1. The Future of Computing
N a n o p h y s i c s p r o j e c t
F a t e m e h K a r i m i
D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 7
2. TheFutureofComputingandElectronicsIs All About
QubitsWe are having some trouble keeping
up with Moore’s law. When things get
that small, weird stuff starts to
happen With today’s transistors
getting as small as 14 nanometers
(which is 500 times smaller than a red
blood cell), I think we can all agree
that it’s time to look for an
alternative for the future of
computing and electronics before we
smash into our physical wall of
limitations. And we might just have
that answer in quantum computing.
IBM's crazy-thin 7nm chip will hold 20
billion transistors
3. The unlimited amount of states that a qubit can be in at
any given time is traditionally represented in a sphere
where North = 1 and South = 0.
Qubits can take many forms, like atoms,
ions, photons, and even the individual
electrons that are running around on our
electrical circuits. Like bits, qubits are
also measured using our binary system of
1s and 0s. But unlike a classical bit, qubits
can be both a 1 and a 0 at the same time.
We have two qubit properties:
superposition and entanglement.
Classical vs Quantum Bits
4. Multiple States
In superposition, a qubit can be in multiple states at the same time, having a
value of not just 0 or 1, but both, and any amount of numbers in between.
This has some serious implications for computing. Imagine a quantum
computer playing chess, it would be able to analyze every single possible
move all at once, and then pick the best one. This is in comparison to a
modern computer, which would need to analyze and take actions one at a
time.
5. Exponential Power
Another strange property of qubits is their ability to be
linked together, called entanglement, even over massive
distances where there is zero possibility of a physical
connection. When two qubits are linked together, they
will both share a similar state, or value, being 1 or 0.
If you entangled 300 qubits together, you could perform
more parallel computations than there are known atoms
in the universe. The possibilities are overwhelming to
think about. But how do all of those qubits come together
to make a working quantum computer?
6. Some real problems are holding us back from making
quantum computers a reality, including
Just chilling
Living in a bubble
Privacy concerns
…
7. So What Will It Take to Make It Happen
respond in ways that we want them to
be able to consistently use more qubits in experiments
we need to come to an agreement as a collection of scientists, engineers, and
manufacturers about what kind of qubit will be used to power the future of
quantum computing
8. Here’s a rundown of all the types of qubits currently being developed
by tech companies around the world:
Superconducting Loops
Trapped Ions
9. Silicon Quantum Dots
Diamond Vacancies
NEUTRAL ATOM OPTICAL LATTICE
CAVITY QED
COOPER PAIR BOXES
ELECTRON SPINS IN SOLIDS (GaAs, Si)
ELECTRON STATES ON HE-4 SURFACE
QUANTUM HALL STATES
10. what in the world can quantum computers be used for?
Enhancing Encryption
Breaking Encryption
System Simulations
Problem Solving
Modern Medicine
11. Are we even close to getting working quantum computers to play
with? Here’s the progress to date:
The first quantum
computer
Big Investments.
Superconducting experts
Here is D-Wave’s 2X quantum computer owned by Google. Looks
to be as big as a room, just like our first vacuum tube
computers!
12. An UncertainFuture
No one quite knows how quantum computing is going to turn out. We have all
the giants like Microsoft, IBM, and Google investing millions of dollars into
new research. But the real question on everyone’s mind is what type of qubit
will gain the lead? After all, it’s all about business, and whoever can make the
first manufacturable qubit and the quantum computer will surely win
