of the RP-WLEDs. The red Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ phosphor can be considered as the novel recommendation for LEDs industry.
Impedance spectroscopic studies on pani ceo2 compositesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes impedance spectroscopic studies on polyaniline/cerium oxide composites with varying weight percentages of cerium oxide. Key findings include:
1. Polyaniline-cerium oxide composites were prepared using in situ polymerization and characterized using FTIR and SEM.
2. AC conductivity was found to decrease with increasing cerium oxide content from 10-30% and 50% but increase at 40% due to extended polymer chains and cerium oxide distribution.
3. Dielectric constant decreased and real impedance increased with frequency for all composites due to a near Debye relaxation mechanism.
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
Similar to Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2- (20)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
1) A cyclone with wind speeds of 175-200 kph caused massive damage to the green cover of Gitam University campus in Visakhapatnam, India. Thousands of trees were uprooted or damaged.
2) A study assessed different types of damage to trees from the cyclone, including defoliation, salt spray damage, damage to stems/branches, and uprooting. Certain tree species were more vulnerable than others.
3) The results of the study can help in selecting more wind-resistant tree species for future planting and reducing damage from future storms.
Wind damage to buildings, infrastrucuture and landscape elements along the be...eSAT Publishing House
1) A visual study was conducted to assess wind damage from Cyclone Hudhud along the 27km Visakha-Bheemli Beach road in Visakhapatnam, India.
2) Residential and commercial buildings suffered extensive roof damage, while glass facades on hotels and restaurants were shattered. Infrastructure like electricity poles and bus shelters were destroyed.
3) Landscape elements faced damage, including collapsed trees that damaged pavements, and debris in parks. The cyclone wiped out over half the city's green cover and caused beach erosion around protected areas.
Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – ex...eSAT Publishing House
1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
This document discusses risk analysis and environmental hazard management. It begins by defining risk, hazard, and toxicity. It then outlines the steps involved in hazard identification, including HAZID, HAZOP, and HAZAN. The document presents a case study of a hypothetical gas collecting station, identifying potential accidents and hazards. It discusses quantitative and qualitative approaches to risk analysis, including calculating a fire and explosion index. The document concludes by discussing hazard management strategies like preventative measures, control measures, fire protection, relief operations, and the importance of training personnel on safety.
Review study on performance of seismically tested repaired shear wallseSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes research on the performance of reinforced concrete shear walls that have been repaired after damage. It begins with an introduction to shear walls and their failure modes. The literature review then discusses the behavior of original shear walls as well as different repair techniques tested by other researchers, including conventional repair with new concrete, jacketing with steel plates or concrete, and use of fiber reinforced polymers. The document focuses on evaluating the strength retention of shear walls after being repaired with various methods.
Low cost wireless sensor networks and smartphone applications for disaster ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a low-cost wireless sensor network and smartphone application system for disaster management. The system uses an Arduino-based wireless sensor network comprising nodes with various sensors to monitor the environment. The sensor data is transmitted to a central gateway and then to the cloud for analysis. A smartphone app connected to the cloud can detect disasters from the sensor data and send real-time alerts to users to help with early evacuation. The system aims to provide low-cost localized disaster detection and warnings to improve safety.
Coastal zones – seismic vulnerability an analysis from east coast of indiaeSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes an analysis of seismic vulnerability along the east coast of India. It discusses the geotectonic setting of the region as a passive continental margin and reports some moderate seismic activity from offshore in recent decades. While seismic stability cannot be assumed given events like the 2004 tsunami, no major earthquakes have been recorded along this coast historically. The document calls for further study of active faults, neotectonics, and implementation of improved seismic building codes to mitigate vulnerability.
Can fracture mechanics predict damage due disaster of structureseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses how fracture mechanics can be used to better predict damage and failure of structures. It notes that current design codes are based on small-scale laboratory tests and do not account for size effects, which can lead to more brittle failures in larger structures. The document outlines how fracture mechanics considers factors like size effect, ductility, and minimum reinforcement that influence the strength and failure behavior of structures. It provides examples of how fracture mechanics has been applied to problems like evaluating shear strength in deep beams and investigating a failure of an oil platform structure. The document argues that fracture mechanics provides a more scientific basis for structural design compared to existing empirical code provisions.
This document discusses the assessment of seismic susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. It begins with an introduction to earthquakes and the importance of vulnerability assessment in mitigating earthquake risks and losses. It then describes modeling the nonlinear behavior of RC building elements and performing pushover analysis to evaluate building performance. The document outlines modeling RC frames and developing moment-curvature relationships. It also summarizes the results of pushover analyses on sample 2D and 3D RC frames with and without shear walls. The conclusions emphasize that pushover analysis effectively assesses building properties but has limitations, and that capacity spectrum method provides appropriate results for evaluating building response and retrofitting impact.
A geophysical insight of earthquake occurred on 21 st may 2014 off paradip, b...eSAT Publishing House
1) A 6.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the coast of Paradip, Odisha in the Bay of Bengal on May 21, 2014 at a depth of around 40 km.
2) Analysis of magnetic and bathymetric data from the area revealed the presence of major lineaments in NW-SE and NE-SW directions that may be responsible for seismic activity through stress release.
3) Movements along growth faults at the margins of large Bengal channels, due to large sediment loads, could also contribute to seismic events by triggering movements along the faults.
Effect of hudhud cyclone on the development of visakhapatnam as smart and gre...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses the effects of Cyclone Hudhud on the development of Visakhapatnam as a smart and green city through a case study and preliminary surveys. The surveys found that 31% of participants had experienced cyclones, 9% floods, and 59% landslides previously in Visakhapatnam. Awareness of disaster alarming systems increased from 14% before the 2004 tsunami to 85% during Cyclone Hudhud, while awareness of disaster management systems increased from 50% before the tsunami to 94% during Hudhud. The surveys indicate that initiatives after the tsunami improved awareness and preparedness. Developing Visakhapatnam as a smart, green city should consider governance
This document summarizes a product called H-HUTS that aims to provide sustainable disaster recovery housing. H-HUTS uses cardboard and origami-inspired modular construction to quickly provide temporary shelters after disasters. The cardboard shelters are designed to be upgraded into permanent homes over time using low-cost materials like shotcrete or concrete. The modular design allows for flexibility and community participation in construction. Testing has shown the shelters can withstand wind loads and provide adequate insulation. The goal of H-HUTS is to not just provide initial shelter but help disaster-affected communities regain permanency in housing and recover in the long-term.
Detection of hazard prone areas in the upper himalayan region in gis environmenteSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study that used GIS and remote sensing tools to identify hazard-prone areas in the Alakananda River basin located in Uttarakhand, India. The study analyzed digital elevation data, soil maps, and extracted river networks to determine areas vulnerable to flooding from cloudbursts and heavy rainfall. Slope maps showed that over 50% of the region has moderate to steep slopes unsuitable for development. Soil maps indicated the presence of thin, coarse soils that are easily eroded. Overlaying village locations on river networks revealed that many villages are situated directly in stream paths, exposing them to flood risks. The integrated analysis identified highly vulnerable regions for future disaster mitigation planning.
- The document discusses cyclones that impact the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh state in India. It notes that cyclones commonly occur in May, October and November and cross the coastal areas, causing significant damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. The 1977 cyclone that crossed Krishna and Guntur districts was particularly severe, causing widespread destruction and estimated deaths of over 10,000 people. The document analyzes cyclones that have impacted specific districts and the damage caused. It recommends measures like constructing cyclone-resistant housing to mitigate future cyclone impacts.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...
Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2-
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 250
QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF 3, 5-DIMETHYL PYRIDINE 2-
CARBONITIRLE FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL AND
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE DYE MOLECULE
Uthayakumar.B1
, G.Meenakshi2
, S.Ramadasse3
1
Research Scholar, 2,3
Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate
Studies, Lawspet, Puducherry, India
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion efficiencies,
simple and low cost manufacturing. Fruitful efficiency of a DSSC is that it should convert photon into current even at wavelength
of UV. Present work aimed at quantum efficiency ( Light Harvesting Efficiency) of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. Density
functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine the ground state geometries of dye 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. The
time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to calculate the excitation energies. All the calculations were
performed in both gas and solvent phase. The improved light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and free energy change of electron
injection of newly designed sensitizers revealed that these materials would be an excellent sensitizers. It may also be due to
dendrites of methyl group and cyno group which is present in the study material. The experimental spectrum of FTIR and FT-
Raman supports the absorption levels.
Key Words: 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle,Dye-sensitized solar cells, Light harvesting efficiency, Density
functional Theory, FTIR, FT-Raman spectroscopy
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration
because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion
efficiencies, simple and low cost manufacturing.1-3
The
sensitizer is a critical element in DSSC, which improves the
power conversion efficiency and increases the stability of the
devices. The Ruthenium base photosensitizers give a solar
energy to electricity conversion efficiency of 10% in
average.2
Metal free organic DSSCs have benefits over metal
holding sensitizers, e.g., easy and cheap preparation methods,
environment friendly and elevated molar extinction
coefficient.4
Different metal free dyes have been examined
which have comparable efficiencies to metal holding
sensitizers.5-7
Designing of dye sensitizer plays an important
role in the optimization of DSSC,8
and it depends on the
quantitative information of dye sensitizer. In most of the
organic sensitizers presence of donor, bridge and acceptor
(DBA) moieties is very important to get better performance
of the photo induced intramolecular charge transfer.
Figure 1(a). Schematic illustration of the dye-sensitized TiO2
interface
Figure.1(b): Schematic pictures of (A) the basic parts, and
(B) the photoinduced processes of a dye-sensitized solar cell
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 251
During electronic transition, charge transfer depends on the
conjugation across the donor and anchoring groups.
Efficiency of organic sensitizers decreases due to dye
aggregation and charge recombination.9
To model and design
efficient metal-free sensitizers for DSSC, suitable DBA
systems are needed whose properties can be altered by
applying the drivable structural modifications. In this
research work, we report an organic dye 3,5-dimethyl
pyridine 2-carbonitrile, shows the light harvesting efficiency
which is overall of 12% . We also investigated its Molecular
structure, vibrational spectroscopic FT-IR,FT-Raman
analysis.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
Freshly prepared 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitrile has
been purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used without further
purification. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the title
compound is measured at the room temperature in the region
4000-400 cm-1
using a BRUCKER IFS-66 V FTIR
spectrometer at a resolution of ± 1cm-1
equipped with a MCT
detector, a KBr beam splitter and globar source. The FT-
Raman spectrum of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitrile is
recorded on a BRUKER IFS -66 V model interferometer
equipped with FRA-106 FT-Raman accessory in the 3500–
100 cm−1
Stokes region using the 1064 nm line of a Nd: YAG
laser for excitation operating at 200 mW power. The reported
wave numbers are believed to be accurate within ±1 cm−1
.
Figure.2: Chemical Structure of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-
carbonitrile
3. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS
Density functional theory (DFT) and time dependant density
functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed to
determine geometries, electronic structures and electronic
absorption spectra selected dye. All the calculations, both in
gas and solvent phase, were performed using Gaussian09
package.12
All calculations were performed by employing
CAM-B3LYP functional and 6-311+G* basis set. The free
energy change for electron injection onto a titanium dioxide
(TiO2) surface and dye’s excited state oxidation potential
were calculated using mathematical equations.
The light harvesting efficiency (LHE) was determined by
formula14
:
LHE = 1−10–f
Where f is the oscillator strength of dye
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. The geometric structure:
The optimized geometry of the 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-
carbonitrile is shown in Figure.3, and the bond lengths, bond
angles and dihedral angles are listed in Table.1(a),(b),(c).
Since the crystal structure of the exact title compound is not
available till now, the optimized structure can be only be
compared with other similar systems for which the crystal
structures have been solved. From the theoretical values we
can find that most of the optimized bond lengths, bond angles
and dihedral angles. The optimized bond lengths of C-C
single and double bond inside and outside the pyridine ring
differs. These values are reported in Table 1(a),(b),(c). The
bonds length between Carbon atoms C1-C2=1.4087Å, C3-C4
=1.3961 Å and C2-C3=1.3935 Å, C4-C5 =1.3998 Å these C-
C bonds are skeletal C-C bonds of the pyridine ring which
are having merely same value of bond length this is due to
interaction made by localized electron inside the ring. Bond
angle betweenC1-N6-C5 is 117.768 which support the
presence of Nitrogen in pyridine ring. Dihedral angle implies
the sample under study have a ring structure.
Figure.3: Optimized geometrical structure of dye 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile.
Table 1(a): Bond lengths (Å) of the dye 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
Bond length B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)(Å)
C1-C2 1.4087
C1-N6 1.3384
C1-C9 1.4405
C2-C3 1.3935
C2-C8 1.5055
C3-C4 1.3961
C3-H11 1.0861
C4-C5 1.3998
C4-C7 1.5056
C5-N6 1.3299
C5-H12 1.0868
C7-H13 1.0914
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 252
C7-H14 1.094
C7-H15 1.094
C8-H16 1.0936
C8-H17 1.0936
C8-H18 1.091
C9-N10 1.1549
Table 1(b): Bond angle (°) of the dye 3,5-dimethylpyridine
2-carbonitrile
Bond angle B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) (°)
C2-C1-N6 124.1532
C2-C1-C9 119.4946
N6-C1-C9 116.3521
C1-C2-C3 116.1263
C1-C2-C8 121.822
C3-C2-C8 122.0517
C2-C3-C4 121.1168
C2-C3-H11 119.1001
C4-C3-H11 119.783
C3-C4-C5 116.8421
C3-C4-C7 121.7516
C5-C4-C7 121.4063
C4-C5-N6 123.9938
C4-C5-H12 120.1051
N6-C5-H12 115.9011
C1-N6-C5 117.7678
C4-C7-H13 111.2781
C4-C7-H14 111.0938
C4-C7-H15 111.0924
H13-C7-H14 107.9317
H13-C7-H15 107.9312
H14-C7-H15 107.3447
C2-C8-H16 111.2016
C2-C8-H17 111.2009
C2-C8-H18 110.8354
H16-C8-H17 106.8458
H16-C8-H18 108.3013
H17-C8-H18 108.3014
Table 1(c): Dihedral angle (°) of the dye 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
Dihedral angle B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) (°)
N6-C1-C2-C3 0.001
N6-C1-C2-C8 180.0002
C9-C1-C2-C3 -179.9972
C9-C1-C2-C8 0.002
C2-C1-N6-C5 -0.0013
C9-C1-N6-C5 179.997
C1-C2-C3-C4 0.0001
C1-C2-C3-H11 -179.9997
C8-C2-C3-C4 -179.9992
C8-C2-C3-H11 0.001
C1-C2-C8-H16 59.4652
C1-C2-C8-H17 -59.4652
C1-C2-C8-H18 179.9961
C3-C2-C8-H16 -120.5356
C3-C2-C8-H17 120.526
C3-C2-C8-H18 -0.0047
C2-C3-C4-C5 -0.0007
C2-C3-C4-C7 -180.0027
H11-C3-C4-C5 -180.0009
H11-C3-C4-C7 -0.0029
C3-C4-C5-N6 0.0004
C3-C4-C5-H12 180.0012
C7-C4-C5-N6 180.0012
C7-C4-C5-H12 0.0032
C3-C4-C7-H13 -180.0068
C3-C4-C7-H14 59.7042
C3-C4-C7-H15 -59.7194
C5-C4-C7-H13 -0.009
C5-C4-C7-H14 -120.2979
C5-C4-C7-H15 120.2785
C4-C5-N6-H11 0.0006
H12-C5-N6-C1 -180.003
4.2. Vibrational spectral Analysis
Figure 5 and 6 shows the observed IR and Raman spectra of
3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile respectively. The 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile molecule give rise to three
C-H stretching, two C-H torsion vibrations, two C-H out of
plane bending vibrations ,one C-H in-plane bending
vibration, four wagging C-C-N vibrations, one C-C-N
bending vibration, two C=C stretching vibrations, three C-N
stretching vibrations, one C-C-C torsion vibration, one C-C-
C in plane vibration, one ring stretching and one ring
deformation were assigned using experimental spectrum.
The strongest IR absorption for 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-
carbonitrile corresponds to the vibrational mode 28 near
about 1455 cm-1
, which is corresponding to stretching mode
of C=C bonds. The next stronger IR absorption is attributed
to vibrational mode 16 near about 895 cm-1
, corresponding to
the Torsion mode of C-H bonds. In the Raman spectrum,
however, the strongest activity mode is the vibrational mode
29 near about 2213 cm-1
, which is corresponding to
stretching mode of C-N triple bond. This peak is also
observed in FTIR spectrum at 2224 cm-1
.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 253
4.3. C–H vibrations
The C–H stretching vibrations in the benzene derivatives
arises from non-degenerate mode (3072 cm−1
) and two
degenerate modes (3047 cm−1
), (3099 cm−1
). In this region,
the bands are not appreciably affected by the nature of
substituents. Hence in the present investigation, the FT-IR
bands at 3057, 3022 cm−1
and FT-Raman bands at 3059,
3009 cm−1
have been assigned to C–H stretching vibrations.
In general most of them are weak in either the FT-Raman or
FT-IR, with the exception of 3059 cm−1
which appears as
very strong band in the FT-Raman spectra is assigned C–H
in-phase stretching mode. The upper limit of frequency
comparatively decreases may be due to the presence of
methyl group. The C–H in-plane bending vibrations appear in
the region 1000–1520 cm−1
and C–H out of- plane bending
vibrations in the range of 700–1000 cm−1
. The bands
corresponding to the C–H in-plane bending modes of
pyridine are observed at 1177 and 1081 cm−1
in the FT-IR
spectra. The corresponding calculated modes are dominated
by C-H in plane bending, and coupled mostly with CC
stretching. The medium strong bands observed at 947, 898
and 866, 812 cm−1
in the FT-IR spectrum modes of pyridine.
Figure.4: Observed FT-IR Spectra of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
Figure.5: Observed FT-Raman Spectra of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
433.48
473.97
517.43
572.71
613.58
723.53747.76
838.81
895.55
964.02
1045.10
1131.42
1213.90
1265.13
1375.95
1454.74
1562.92
1595.54
1650.52
1833.87
1886.31
2224.46
2526.36
2928.07
2990.50
3646.23
3708.57
3850.81
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
%T
5001000150020002500300035004000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Wavelength (nm)
I
N
T
E
N
S
I
T
Y
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 254
4.4. C–C vibrations
The C–C stretching frequencies are generally predicted in
the region 650–1650 cm−1
. In pyridine, the C–C stretching
frequencies arise from the two doubly degenerated
vibrations (1596 cm−1
) and (1485 cm−1
) and two non-
degenerate modes at (1300 cm−1
) and (998 cm−1
) which
corresponds to skeletal vibrations. The doubly degenerated
(1485 cm−1
) mode is basically a ring deformation, since it
involves both stretching and bending of the C–C bonds. The
frequency of the vibrational pair in substituted pyridine is
rather insensitive of substitution. The strong bands observed
at 1318, 1305 cm−1
in FT-IR spectrum are assigned to 40%
contribution of the CC-stretching mode. The CC in-plane
bending modes result from non-degenerate value (1010
cm−1
).
4.5. Methyl group vibrations
The asymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of methyl
group attached to the pyridine ring are usually downshifted
due to electronic effects and are expected in the range
2850–3000 cm−1
for asymmetric and symmetric stretching
vibrations. From spectrum the asymmetric stretching CH3
mode in which two C–H bonds of the methyl group are
extending while the third one is contracting. The second
arises from symmetrical stretching CH3 in which all three of
the C–H bonds extend and contract in phase. The two CH3
frequencies are calculated to be 2933 and 2931 cm−1
, which
are well comparable with the experimental values observed
at 2913(m) cm−1
, 2862(m) cm−1
in FT-IR and 2915 (m)
cm−1
, 2862 (m) cm−1
in FT-Raman spectra. The frequency of
calculated values of CH3 frequencies and 2979 cm−1
observed only in FT-IR spectra at 2933 (m) cm−1. The two
CH3 out of plane modes are calculated at 2830 and 2824
cm−1
both are not observed from experiment. In many
molecules the symmetric deformation labeled CH3
symmetric bending and CH3 in plane bending appears with
an intensity varying from medium to strong and expected in
the range 1380±25 cm−1
. The two CH3 stretching bending
frequencies are observed at 1379 and 1361 cm−1
. Out of
these two modes one is observed in the FT-IR and FT-
Raman spectra at 1377 and 1379 cm−1. The out-of-plane
rocking in the region 970±70 cm−1
is more difficult to find
among the C–H out-of-plane deformations.
4.6. Quantum Efficiency
Light harvesting efficiency of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-
carbonitrile is calculated from the oscillator value obtained
from TDDFT and tabulated in Table.3 , the highest light
harvesting efficiency value 0.8611 is obtained at 165.84nm
in solution and 0.7882 is obtained at 163.61nm in gas
phase. Each photon ejects one electron from a molecule of
the dye, hence 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitrile achieve
up to 86% of efficiency in solution and 78% in vacuum at
UV region. Average light harvesting efficiency is calculated
and the result is 12.7976% in solution and 12.2604% in gas
phase.
Table 2: Light Harvesting Efficiency of the Dye
Light Harvesting Efficiency
of the dye in SOLUTION
Light Harvesting Efficiency
of the dye in GAS PHASE
Wavelength(nm) ηηηη% Wavelength(nm) ηηηη%
218.58 0.4461 215.28 0.3390
207.74 0.0579 211.14 0.0133
205.25 0.01213 207.65 0.0779
174.11 0.00757 175.47 0.00597
170.05 0.01599 173.19 0.00046
168.86 0.7418 169.43 0.00391
166.11 0.00688 165.27 0.6251
165.84 0.8611 163.61 0.7882
158.72 0.00023 160.20 0.0084
157.13 0.00459 159.51 0.00023
154.92 0.1318 156.72 0.1696
153.94 0.0000 155.86 0.0000
150.94 0.0993 153.14 0.01213
150.92 0.1104 151.84 0.3583
145.53 0.00757 147.21 0.01916
141.88 0.00207 144.45 0.00069
141.21 0.00962 141.98 0.01122
140.09 0.00574 141.36 0.0000
138.96 0.0124 139.40 0.00253
137.61 0.02634 137.16 0.01599
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 256
-0.11797 (35 -> 55)
16
-0.18404 (34 -> 37)
-0.19197 (35 -> 38)
0.48689 (35 -> 40)
-0.33905 (35 -> 43)
0.10811 (35 -> 44)
-0.10276 (35 -> 65)
8.7386/141
.88
.0009
17
-0.17304 (34 -> 38)
0.10398 (35 -> 37)
0.15111 (35 -> 38)
0.40633 (35 -> 40)
0.41638 (35 -> 43)
8.7799/141
.21
.0042
18
-0.30212 (34 -> 39)
-0.20100 (34 -> 41)
-0.11772 (34 -> 42)
-0.20479 (35 -> 41)
0.37188 (35 -> 42)
0.31961 (35 -> 45)
8.8504/140
.09
.0025
19
-0.32104 (34 -> 37)
0.43895 (34 -> 38)
-0.13453 (34 -> 40)
-0.11421 (34 -> 44)
-0.17331 (34 -> 46)
-0.10973 (34 -> 53)
0.18038 (35 -> 43)
8.9225/138
.96
.0054
20
0.39563 (33 -> 36)
-0.19618 (33 -> 37)
0.34153 (33 -> 38)
0.15808 (33 -> 40)
-0.11647 (33 -> 43)
-0.15267 (33 -> 46)
-0.13717 (33 -> 47)
0.10273 (33 -> 55)
-0.10699 (33 -> 57)
9.0098/137
.61
.0116
Figure .4: Light Harvesting Efficiency of the dye in
SOLUTION
Figure .5: Light Harvesting Efficiency of the dye in GAS
PHASE
5. CONCLUSION
The electronic absorption spectral features in FTIR, FT-
Raman, visible and near-UV region qualitatively agrees with
TD-DFT calculations. The absorptions are all ascribed to
π→π* transition. Three excited states with the lowest
excited energies of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile is the
result of photo induced electron transfer that contributes
sensitization of photo-to current conversion. The interfacial
electron transfer between semiconductor TiO2 electrode and
dye sensitizer3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile is due to
electron injection from excited dye as donor to the
semiconductor conduction band. Based on the analysis of
geometries, quantum efficiency, and spectral properties of
3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile, the nitro group and
methyl group enlarges the distance between electron donor
group and semiconductor surface, and decreases the time
scale of the electron injection rate, which results in higher
conversion efficiency at maximum absorption. This
indicates that the choice of the appropriate conjugate bridge
in dye sensitizer is very important to improve the
performance of DSSC.
REFERENCES
[1]. Regan, B. O.; Gratzel, M. Nature 1991, 353, 737-740.
[2]. Nazeeruddin, M. K.; De Angelis, F.; Fantacci, S.;
Selloni, A.;Viscardi, G.; Liska, P.; Ito, S.; Takeru, B.;
Grätzel, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 16835-16847.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
140 160 180 200 220
Wavelength (nm)
η
%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
140 160 180 200 220
Wavelength (nm)
η
%
Wavelength (nm)
η
%
9. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 258