Qubits Out Of Diamonds Quantum Entanglement What Future Leads Blind Quantum Computing Teleportation For Error Correction Could The Universe Be A Giant Quantum Computer? Gamma-ray Shaping Could Lead To 'Nuclear' Quantum Computers Research Areas ALGORITHMS Quantum Metrology Quantum Noise Potential Applications & Nasa What questions we should ask from Quantum Computers ???

1. 1
Quantum Computers
New Generation of Computers
PART 6
What Future leads for Quantum
Computers
Professor Lili Saghafi
Quantum Information and Computation XIII Conference
April 2015
Baltimore, Maryland, United States

2. Agenda
• Qubits Out Of Diamonds
• Quantum Entanglement
• What Future Leads
• Blind Quantum Computing
• Teleportation For Error Correction
• Could The Universe Be A Giant Quantum Computer?
• Gamma-ray Shaping Could Lead To 'Nuclear' Quantum Computers
• Research Areas
• ALGORITHMS
• Quantum Metrology
• Quantum Noise
• Potential Applications & Nasa
• What questions we should ask from Quantum Computers ???
2

3. QUBITS OUT OF DIAMONDS
3

4. Diamond semiconductors
• Diamond semiconductors are the answer to the
issues of heat and cooling, as well as size and
efficiency.
• Diamonds can withstand greater heat while still
providing superior performance; what heat is
generated is more easily and efficiently cooled.
• Electronic devices that rely on a diamond
semiconductors can be made faster and smaller,
thanks to diamond’s higher voltage tolerance and
ability to provide 1 million times more electrical
current than silicon counterparts.
4

5. Diamond semiconductors
5

6. Diamond-driven Technology
• Silicon is still the base for a majority of the tech on the
market today, and that may never completely change.
• Not every man, woman or child has need of a
Quantum Computer.
• However, as the lure of “smaller and faster” maintains
a constant influence in tech marketing, it may be that
the amount of diamond-based consumer electronics
will rise as silicon’s limits are found
• The era of diamond-driven technology has only just
begun and will far surpass early dreams of Quantum
Computers and semiconductors before it draws to a
close.
6

7. Longevity and Faster Production Time
• The increased technological demand for diamonds also
has ties to the growing manmade diamond industry.
• Lab-grown diamonds take far less time to create than
their natural counterparts, while still providing the
durability and thermal conductivity found in Earth-
grown diamonds.
• Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) stacks carbon atoms
on top of a small diamond seed, creating precious
gems in mere months instead of millennia.
• In addition to fast-tracking the diamond formation
process, CVD diamonds are also free of the negative
stigma of blood – or conflict resource – diamonds.
7

8. The Potential for Supercomputer
Utility
• Consumer-driven, mass-marketed electronics
aren’t the only devices that could see great
technological leaps thanks to a diamonds-for-
silicon replacement.
• Diamonds could also enable scientists to create
supercomputers with greater storage and greater
power.
• These Quantum Computers would be capable of
solving complex problems that are out of reach
for current technology.
8

9. Diamond-driven Technology
• Of course, semiconductors and supercomputers
are only two of the non-aesthetic uses for
diamonds.
• As one of the hardest minerals on Earth,
diamonds are becoming more and more useful
for processing other materials, either by cutting,
grinding or polishing.
• Other tools and materials such as windows,
surgical instruments, blades and phonograph
needles all have diamond-reliant variations.
9

10. Diamond-driven Technology
• The limitations of silicon-based technology is
one of the biggest factors in the rise of
diamond-based technology.
• The element silicon has been the primary
semiconductor in electronics for over half a
century.
• Unfortunately, silicon semiconductors come
with a few key issues.
10

11. Silicon Semiconductors Limits
• Firstly, there’s the issue of heat.
– Silicon semiconductors require a great deal of heat
management which in turn results in major energy
waste.
• Secondly the size and speed of electronic
devices are limited by the performance
capabilities of silicon.
– At this point, it is difficult – if not impossible – to
create smaller or faster devices while still relying on
silicon semiconductors
11

12. 12

13. Quantum Computer an outcome of
Quantum Mechanic
13

14. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT
14

15. Quantum Entanglement
• In quantum physics, entangled particles
remain connected so that actions performed
on one affect the other, even when separated
by great distances.
• The phenomenon so riled Albert Einstein he
called it "spooky action at a distance."
15

16. Quantum Entanglement
• The rules of quantum physics state that an
unobserved photon exists in all possible states
simultaneously but, when observed or
measured, exhibits only one state.
16

17. Quantum Entanglement
• Spin is depicted here as an axis of rotation,
but actual particles do not rotate.
• Entanglement occurs when a pair of particles,
such as photons, interact physically.
• A laser beam fired through a certain type of
crystal can cause individual photons to be split
into pairs of entangled photons.
17

18. Quantum Entanglement
• The photons can be separated by a large distance,
hundreds of miles or even more.
• When observed, Photon A takes on an up-spin
state.
• Entangled Photon B, though now far away, takes
up a state relative to that of Photon A (in this
case, a down-spin state).
• The transfer of state between Photon A and
Photon B takes place at a speed of at least 10,000
times the speed of light, possibly even
instantaneously, regardless of distance.
18

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21

22. 22

23. WHAT FUTURE LEADS
23

24. Could the Universe Be A Giant Quantum Computer?
24

25. Could the Universe Be A Giant Quantum
Computer?
• MIT scientist Seth Lloyd proposes that information is a
quantifiable physical value, as much as mass or motion -
that any physical system--a river, you, the universe--is a
quantum mechanical computer.
• Lloyd has calculated that "a computer made up of all the
energy in the entire known universe (that is, within the
visible “horizon” of forty-two billion light-years) can store
about 1092 bits of information and can perform 10105
computations/second."
• The universe itself is a Quantum Computer, he says, and it
has made a mind-boggling 10122 computations since the
Big Bang (for that part of the universe within the
“horizon”).
25

26. Could the Universe Be A Giant Quantum
Computer?
• In Year Million: Science at the Far Edge of Knowledge,
Leading and up-and-coming scientists and science writers
cast their minds one million years into the future to
imagine the fate of the human and/or extraterrestrial
galaxy.
• First attempted by H. G. Wells in his 1893 essay “The Man
of the Year Million”—is an exploration into a barely
conceivable distant future, where the authors confront
possibilities facing future generations of Homo Sapiens.
• How would the galaxy look if it were redesigned for optimal
energy use and maximized intelligence? What is a universe
bereft of stars?
26

27. Could the Universe Be A Giant Quantum Computer?
• Lloyd has proposed that a black hole could serve
as a Quantum Computer and data storage bank.
• In black holes, he says, Hawking radiation, which
escapes the black hole, unintentionally carries
information about material inside the black hole.
• This is because the matter falling into the black
hole becomes entangled with the radiation
leaving its vicinity, and this radiation captures
information on nearly all the matter that falls into
the black hole.
27

28. Could the Universe Be A Giant Quantum Computer?
• “We might be able to figure out a way to essentially
program the black hole by putting in the right
collection of matter,” he suggests.
There is a supermassive black hole in the center of our
galaxy, perhaps the remnant of an ancient quasar.
• Could the Milky Way's supermassive black hole (in
image above) become the mainframe and central file
sharing system for galaxy hackers of the Year Million?
• A swarm of ten thousand or more smaller black holes
may be orbiting it.
• Might they be able to act as distributed computing
nodes and a storage network?
28

29. Could the Universe Be A Giant Quantum Computer?
• Toward the Year Million, an archival network
between stars and between galaxies could
develop an Encyclopedia Universica, storing
critical information about the universe at
multiple redundant locations in those and
many other black holes.
Jason McManus via Year Million Science
29

30. BLIND QUANTUM COMPUTATION
WITH TELEPORTATION PROTOCOL
30

31. Blind quantum computation with teleportation protocol. The dotted-line square shows the repeating pattern of operations.
Credit: Pérez-Delgado and Fitzsimons. ©2015 American Physical Society
31
Demonstrating that limits were made to be broken, physicists have overcome
what was previously considered to be a natural and universal limit on the
efficiency of a quantum cryptography task called blind quantum computing.
The new method offers significant efficiency improvements and, in some
cases, requires exponentially fewer communication resources to implement
than previous methods did.

32. Blind Quantum Computing
• "This isn't something that is very practical at the moment, since in
order for it to be really useful, we first need to have relatively large
quantum computers.
• To date, blind and verifiable quantum computation has only been
experimentally demonstrated in four-qubit systems. However, as
the technology progresses we expect that the importance of
securely running programs on remote quantum servers will become
increasingly important, just as cloud computing has emerged in the
classical world.
• The advantage of blind quantum computing and verification
protocols is that they offer a type of security which simply is not
possible using purely classical protocols.”
Joseph F.Fitzsimons
32

33. Blind Quantum Computing
• Delegated computation is proving to be a great
source of new cryptographic problems, and so a
lot of our efforts are focused there.
• Perhaps the most important question for us at
the moment is whether there exist
blind quantum computing protocols which do not
require any quantum communication or
entanglement between parties.
33

34. Blind Quantum Computing
• As its name suggests, in blind quantum computing, a
computer performs a task blindly—the input,
computation, and output remain unknown to the
computer.
• The scientists explain that this capability "allows a user
to delegate a computation to an untrusted server while
keeping the computation hidden." As the technology
develops, it is expected to provide greater security
than classical protocols for a variety of applications.
34

35. Blind Quantum Computing
• Like all computing tasks, blind quantum computing requires
a minimum number of qubits, gates, and other
communication resources in order to perform a
computation.
• Recent research has suggested that there is a natural lower
limit on these communication requirements, which is based
on the so-called "no-programming theorem."
• Because this lower bound suggests that blind quantum
computing protocols will always require a certain minimum
amount of resources, it effectively limits the efficiency with
which these protocols can be carried out.
35

36. Teleportation for error correction
• In the new paper, the physicists have shown that this limit
holds only in certain scenarios, and it can be overcome by
using a technique called "iterated gate teleportation."
• The technique is based on standard gate teleportation, in
which quantum states are rapidly transmitted from one
gate to another by taking advantage of quantum
entanglement between the gates.
• In the iterated version, additional gate teleportation steps
are repeatedly carried out to correct errors based on the
results of the preceding teleportation steps.
36

37. Teleportation for error correction
• “The really important part of gate teleportation is that it
provides a way to perform the desired computation on one
half of an entangled state before the desired input is even
known, resulting in a special resource state," Fitzsimons
told Phys.org.
• "Once you have the input, you can perform a special set of
measurements between the input and the resource state.
• For one possible outcome of the measurements, the effect
is to perform the encoded computation on the chosen
input.
•
37

38. Teleportation for error correction
• However, it is impossible to control which
measurement outcome you get, and any other
outcome results in some unwanted error which
needs to be corrected.
• Our iterated teleportation protocol is simply
using teleportations to correct errors introduced
by previous teleportation steps in such a way that
the errors diminish each round and eventually
disappear."
38

39. Gamma-ray shaping could lead to
'nuclear' Quantum Computers
39

40. Gamma-ray shaping could lead to
'nuclear' Quantum Computers
• A way of modulating the waveforms of individual, coherent
high-energy photons at room temperature has been
demonstrated by researchers in the US and Russia.
• The advance opens the way for new quantum-optics
technologies capable of extremely high-precision
measurements, as well as the possibility of quantum-
information systems based on nuclear processes.
• The new approach could also be useful for those doing
fundamental research in a variety of areas, ranging from
the role of quantum phenomena in biological processes to
fundamental questions in quantum optics itself.
40

41. 41

42. 42

43. Achieving entanglement in silicon is
another step down the road to
Quantum Computers.
43

44. RESEARCH AREAS
44

45. ALGORITHMS
• One of the central open questions in the field of quantum
computing is the existence of efficient quantum heuristic
algorithms for solving classically intractable instances of
combinatorial optimization problems that are found at the
core of many of NASA’s missions. Classical heuristic
algorithms have been developed over the years to solve or
approximate solutions to practical instances of hard
problems, and the search for improved heuristics remains
an active research area. The efficacy of these approaches is
generally determined by running them on benchmark sets
of problem instances. Such empirical testing for quantum
algorithms requires the availability of quantum hardware.
45

46. ALGORITHMS
• As that hardware becomes available, NASA’s QuAIL
team will, beginning with the D-Wave Two™ quantum-
annealing machine, design and evaluate quantum
approaches to challenging combinatorial optimization
problems.
• Initial efforts will focus on theoretical and empirical
analysis of quantum annealing approaches to difficult
optimization problems. The team’s work includes the
development of quantum AI algorithms, problem
decomposition and hardware embedding techniques,
and quantum-classical hybrid algorithms.
46

47. Quantum metrology
• Quantum metrology is concerned with
harnessing quantum many-body correlations and
entanglement for the purposes of enhancing
measurement sensitivity past the classical
bounds.
• This classical bound is easily defined for a many-
body system containing N particles: In this case
the precision sensitivity (the variance on any
estimate of the parameter being investigated)
scales with the inverse square root of the particle
number.
47

48. Quantum metrology
• This is exactly the precision limit resulting
from making N independent single particle
measurements of the parameter.
• So any greater sensitivity implies that the
device is operating beyond this classical limit,
and that the particles are behaving in a
quantum-correlated fashion.
48

49. QUANTUM NOISE
• One main area of focus is adiabatic quantum computation.
• understanding how the effects of noise, imprecision in the
Hamiltonian coefficients, and thermal processes affect
adiabatic quantum computation and measurement
precision.
• Particularly for high-dimensional optimization problems,
where the optimal solution is represented by the lowest
point on a highly featured landscape of hills and valleys,
researchers are exploring how the shape of the landscape
affects how quickly that lowest point may be found using
quantum annealing algorithms.
49

50. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
• NASA is exploring the potential of quantum computing—
and quantum annealing algorithms in particular—to aid in
the many challenging computational problems involved in
NASA missions.
• One initial target application area the QuAIL team will be
exploring is related to the NASA Kepler mission’s search for
habitable, Earth-sized planets. The complex computational
task of identifying and validating the transit signals of
smaller planets as they orbit their host stars is currently
based on heuristic algorithms (designed to find
approximate solutions when classic methods don’t find
exact solutions), implying that some planets could remain
undiscovered due to this computational limitation.
50

51. • Using a quantum computer to perform
Kepler’s data-intensive search for transiting
planets among the more than 150,000 stars in
the spacecraft’s field of view has the potential
to provide a unique, complementary approach
to the task of discovering potential new Earth-
like exoplanets.

52. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
• Another early target application area the team will explore is in the
area of planning and scheduling. Determining the very best use of
limited resources during space missions—such as time and power—
can require hours, days or even weeks to solve with classical
algorithms.
• Automated planners have their origins in robotics and have been
used extensively in space applications.
• Examples of such applications developed at NASA Ames include
automated planners for the ongoing Mars Curiosity mission and
software that helps optimize operations of the International Space
Station’s solar arrays.
• NASA researchers are mapping planning problems from a variety of
areas, including planetary rover exploration, to forms suitable to be
run on quantum computing systems.
52

53. 53
http://www.microsoft.com/StationQ

54. 54

55. IT Challenge
• Product Cycle Shorten
• Unpredictability
• Need to replan faster
• Predication Future
• Respond to Market
• Focus from PROCESS to People
• Data Doubles every 18 Months
• Data Security, Cyber Security,
• Hyper Connected People in Real Time
interacting in an unstructured way
55

56. WHAT QUESTIONS WE SHOULD ASK
FROM QUANTUM COMPUTERS ???
56

57. What questions we should ask from
Quantum Computers ???
• They can process a huge volume of
information in a short period of time and
compute large amounts of variables for
solving particular problems.
57

58. What questions we should ask from
Quantum Computers ???
• “If you want an algorithm to try to understand
the picture in terms of the objects that are in it ,
that actually turns into something that’s much
more difficult. Of that ocean of 10 million pixels,
you have to figure out which ones are making up
certain objects and what those objects are. That’s
kind of extracting meaning from a whole bunch
of data, and doing that well turns out to be a very
difficult problem that classical computers struggle
with at a large scale”
58

59. What questions we should ask from
Quantum Computers ???
• “Problems involving massively complex
computations which can currently be carried
out at the rate of once or twice a year, or
which would take so long that they can never
be completed, could be solved in a matter of
seconds using a quantum computer,”
59

60. What questions we should ask from
Quantum Computers ???
• “All logistical calculations, such as mapping
flight paths at busy airports such as Heathrow,
will take a matter of seconds, as would
detailed stock exchange analysis. Likewise,
complex calculations involving large sets of
variables would all become much simpler.”
60

61. What questions we should ask from
Quantum Computers ???
• “Essentially it will allow you to do big
calculations very, very quickly. It will have an
effect on healthcare, on transportation, on
manufacturing new drugs. It could even be
relevant to climate change and weather
prediction.”
61

62. Quantum Computing
•Exploits quantum mechanical effects
•Built around “Qubits” rather than “bits”
•Operates in an extreme environment
•Enables quantum algorithms to solve very hard problems
Quantum Computer
Tutorial
62

63. “Computersare useless.
- Pablo Picasso
They can only giveyou
answers.”
63

64. 64
Thank you!
Great Audience
Professor Lili Saghafi
proflilisaghafi@gmail.com

65. References, Images Credit• Internet and World Wide Web How To Program, 5/E , (Harvey & Paul) Deitel & Associates
• New Perspectives on the Internet: Comprehensive, 9th Edition Gary P. Schneider Quinnipiac University
• Web Development and Design Foundations with HTML5, 6/E, Terry Felke-Morris, Harper College
• SAP Market Place https://websmp102.sap-ag.de/HOME#wrapper
• Forbeshttp://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2013/10/28/how-fashion-retailer-burberry-keeps-customers-coming-back-for-more/
• Youtube
• Professor Saghafi’s blog https://sites.google.com/site/professorlilisaghafi/
• TED Talks
• TEDXtalks
• http://www.slideshare.net/lsaghafi/
• Timo Elliot
• https://sites.google.com/site/psuircb/
• http://fortune.com/
• Theoretical Physicists John Preskill and Spiros Michalakis
• Institute for Quantum Computing https://uwaterloo.ca/institute-for-quantum-computing/
• quantum physics realisation Data-Burger, scientific advisor: J. Bobroff, with the support of : Univ. Paris Sud, SFP, Triangle de la Physique, PALM, Sciences à l'Ecole,
ICAM-I2CAM
• Max Planck Institute for Physics (MPP) http://www.mpg.de/institutes
• D-Wave Systems
• References
• Frank Wilczek. Physics in 100 Years. MIT-CTP-4654, URL = http://t.co/ezfHZdriUp
• William Benzon and David G. Hays. Computational Linguistics and the Humanist. Computers and the Humanities 10: 265 – 274, 1976. URL
=https://www.academia.edu/1334653/Computational_Linguistics_and_the_Humanist
• Stanislaw Ulam. Tribute to John von Neumann, 1903-1957. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. Vol64, No. 3, May 1958, pp. 1-49, URL = https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-5-
JeCa2Z7hbWcxTGsyU09HSTg/edit?pli=1
• I have already discussed this sense of singualirty in a post on 3 Quarks Daily: Redefining the Coming Singularity – It’s not what you think, URL
= http://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2014/10/evolving-to-the-future-the-web-of-culture.html
• David Hays and I discuss this in a paper where we set forth a number of such far-reaching singularities in cultural evolution: William Benzon and David G. Hays. The Evolution of
Cognition. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 13(4): 297-320, 1990, URL = https://www.academia.edu/243486/The_Evolution_of_Cognition
• Neurobiology of Language – Peter Hagoort on the future of linguistics, URL =http://www.mpi.nl/departments/neurobiology-of-language/news/linguistics-quo-vadis-an-outsider-
perspective
• See, for example: Alex Mesoudi, Cultural Evolution: How Darwinian Theory Can Explain Human Culture & Synthesize the Social Sciences, Chicago: 2011.
• Lewens, Tim, “Cultural Evolution”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL
= http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/evolution-cultural/ Cultural evolution is a major interest of mine.
• Here’s a collection of publications and working papers, URL =https://independent.academia.edu/BillBenzon/Cultural-Evolution
• Helen Epstein. Music Talks: Conversations with Musicians. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987, p. 52.
• [discuss these ideas in more detail in Beethoven’s Anvil, Basic Books, 2001, pp. 47-68, 192-193, 206-210, 219-221, and in
• The Magic of the Bell: How Networks of Social Actors Create Cultural Beings, Working Paper, 2015, URL
=https://www.academia.edu/11767211/The_Magic_of_the_Bell_How_Networks_of_Social_Actors_Create_Cultural_Beings 65