Introduction to quantum computing and IBM Quantum Experience

1. 1
Francisco J. Gálvez Ramírez
IBM IT Specialist
IBM Quantum Computing
The IBM Quantum Experience

2. SCHEDULE
 Overall
 Quantum Computing Short History
 Some Quantum Concepts
 The IBM Quantum Experience

3.  Overall
 Quantum Computing Short History
 Some Quantum Concepts
 The IBM Quantum Experience

4. What is a Quantum Computer
 A Quantum Computer makes use of the natural laws of
quantum mechanics to perform a calculation.
 ¿Why do we want a Quantum Computer?
 Performance Solving Problems much faster than a classical computer.
 Impossible Problems  There are problems that can not be run with full
fidelity in a classical system.

5. What’s a quantum bit or Qubit?
 A qubit is the quantum concept of a bit.
• It’s not any element or device. A qubit is a logical
concept that can be implemented on a wide range of
different systems with quantum behaviour
• As a bit, a single qubit can represent two states 0 and 1
But additional a qubit is able to manage all possible combinations amont base
states 0 and 1

6. Quantum Computing Use Cases
Cryptography
Quantum computers are famous for code-breaking, but their real power may lie in
making cloud computing more secure. Based on laws of physics, quantum computers
have the potential to keep private data safe from snoops and hackers, no matter
where it is stored or processed.
Medicine & Materials
•A quantum computer mimics the computing style of nature, allowing it to simulate,
understand and improve upon natural things—like molecules, and their interactions
and compounds-better than a classical computer. This ability could lead to new
medical advances and materials discovery.
Machine Learning
•Quantum machine learning is an exciting and new area. Research indicates that
quantum computing could significantly accelerate machine learning and data analysis
tasks, such as training of classical Boltzmann machines, or topological analysis of big
data. .
Searching Big Data
•A machine that can search the ever-growing amount of data being created, and
locate connections within it, could have tremendous impact across many industries.
Quantum computing offers the possibility of doing this significantly faster than
classical computers. Further research will lead to the realization of this capability

7.  Introduction
 Quantum Computing Short History
 Some Quantum Concepts
 The IBM Quantum Experience

8. 1935 The EPD Paradox
Albert Einstein, Robert Podolsky and Nathan Rosen question
the quantum wave function as a complete description of
physical reality
80 years of quantum history

9. 1970 The Birth of Quantum Information Theory
Notes taken from discussions between Stephen Wiesner and Charlie Bennet, when
Charlie was still a graduate student at Harvard, possibly contains the first use of the
phrase "quantum information theory" and the first suggestion for using entanglement as a
communication resource. The notes go on to describe the principle of superdense coding,
eventually published in 1992 by Stephen and Charlie, but this early version incorrectly
states that the receiver can receive either of the encoded bits, but not both, whereas in
fact both can be received, by an entanglement measurement.
80 years of quantum history

10. 1981 First Conference on the Physics of
Computation
This first conference was co-hosted by MIT and IBM. During this conference, nobel prize winner Richard Feynman
challenged computer scientist to develop a new breed of computers based on quantum physics. Ever since then,
scientists have been grappling with the difficulty of attaining such a grand challenge
80 years of quantum history

11. 1984 Quantum Cryptography
Charles Bennettt and Gilles Brassard
propose a cipher based on the fundamental
laws of nature (quantum mechanics), rather
than the status quo technique of assumed
mathematical difficulty
01010010011000010101001011101010101010101010010000111101010101001010101010010101010101001001111010101111
00111101010101110100001000011111101010011000101110100101010100011110100101010110101010010101011001010011
00010100111010100010100010101001000101010110001011101010010101010000101110101010100101010100010101010010
80 years of quantum history

12. 1985 Computador Cuántico Universal
David Deutsch, described the first universal quantum
computer
https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~christos/classics/Deutsch_quantum_theory.pdf
80 years of quantum history

13. 1993
Quantum Teleportation
IBMer Charlie Bennet and Collaborators show that quantum
information can be transmited between distant places using only
the principle of entanglement and a classical communication
cannel.
80 years of quantum history
This technique of encoded teleportation
has become an important primitive
operation contained in many quantum
algorithms and quantum error correction
protocols

14. 1994 Shor’s Factoring Algorithm
Peter Shor shows that is possible to factor a
number into its primitives efficiently on a quantum
computer. This problema is believed to be hard
with a conventional computer.
Shor’s algorithm was the first demostration that
quantum computers are fundamentally more
powerful than conventional computers, launching
an explosion of both theoretical and experimental
interest in the field
80 years of quantum history

15. 1996 Grover’s Search algorithm
Using Quantum concepts, Lov Grover
created an ultra-fast algorithm to search
into non indexed databases
80 years of quantum history

16. 80 years of quantum history
1996 DiVicenzo Criteria for Building a Quantum
Computer
David DiVicenzo outlines the 5 minimal requirements he predicts are
necessary for the physical implementation of a quantum computer. This list
has known as the DiVicenzo Criteria and has influenced many experimental
programs working on building a quantum computer. They are:
1.Well defined extendable qubit array
2.Preparable in the [0000…] ground state
3.A universal gate of quantum states
4.Long coherence times, much longer than the gate-operation time
5.Single-qubit measurement

17. 2004 Circuit QED is Demonstrated
Robert Scholkopf and collaborators at Yale University invent
Circuit QED, where a superconducting qubit is strongly
interacted with a single photon in a microwave cavity. This is a
ground-breaking result as it shows coherent interaciton of an
artificial atom with a microwave photon, all on a chip. The work
by the Yale team opened up many new possibilities and the
circuit QED coupling scheme has become the standard for
coupling and reading superconducting qubits as systems
continue to scale.
80 years of quantum history

18. 2007 The Transmon Superconducting Qubit
The transmon superconducting qubit is invented by Robert
Schoelkopt and collaborators at Yale University. It is a
type of superconducting charge qubit designed to have
reduced sensitivity to charge noise, a major obstacle for
long coherence. it has subsequently been adopten by
many superconducting quantum groups, including IBM.
80 Años de historia Cuántica

19. 2012 Coherence Time Improved
Several important parameters for quantum information prodessing with transmon
qubits are improved. The coherence time which is the amount of time that the qubit
retain threir quantum state is extended up to 100 microseconds.
80 years of quantum history

20. 2016 IBM makes Quantum Computing Available
on IBM Cloud to Accelerate Innovation
IBM scientists build a quantum processor that users can access
through a first-of-kind quantum computing platform delivered via
the IBM Cloud onto any desktop or mobile device. The cloud-
enabled quantum computing platform, called IBM Quantum
Experience, will allow users to run algorithms and experiments on
IBM's quantum processor, work with the individual quantum bits
(qubits) and explore tutorials and simulations around what might
be possible with quantum computing.
80 years of quantum history

21.  Introduction
 Quantum Computing Short History
 Some Quantum Concepts
 The IBM Quantum Experience

22. Quantum Physics
Quantum physics is hard because, like Einstein’s theory of
relativity, it requires internalizing ideas that are simple but
very counterintuitive.
The counterintuitive ideas one must accept are
1. A physical system in a perfectly definite state can still behave randomly.
2. Two systems that are too far apart to influence each other can
nevertheless behave in ways that, though individually random, are
somehow strongly correlated.

23. Basic Concepts in Quantum Mechanics
 The Uncertainty Principle
Every time a measure on the system is made, the system is changed by that
that measure.
 States Superposition
An state exists in all the possible configurations of the configuration space
 Quantum Entanglement
EPR Paradox – There’s a relationship among the features of the entangled
elements.
 Decoherence
In a coherent state made up of several elements, all the quantum features are
alive and the system appear as one quantum system. Decoherence gives back
individual identity to each system component

24. Quantum Computer Main Features
1. Uses Quantum Bits (Qubits)
2. Works with Quantum Parallelism
3. Entanglement
4. Keeps coherence

25. Quantum Computer Requirements
1. Well defined extendable qubit array, that allows to scale the
system
2. The system must be preparable in the [0000…] ground state.
3. A universal set of quantum gates.
4. Long decoherence times, much longer than the gate-
operation time.
5. After the operation the system must be readable at qubit level
(measurement capability).
Di Vincenzo’s Criteria:

26. What’s a quantum bit or Qubit?
 A qubit is the quantum concept of a bit.
• It’s not any element or device. A qubit is a logical concept
that can be implemented on a wide range of different
systems with quantum behaviour
• As a bit, a single qubit can represent two states 0 and 1
But additional a qubit is able to manage all possible combinations amont base
states 0 and 1

27. Quantum Operations
 A basic quantum circuit working on one or more qubits
 It’s equivalent to digital circuits logical gates lógicas
10 βα +=Ψ 10 βα +=Ψ
1. Quantum Gates are reversible
2. Mathematically thery are represented by unitary matrixes
3. Los qubits on which they act must retain their quantum identity
1 1 1
2 1 -1
=
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
=
Hadamard Gate Controlled-NOT gate
Quantum Gates

28. Adiabatic Quantum Computing
 Adiabatic Quantum Computation is based on the Adiabatic
Theorem and requires at least a big set of qubist (but not
all) to be entangled during process time.
 A very specific algorithm is implemented: “The Quantum
Annealer”
 Use Cases  Optimization Problems
 Scope  Restricted
 Computing Power  Similar to current classical computers

29. Universal Quantum Computer
 Universal Quantum Computing requires
entanglement for every qubit included in the
system.
 Use Cases  Secure Computing, Machine
Learning, Criptography, Quantum Chemistry,
Material Science, Optimization Problems, Sampling
Quantum Dynamics, Searching.
 Scope  Wider scope
 Computing Power  Very High
The Universal Computing is the great challenge in quantum computing. It
has the potential to be exponentially faster than traditional computers for a
number of applications in the world of science and also in the world of
business.

30.  Introduction
 Quantum Computing Short History
 Some Quantum Concepts
 The IBM Quantum Experience

31. The IBM Quantum Experience

32. What is the IBM Quantum Experience
 ... it is a web based application to :
 A Real Quantum Processor which is currently working
on the IBM Quantum computing lab
 A simulador that allows to setup your own topology.

33. What is the IBM Quantum Experience
 A Set of Tutorials that provide a guide to understand how
to perfrom quantum algorithms.

34. En que consiste IBM Quantum Experience
 A quantum Composer, which is a graphical interface to
build quantum circuits by simply drag and drop.

35. En que consiste IBM Quantum Experience
 A blog which goal is to build a Quantum Community of
users

36. Introducing the IBM Quantum Experience
A Standard User, have full access to:
• A Real Quantum Processor with 5 operating qubits
• Simulation capabilities, with a custom topoloy defined by user up to 20
qubits.
• Previously run cached results from the device.
At the moment we have just a single quantum processor
connected to the cloud.
When your Units are used up, you can request for a replenish in the
"Account" information page. There, you will notice also the chance for you
to request an upgrade of your User status. Share with us your story,
and tell us why you'd like to become an Expert User of the Quantum
Experience.

37. The Quantum Composer
 Graphical user interface for programming a quantum
processor to construct quantum circuits using a library of
well-defined gates and measurements

38. The Quantum Composer's library
Yellow Class. Represents an idle operation on
the qubit for a time equal to the single-qubit gate
duration.
Green Class. Represents a group known as Pauli
operators.
Blue Class. Represents Clifford gates, which
consist of H, S, and S† gates for generating
quantum superpositions.
Orange Class. Represents gates that are
required for universal control.

39. Quantum Experience: How does it work?

40.  High sophisticated Quantum
Equipment
 A collaboration among IBM
Research and developers
 Quantum Technology + IT
Technology
 A Deployment in the cloud on the
bluemix platform
 A web based application available to
everyone who wants to use it.
What’s in the IBM Quantum Experience

41. The (Complete) Quantum Composer's library

42. How to work with the composer
(Demo)

43. Questions ... ?

44. The End