The experiment was carried out with tomato seedlings, cv. Miliana, at Maritsa VCRI, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, during period 2016-2017 years. Two types of seedling trays (plastic and foam) with five treatments: Control - without fertilizers; Mineral fertilizers –triple superphosphate - 1200 g/m3, ammonium nitrate-500 g/m3, potassium sulphate 500 g/m3 and magnesium sulphate - 200 g/m3); Vermicompost 25% of substrate mixture; Vermicompost 50% of substrate mixture; Vermicompost 75% of substrate mixture were used. Root length, (cm); root fresh weight, (g); stem height, (cm); stem fresh weight, (g) and diameter, (mm); leaves number per plant; leaves fresh weight, (g); total plant fresh weight, (g) were investigated. The experiment was laid with three repetitions. The substrate mixture had a specific effect on the parameters of seedlings. Seedlings grown in mixture enriched with 75% vermicompost had fresh weight from 1.70 g (plastic tray) to 1.11 g (foam trays). The size of the cell does not significantly affect on plant growth. In a float system, cell density is more important than cell depth. It would be more economical to use 104 cell trays than this with 70 cells.
Review of literature on carbon nanotubes exposure risks to human health, and hypes involved in exageration of risks and raising issues regarding research carried out in unrealistic laboratory environment that exhibit excess of human uptake.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Review of literature on carbon nanotubes exposure risks to human health, and hypes involved in exageration of risks and raising issues regarding research carried out in unrealistic laboratory environment that exhibit excess of human uptake.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This presentation describes how the use of Coco Peat can affect the quality of the sustainably developed compost that can be used as an organic fertilizer.
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
A primary screening of antitumor substances was carried out among strains of actinomycetes isolated from the samples of natural substrates of arid zones in the Ile-Balkhash region. Antitumor properties of actinomycetes against Staphylococcus aureus209Р(S. aureus 209P) and its mutants UF-2 and UF-3 were studied using the agar block technique. The diameter of growth inhibition zone was measured after incubation of the test microorganisms at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 hours. 16 strains of actinomycetes (10,2%) from sandy soils and from the plant rhizosphere of the Kapshagai area virtually having no effect or only slightly affecting the growth of wild-type culture.22 strains of actinomycetes (14,0%) from takyrs and takyr-like soils of the Balkhash area had an activity against staphylococcal mutants two or more times higher than against the stock staphylococcal strain.This strains may be the potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.It was established that 24.2% of the strains of actinomycetes may be potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
The influence of the manganese citrates, obtained using aquananotechnologies,...IJERA Editor
A comparative study of the impact of citrate of manganese, obtained with the help of nanotechnology, on the growth of mycelium of medicinal fungus Trametes versicolor on their cultivation in a liquid media. It was demonstrated that sulfate and citrate manganese have dramatically different effects on the growth of mycelium Trametes versicolor depending on which medium they were added to.
Antifungal activity of Silver/ Silicon dioxide Nanocomposites21PCH001JEFINF
Botrytis cinerea , a fungus which affects the faba bean plant can be actively controlled by silver/silicon dioxide Nanocomposites. This is described in detail in this presentation .
Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted to study the variability among the genotypes by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to select those that are most suitable for breeding programme. This study included ten quantitative traits. The result of principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components with Eigen value greater than 0.88 contributed about 76.10 per cent of total variation in the population. The variability of the genotypes was interpreted based on four principal components, the first principal component described the yield level, the second principal component described the productivity and quality and the last two principal components described the quality of the fodder which indicating that the identified traits within the axes exhibited great influence on the phenotype and this could be effectively used for selection among the tested entries for further development of Guinea grass varieties with improved fodder yield and quality.
Stevia: Nature’s Wonder Herb
In recent years, there has been a growing shift towards healthier dietary choices and reduced consumption of refined sugars, owing to the raising concerns about obesity, diabetes and other lifestyle related diseases. Paraguayan sweet herb, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, emerged as a promising solution, providing an all-natural, low-calorie alternative for those seeking to satisfy their sweet cravings without compromising their well-being. This plant is native to South America that has been cultivated for hundreds of years (Khiraoui et al., 2018). The leaves and extracts made from them have a sweet taste. They are source of complex mixture of diterpene glycosides including stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudiosides (A, B, C, D, E) and dulcoside A but the major sweet constituents are stevioside and rebaudioside A. Beyond its sweetening capabilities, stevia’s potential health benefits have sparked a great deal of interest in the scientific community. Reports suggest that stevia may offer anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-cariogenic, anti-microbial and anti-hypertensive properties (Ahmad and Ahmad, 2018).
Stevia: Nature’s Wonder Herb
In recent years, there has been a growing shift towards healthier dietary choices and reduced consumption of refined sugars, owing to the raising concerns about obesity, diabetes and other lifestyle related diseases. Paraguayan sweet herb, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, emerged as a promising solution, providing an all-natural, low-calorie alternative for those seeking to satisfy their sweet cravings without compromising their well-being. This plant is native to South America that has been cultivated for hundreds of years (Khiraoui et al., 2018). The leaves and extracts made from them have a sweet taste. They are source of complex mixture of diterpene glycosides including stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudiosides (A, B, C, D, E) and dulcoside A but the major sweet constituents are stevioside and rebaudioside A. Beyond its sweetening capabilities, stevia’s potential health benefits have sparked a great deal of interest in the scientific community. Reports suggest that stevia may offer anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-cariogenic, anti-microbial and anti-hypertensive properties (Ahmad and Ahmad, 2018).
Safety regulations for stevia consumption have been established by various regulatory authorities worldwide. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives initially defined the recommended daily consumption of 4 mg/kg body weight in 2004. The US FDA in 2008-09 issued safe status for steviol glycosides, which were followed by the European food safety authority. In 2015, the FSSAI approved its use as a non-calorie sweetener in a variety of food products in India. Stevia is presently recognized as safe in more than 150 nations (Anonymous, 2023).
Due to its numerous health benefits and versatility in culinary applications, stevia h
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
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This presentation describes how the use of Coco Peat can affect the quality of the sustainably developed compost that can be used as an organic fertilizer.
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
A primary screening of antitumor substances was carried out among strains of actinomycetes isolated from the samples of natural substrates of arid zones in the Ile-Balkhash region. Antitumor properties of actinomycetes against Staphylococcus aureus209Р(S. aureus 209P) and its mutants UF-2 and UF-3 were studied using the agar block technique. The diameter of growth inhibition zone was measured after incubation of the test microorganisms at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 hours. 16 strains of actinomycetes (10,2%) from sandy soils and from the plant rhizosphere of the Kapshagai area virtually having no effect or only slightly affecting the growth of wild-type culture.22 strains of actinomycetes (14,0%) from takyrs and takyr-like soils of the Balkhash area had an activity against staphylococcal mutants two or more times higher than against the stock staphylococcal strain.This strains may be the potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.It was established that 24.2% of the strains of actinomycetes may be potential producers of antitumor antibiotics.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
The influence of the manganese citrates, obtained using aquananotechnologies,...IJERA Editor
A comparative study of the impact of citrate of manganese, obtained with the help of nanotechnology, on the growth of mycelium of medicinal fungus Trametes versicolor on their cultivation in a liquid media. It was demonstrated that sulfate and citrate manganese have dramatically different effects on the growth of mycelium Trametes versicolor depending on which medium they were added to.
Antifungal activity of Silver/ Silicon dioxide Nanocomposites21PCH001JEFINF
Botrytis cinerea , a fungus which affects the faba bean plant can be actively controlled by silver/silicon dioxide Nanocomposites. This is described in detail in this presentation .
Principal Component Analysis for Evaluation of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted to study the variability among the genotypes by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to select those that are most suitable for breeding programme. This study included ten quantitative traits. The result of principal component analysis showed that the first four principal components with Eigen value greater than 0.88 contributed about 76.10 per cent of total variation in the population. The variability of the genotypes was interpreted based on four principal components, the first principal component described the yield level, the second principal component described the productivity and quality and the last two principal components described the quality of the fodder which indicating that the identified traits within the axes exhibited great influence on the phenotype and this could be effectively used for selection among the tested entries for further development of Guinea grass varieties with improved fodder yield and quality.
Stevia: Nature’s Wonder Herb
In recent years, there has been a growing shift towards healthier dietary choices and reduced consumption of refined sugars, owing to the raising concerns about obesity, diabetes and other lifestyle related diseases. Paraguayan sweet herb, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, emerged as a promising solution, providing an all-natural, low-calorie alternative for those seeking to satisfy their sweet cravings without compromising their well-being. This plant is native to South America that has been cultivated for hundreds of years (Khiraoui et al., 2018). The leaves and extracts made from them have a sweet taste. They are source of complex mixture of diterpene glycosides including stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudiosides (A, B, C, D, E) and dulcoside A but the major sweet constituents are stevioside and rebaudioside A. Beyond its sweetening capabilities, stevia’s potential health benefits have sparked a great deal of interest in the scientific community. Reports suggest that stevia may offer anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-cariogenic, anti-microbial and anti-hypertensive properties (Ahmad and Ahmad, 2018).
Stevia: Nature’s Wonder Herb
In recent years, there has been a growing shift towards healthier dietary choices and reduced consumption of refined sugars, owing to the raising concerns about obesity, diabetes and other lifestyle related diseases. Paraguayan sweet herb, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, emerged as a promising solution, providing an all-natural, low-calorie alternative for those seeking to satisfy their sweet cravings without compromising their well-being. This plant is native to South America that has been cultivated for hundreds of years (Khiraoui et al., 2018). The leaves and extracts made from them have a sweet taste. They are source of complex mixture of diterpene glycosides including stevioside, steviolbioside, rebaudiosides (A, B, C, D, E) and dulcoside A but the major sweet constituents are stevioside and rebaudioside A. Beyond its sweetening capabilities, stevia’s potential health benefits have sparked a great deal of interest in the scientific community. Reports suggest that stevia may offer anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-cariogenic, anti-microbial and anti-hypertensive properties (Ahmad and Ahmad, 2018).
Safety regulations for stevia consumption have been established by various regulatory authorities worldwide. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives initially defined the recommended daily consumption of 4 mg/kg body weight in 2004. The US FDA in 2008-09 issued safe status for steviol glycosides, which were followed by the European food safety authority. In 2015, the FSSAI approved its use as a non-calorie sweetener in a variety of food products in India. Stevia is presently recognized as safe in more than 150 nations (Anonymous, 2023).
Due to its numerous health benefits and versatility in culinary applications, stevia h
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
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This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System
Dintcheva TI. 277
Table 1. Chemical analyses of substrate mixtures for period 2016 – 2017
Variant pH
EC
mS/cm
ppm
N P K Ca Mg
2016
C 5.68 0.43 240.00 26.10 74.70 48.00 21.60
M 5.30 1.38 250.00 37.10 174.30 84.00 50.40
V 25% 7.08 2.34 440.00 38.60 958.70 60.00 79.20
V 50% 7.26 2.96 605.00 37.20 1438.00 168.00 93.60
V 75% 6.92 4.20 1000.00 93.10 1830.20 168.00 129.60
2017
C 5.62 0.50 60.00 56.30 37.40 72.00 14.40
M 5.33 2.76 440.00 123.80 616.30 120.00 108.00
V 25% 6.63 2.54 385.00 86.30 410.90 228.00 194.40
V 50% 7.19 5.47 1375.00 140.80 1369.50 240.00 273.60
V 75% 6.79 5.66 1430.00 155.50 1506.50 324.00 403.20
cell sizes (NeSmith and Duval, 1998; Schrader, 2000; Al-
Menaie et al., 2012, Cholakov and Shopov, 2013). But in
this case a positive note, according to Schrader (2000), is
that smaller containers or cells reduce production costs.
The cell size is important for producers. They want to
optimize production space by smaller cell sized trays
whereas consumers are interested in larger cell sized
trays, because it’s relates to optimum post-transplant
performance. More cells per tray (smaller cells) increases
number of produced plants (Schrader, 2000) and reduce
transplant production space (NeSmith and Duval, 1998).
Trays with fewer cells provide a greater volume of the root
system of plants and enhanced positively on the
performance of the seedlings (Oagile et al., 2016).
Moreover, a key factor for appropriate cell sizes is the
ability of the seedling to adapt successfully after
transplantation on the field.
It is therefore necessary to explore options for optimal size
of transplants tray and substrate mixture for growing
tomato seedlings in modified floating system in open field
in the conditions of Bulgaria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were carried out with tomato seedlings,
cv. Miliana, at Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute,
Plovdiv, Bulgaria, during period 2016-2017 years.
Seedlings were grown in modified floating system. The
system was built in open field like a bed covered with white
polyethylene. Due to the high temperatures and high
sunshine in May-June, tunnel covered with net (45% light-
transmittance) was built. In the first 6-8 days after sowing
plants are grown under the tunnel. On the next 5-6 days
the net was used in hours of high sunshine after 2 p.m.
Until the end of the vegetation seedlings were grown
uncovered. Seeds were sown in 25-th of May and the
experiment finished after 30 days. The experiment was set
in three repetitions.
Types of trays
In the trail two types of trays –plastic and foam were used.
Plastic trays were with parameters: 32 x 52 cm, with 70
cells (4.0 x 3.5 cm x 4.0 cm deep). Foam trays were with
parameters: 33.0 x 53.0 cm, with 104 cells (3.4 х 3.4 cm x
5.0 cm deep). Both of them were filled with mixture of peat
moss and perlite 7:3 (v/v), enriched with mineral fertilizers
and vermicompost according to variants. The trays were
situated in water beds (10 L water in 2 m2 per day). The
beds were filled with water once a day.
Treatments (variants)
Control (C) - without fertilizers; Mineral fertilizers (M) –
triple superphosphate - 1200 g/m3, ammonium nitrate-500
g/m3, potassium sulphate 500 g/m3 and magnesium
sulphate - 200 g/m3; Vermicompost 25% of substrate
mixture (V 25%); Vermicompost 50 % of substrate mixture
(V 50%); Vermicompost 75% of substrate mixture (V 75%).
Substrate analyses before sowing of seeds are presented
in Table 1.
Vermicompost is organic material resulting from nutrition
of California red worms (Lumbricus rubellus) with caw
manure. Vermicompost was added in mixture in the time
of preparing of substrate. Chemical analyses of
vermicompost: N 1080.00 – 2100.00 ppm, P 37.60-159.70
ppm, K 1568.70-1830.00 ppm, Ca 72.00 – 432.00 ppm,
Mg 136.80-554.40 ppm, pH 0.70-0.76, EC 0.32-0.78
mS/cm. Analyses are made by method of Sonneveld et al.
(1974).
Measurements of seedlings
Root length, (cm); fresh weight of roots, (g); stem height,
(cm); stem fresh weight, (g) and diameter, (mm); leaves
number per plant; leaves fresh weight, (g); total plant fresh
weight, (g) were measured 30 days after sowing of seeds.
Statistical analysis
Experimental data was subject of variance using two-
factor ANOVA analysis with significance 0.05 of Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test and Pared Sample T test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of the substrate
The substrate has a specific effect on the indicators of the
root system in both trays. Regarding to the length of the
3. Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 278
Table 2. Parameters of roots
Variant
Plastic trays Foam trays
Length, cm Weight, g Length, cm Weight, g
C 13.77 ns 0.45 b 7.81 c 0.20 b
M 12.91 ns 0.63 a 9.92 abc 0.25 b
V 25% 11.59 ns 0.53 a 9.20 bc 0.23 b
V 50% 12.69 ns 0.66 a 12.83 a 0.37 a
V 75% 12.58 ns 0.62 a 11.97 ab 0.41 a
a,b,c - p<0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)
Table 3. Parameters of stem
Variant
Plastic trays Foam trays
Height, cm Fresh weight, g Diameter, mm Height, cm Fresh weight, g Diameter, mm
C 5.10 c 0.31 a 2.49 c 5.21 d 0.25 d 2.63 ns
M 6.33 b 0.49 b 3.29 a 5.69 c 0.32 c 2.72 ns
V 25% 6.45 b 0.52 b 2.91 b 6.17 b 0.38 b 2.76 ns
V 50% 6.56 b 0.51 b 3.27 a 6.96 a 0.47 a 2.63 ns
V 75% 7.48 a 0.78 a 3.33 a 6.75 a 0.48 a 2.82 ns
a,b,c - p<0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)
root there are statistically unsubstantiated differences in
the seedlings growin in plastic trays and proved by those
from the foam trays (Table 2). Plants from variant with 50
and 75% vermicompost grown in foam trays form roots
with a length from 11.97 cm to 12.83 cm, statistically
proven in comparison with the other variants. The highest
value of fresh root weight from 0.37 to 0.41 g was also
recorded. The indicators of plants from plastic trays show
a similar effect of the same amounts of vermicompost, with
a slightly higher weight of fresh roots from 0.62 to 0.66 g
compared to the foam trays, due to the larger volume of
cells.
The roots of seedlings are with very tiny structure and they
can be easily to cut off by washing the substrate mixture.
In this case is very difficult to make a conclusion on effect
of substrate on the root system indicators.
The nutrient content of the substrate mixture influences the
stem parameters. There is a positive effect of the
vermicompost (Table 3). Increasing the amount of organic
material leads to increases the height of the plants in both
types of trays. The differences are statistically proven in
comparison with control and mineral fertilization. These
differences are more clearly differentiated in seedlings
from foam trays. Under the influence of organic fertilizer
the plant height increases from 6.45 cm to 7.48 cm (plastic
trays) and from 6.17 to 6.96 cm (foam trays). The lowest
values of this indicator were recorded in the control
variants – 5.10 cm and 5.21 cm, respectively. The same
tendency is observed in the fresh stem weight. Differences
in the values of the diameter of the stem, between the
variants are small, but for the plants from the foam trays
are statistically unproven.
The amount of vermicompost of the substrate mixture
specifically affects the growths of tomato seedlings.
Organic fertilizer in the amount of 50 and 75% has a
positive effect on the plants. A similar effect has also been
observed by Tringovska and Dintcheva (2012) in the
cultivation of tomato transplants.
The substrate mixture did not significantly affect the
number of leaves in the plants of the two types of trays.
There are minor differences that are statistically unproven
(Table 4). More important is the effect on the fresh weight
of leafs. Mineral and organic fertilizers have a positive
effect on this indicator. Plants of plastic trays have a larger
fresh weight of leaves than those of foam trays. This is
probably due to the larger area of the cells of trays.
Reported values are 0.60 g and 0.31 g, respectively. The
best effect was recorded in variant with 75% vermicompost
of the substrate mixture – 0.92 g and 0.63 g, respectively.
The total fresh weight of the seedlings is indicative of the
effect of substrate mixture on plant growths (Figure 1 and
Figure 2). The tape of trays also has an influence. With the
smallest weight of plants are these from control variants of
the both trays – 0.53 g and 0.65 g. The substrate mixture,
enriched with mineral fertilizers and vermicompost, has a
positive effect. In plastic trays the effect is more
pronounced, the values are similar, with statistically
proven differences. The best effect is recorded in a variant
enriched with 75% vermicompost, where the fresh weight
of the plant reaches 1.70 g. In the foam trays, this indicator
has a value of 1.11 g.
a,b,c,d - p<0,05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)
Figure 1. Total plant fresh weight, g
4. Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System
Dintcheva TI. 279
Table 4. Parameters of leaves
Variant
Plastic trays Foam trays
Number Weight,g Number Weight, g
C 3.00 ns 0.35 c 2.98 ns 0.27 c
M 3.36 ns 0.60 b 2.83 ns 0.31 c
V 25% 3.00 ns 0.59 b 2.44 ns 0.45 b
V 50% 3.44 ns 0.59 b 2.46 ns 0.49 b
V 75% 3.33 ns 0.92 a 2.72 ns 0.63 a
a,b - p<0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)
Table 5. Effect of nutrients on plant vigor
Parameters
Plastic trays Foam trays
Control
Mineral
fertilizers
Vermi-
compost
Control
Mineral
fertilizers
Vermi-
compost
Length of root, cm 13.77 ns 12.91 ns 12.29 ns 7.81 b 9.92 ab 11.33 a
Fresh weight of root, g 0.45 b 0.63 a 0.60 a 0.20 b 0.25 ab 0.34 a
Length of steam, cm 5.10 c 6.33 b 6.83 a 5.21 c 5.69 b 6.62 a
Fresh weight of steam, g 0.31 c 0.49 b 0.60 a 0.25 c 0.32 b 0.44 a
Diameter of steam, mm 2.49 b 3.29 a 3.17 a 2.63 ns 2.72 ns 2.74 ns
Leaves number 3.00 b 3.36 a 3.26 ab 2.89 ns 2.83 ns 2.54 ns
Fresh weight of leaves, g 0.35 b 0.60 a 0.70 a 0.27 b 0.31 b 0.52 a
Total plant fresh weight, g 0.65 c 1.10 b 1.30 a 0.53 c 0.63 b 0.96 a
a,b - p<0.05 (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test)
Figure 2. Seedlings from: A – plastic trays; B- foam trays
Effect of origin of nutrients – mineral and organic
The origin of nutrient source has a particular impact on the
seedlings (Table 5). Chemical fertilizers and organic
fertilizer have a positive effect on plant vigor compared to
control without nutrients in both trays. Despite the slight
differences, a better effect is registered by the organic
fertilizer. This trend has been observed on seedlings in
both trays. Plants grown in plastic trays are characterized
by a stem height of 6.83 cm and a total fresh weight of 1.30
g and those grown in foam trays with stem height of 6.62
cm and a total fresh mass of 0.96 g due to the use of an
organic component in the growing media. A similar effect
was also observed by Kurtar (2013) in the cultivation of
Brassicacea seedlings in floating system. Lazcano et al.
(2009), Tringovska and Kanazirska (2003), Arouiee et al.
(2009), Tringovska and Dintcheva (2012) and Dintcheva
and Tringovska (2012) established a stimulating effect
when using a vermicompost in growing mixture for tomato
seedlings. A positive influence of the organic fertilizer is
also found for pepper by Kaciu et al. (2011). In the studies
of Edwards et al. (2004) and Lazcano et al. (2009) also
recorded a significant effect of application of the product
on the root system of nursery plants. This might be due to
physical properties of the substrate enriched with
vermicompost (Atiyeh et al., 2001; Hidalgo and Harkess,
2002), and other biological factors like microbial and
enzyme activity; presence of plant growth-promoting
substances such as hormones and humates (Atiyeh et al.,
2000; Arancon et al., 2003; Bachman and Metzger, 2008;
Yasir et al., 2009; Robledo et al., 2010).
Effect of the type of trays
Parameters of seedlings are poorly influenced by the type
of trays (Table 6). The differences are insignificant and
unproven. However, there were small differences in plant
size due to cell depth and size. Thus, in a float system, cell
density in tray is more important than cell size.
Obtained as a larger number of plants these results are
confirmed by the study of Oh et al., (2014) were the
5. Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 280
Table 6. Effect of the type of trays
Type of trays D Mean ±SD ±SEM
Length of root, cm
Plastic trays
-0.21 ns
12.71 0.68 0.39
Foam trays 10.35 0.92 0.53
Fresh weight of root, g
Plastic trays
0.16 ns
0.58 0.03 0.02
Foam trays 0.29 0.03 0.01
Length of steam, cm
Plastic trays
-0.02 ns
6.38 0.06 0.04
Foam trays 6.16 0.04 0.02
Fresh weight of steam, g
Plastic trays
0.10 ns
0.52 0.03 0.01
Foam trays 0.38 0.01 0.00
Diameter of steam, mm
Plastic trays
0.13 ns
3.06 0.09 0.05
Foam trays 2.71 0.01 0.01
Leaves number
Plastic trays
0.15 ns
3.23 0.09 0.05
Foam trays 2.67 0.08 0.05
Fresh weight of leaves, g
Plastic trays
0.05 ns
0.61 0.05 0.03
Foam trays 0.43 0.01 0.01
Total plant fresh weight,g
Plastic trays
0.16 ns
1.13 0.07 0.04
Foam trays 0.81 0.01 0.00
D - Paired differences; ±SD – Std. deviation; ±SEM – Std. error mean, ns – not significant
authors found that it would be more economical to use
trays with more cells due to total biomass of seedlings.
More cells per tray increase number of seedlings and
reduce production costs (Schrader, 2000).
CONCLUSIONS
The substrate has a specific effect on the parameters of
seedlings. The seedlings are with very good quality in
substrate enriched with 75% vermicompost where the
fresh weight of the plant from plastic tray reaches 1.70 g,
and in the foam trays this value is 1.11 g.
Chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer have a positive
effect on plant vigor. Despite of slight differences, a better
effect is registered by the organic fertilizer.
There were small differences in plant parameters due to
tray depth. Thus, in a float system, cell density is more
important than cell size.
The float-system method produces transplants with good
quality with uniform stem lengths.
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