This study examined the seed viability of four oilseed rape cultivars under salt stress conditions. Two tests were used to evaluate germination and growth - a standard laboratory test and an accelerated aging test. In both tests, increasing salt concentrations significantly reduced germination percentages and growth traits like shoot and root length in all cultivars. The most tolerant cultivar was Banacanka, which had the highest germination rates and growth across salt treatments. Results from the accelerated aging test, which simulates stress conditions, showed lower germination and growth than the standard laboratory test. This highlights the importance of vigor tests for assessing seed quality under stressful conditions like salinity.
Mycorrhizal diversity and root colonization potential of agricultural soils –...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Underarid and semi-arid ecosystems where drought, soil salinity and low soil fertility considerably limit crop production. Under such stressful growing conditions, an appropriate management of mycorrhizae may have a determinant impact on plant production, on the improvement of soil quality and the diversification of cultivated crops. In this context, the diversity of the arbuscularmycorrhizae flora in semi-arid agricultural soils of OuledGhanem and SidiBennour sites of the Doukkala region, Morocco was evaluated and the impact of soil physico-chemical factors on their root-colonization potential studied. The two selected studied sites are respectively characterised by neutral to alkaline substrates, low level of organic matter but differed in their respective texture, sandy soil and muddy soil and their low to medium available P contents. The comparative analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal flora reveals a certain amount of shared species and is characterized in sandy soils by a good proportion of Diversisporales: Scutellosporacalospora, Acaulosporacavernata, Entrophosporainfrequens, Gigaspora margarita when the muddy soils are inhabited with a majority of Glomerales (Glomus.sp). Correlation between physico-chemical and biological soil data enlighted the negative impact of alkalinity and available phosphorus on the soil root colonization potential. The comparative data analyses bring in a critical look at the possible interaction between fungal diversity, mycotrophic plant and root colonization.
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Mycorrhizal diversity and root colonization potential of agricultural soils –...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Underarid and semi-arid ecosystems where drought, soil salinity and low soil fertility considerably limit crop production. Under such stressful growing conditions, an appropriate management of mycorrhizae may have a determinant impact on plant production, on the improvement of soil quality and the diversification of cultivated crops. In this context, the diversity of the arbuscularmycorrhizae flora in semi-arid agricultural soils of OuledGhanem and SidiBennour sites of the Doukkala region, Morocco was evaluated and the impact of soil physico-chemical factors on their root-colonization potential studied. The two selected studied sites are respectively characterised by neutral to alkaline substrates, low level of organic matter but differed in their respective texture, sandy soil and muddy soil and their low to medium available P contents. The comparative analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal flora reveals a certain amount of shared species and is characterized in sandy soils by a good proportion of Diversisporales: Scutellosporacalospora, Acaulosporacavernata, Entrophosporainfrequens, Gigaspora margarita when the muddy soils are inhabited with a majority of Glomerales (Glomus.sp). Correlation between physico-chemical and biological soil data enlighted the negative impact of alkalinity and available phosphorus on the soil root colonization potential. The comparative data analyses bring in a critical look at the possible interaction between fungal diversity, mycotrophic plant and root colonization.
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Cultivation of Potato - Use of Plastic Mulch and Row Covers on Soil Temperature, Growth, Nutrient Status and Yield; Gardening Guidebook for Mexico www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Effect of soil acidity on some soybean varietiesInnspub Net
This study aims to determine the mechanism of adaptation and morphophysiology character of soybean genotypes to soil acidity levels. Research using randomized block design with four replications, the first factor consists of soybean varieties: Tanggamus varieties, Detam 2, Anjasmoro and Detam 1, while the second factor is the media's treatment consisted of medium acid soils and limed soil. The results showed that the low level acidity of planting medium will affect the growth and development of plants. There are different mechanisms of adaptation to acidity on soybean varieties. Avoidance mechanism is indicated by an increase in pH around the roots on Tanggamus varieties, Detam2, Anjasmoro and Detam1. Tolerant mechanism is indicated by the maturation age and high production on Tanggamus varieties
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Inoculation of (Prosopis Laevigata) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Differ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation with Glomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil. We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomus sp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 3 - luisa maniciImage Line
Su http://agronotizie.imagelinenetwork.com/aziende/fiera-bolzano-interpoma/5375 tutte le notizie su Interpoma - Fiera Bolzano, a cura di Agronotizie, rivista on line per l'agricoltura di http://www.imagelinenetwork.com
Abstract— Forage availability, in quantity and quality, is essential for livestock development. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the macro and micro elements of Maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum sp) in function of different harvest frequencies under subsurface drip irrigation. The results showed that mineral concentration in plants depends on: (i) the retention in soil and/or elapsed time for nutrient to be available after a manure application. In this sense, due to the large P retention capacity of Andosols, soil P and Mg mineralization were very slow, in spite of root activity and its influence in the soil balance (ii) the age of the plant: all element concentrations decreased as the plant grew old, except Na. The concentration values between leaf and sheath showed significant differences for all elements except for P and Cu. Thus Ca, Mg, B, Fe and Mn contents were significantly higher in leaf than in sheath while K, Na and Zn were lower in leaf. B contents were also higher in leaves. The ratio K/ (Ca+Mg) for all ages of the plant was higher than 2.2, increasing the possibility of induced hypocalcaemia.
Abstract— The aim of this study was to attempt to identify elite inbred lines resistant to tropical rust, southern rust, gray leaf spot, northern leaf blight, physoderma brown spot and phaeosphaeria leaf spot. Fifty inbred lines were evaluated, in two seasons, in randomized blocks with 3 replications for AUDPC (Area Under the Disease Progress Curve), obtained by evaluation of the disease at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after planting. Rating of at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 corresponded to 0, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and > 80% of leaf symptoms, respectively. The joint analysis of variance had significant differences between inbred lines for tropical rust, southern rust, gray leaf spot and phaeosphaeria leaf spot. There was a significant interaction between inbred lines and seasons for both tropical rust and southern rust. In season 1, tropical rust, southern rust and gray leaf spot differed significantly. In season 2, significant differences occurred for southern rust and phaeosphaeria leaf spot. We found 12 inbred lines with improved levels of resistance to tropical rust, southern rust and gray leaf spot. For phaeosphaeria leaf spot, 38 inbred lines had satisfactory resistance.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, at root surfaces and in association with roots. They benefit plants through Production of plant hormones, such as auxins, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates, antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by production of antibiotics, siderophroes, Chitinase and other nutrients ability to effectively colonize roots are responsible for plant growth promotion. An experiment was conducted in the field of National Institute of Agronomic Research of Meknes. Morocco. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicates. There were four treatments viz. T1: (control; N0 -PGPR), T2: (N0 +2027-2), T3: (N0 +2066-7) and T4: (N0+2025-1). The results indicated that a remarkable increase in root growth, namely length, the diameter of the rod and the total chlorophyll. A total of three different bacteria colonies were isolated and proceed with in vitro screening for plant growth promoting activities; phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production and antimicrobial enzymes (cellulose, chitinase and protease) activity. Among the three bacterial strains, all bacterial strains are able to produce ammonia, IAA production and nitrogen fixation activity, one strain phosphate solubilizing activity, two strain are able to produce cellulase syntheses, Protease activity and Chitinase activity.
Cultivation of Potato - Use of Plastic Mulch and Row Covers on Soil Temperature, Growth, Nutrient Status and Yield; Gardening Guidebook for Mexico www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Effect of soil acidity on some soybean varietiesInnspub Net
This study aims to determine the mechanism of adaptation and morphophysiology character of soybean genotypes to soil acidity levels. Research using randomized block design with four replications, the first factor consists of soybean varieties: Tanggamus varieties, Detam 2, Anjasmoro and Detam 1, while the second factor is the media's treatment consisted of medium acid soils and limed soil. The results showed that the low level acidity of planting medium will affect the growth and development of plants. There are different mechanisms of adaptation to acidity on soybean varieties. Avoidance mechanism is indicated by an increase in pH around the roots on Tanggamus varieties, Detam2, Anjasmoro and Detam1. Tolerant mechanism is indicated by the maturation age and high production on Tanggamus varieties
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Inoculation of (Prosopis Laevigata) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Differ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation with Glomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil. We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomus sp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Convegno la mela nel mondo interpoma bz - 16-11-2012 3 - luisa maniciImage Line
Su http://agronotizie.imagelinenetwork.com/aziende/fiera-bolzano-interpoma/5375 tutte le notizie su Interpoma - Fiera Bolzano, a cura di Agronotizie, rivista on line per l'agricoltura di http://www.imagelinenetwork.com
Abstract— Forage availability, in quantity and quality, is essential for livestock development. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the macro and micro elements of Maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum sp) in function of different harvest frequencies under subsurface drip irrigation. The results showed that mineral concentration in plants depends on: (i) the retention in soil and/or elapsed time for nutrient to be available after a manure application. In this sense, due to the large P retention capacity of Andosols, soil P and Mg mineralization were very slow, in spite of root activity and its influence in the soil balance (ii) the age of the plant: all element concentrations decreased as the plant grew old, except Na. The concentration values between leaf and sheath showed significant differences for all elements except for P and Cu. Thus Ca, Mg, B, Fe and Mn contents were significantly higher in leaf than in sheath while K, Na and Zn were lower in leaf. B contents were also higher in leaves. The ratio K/ (Ca+Mg) for all ages of the plant was higher than 2.2, increasing the possibility of induced hypocalcaemia.
Abstract— The aim of this study was to attempt to identify elite inbred lines resistant to tropical rust, southern rust, gray leaf spot, northern leaf blight, physoderma brown spot and phaeosphaeria leaf spot. Fifty inbred lines were evaluated, in two seasons, in randomized blocks with 3 replications for AUDPC (Area Under the Disease Progress Curve), obtained by evaluation of the disease at 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after planting. Rating of at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 corresponded to 0, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and > 80% of leaf symptoms, respectively. The joint analysis of variance had significant differences between inbred lines for tropical rust, southern rust, gray leaf spot and phaeosphaeria leaf spot. There was a significant interaction between inbred lines and seasons for both tropical rust and southern rust. In season 1, tropical rust, southern rust and gray leaf spot differed significantly. In season 2, significant differences occurred for southern rust and phaeosphaeria leaf spot. We found 12 inbred lines with improved levels of resistance to tropical rust, southern rust and gray leaf spot. For phaeosphaeria leaf spot, 38 inbred lines had satisfactory resistance.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth ...IJEAB
Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria are a heterogeneous group of bacteria that can be found in the rhizosphere, at root surfaces and in association with roots. They benefit plants through Production of plant hormones, such as auxins, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates, antagonism against phytopathogenic microorganisms by production of antibiotics, siderophroes, Chitinase and other nutrients ability to effectively colonize roots are responsible for plant growth promotion. An experiment was conducted in the field of National Institute of Agronomic Research of Meknes. Morocco. The experiment was a completely randomized design with six replicates. There were four treatments viz. T1: (control; N0 -PGPR), T2: (N0 +2027-2), T3: (N0 +2066-7) and T4: (N0+2025-1). The results indicated that a remarkable increase in root growth, namely length, the diameter of the rod and the total chlorophyll. A total of three different bacteria colonies were isolated and proceed with in vitro screening for plant growth promoting activities; phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia production and antimicrobial enzymes (cellulose, chitinase and protease) activity. Among the three bacterial strains, all bacterial strains are able to produce ammonia, IAA production and nitrogen fixation activity, one strain phosphate solubilizing activity, two strain are able to produce cellulase syntheses, Protease activity and Chitinase activity.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Consistent Relationship of Both Watercontent and Activity With Maize Seed Qua...bioejjournal
Seed quality can be explained using a range of indices that are acceptable within the standards set by the
International Seed Testing Association. There is a need to improve existing models to explain the wellknown variations in seed quality within and between crop species. The objective of this study was to
determine the consistency of using grain water occurrence to explain seed quality in terms of viability and
vigour in maize (Zea mays L.). Four sites were used over two seasons to grow three cultivars in order to
monitor changes in water content, water activity, dry mass and total starch observed in different cob
sections (tip, medium and bottom) at 30, 60 and 90 days after pollination. Seed quality was determined
based on the germination and vigour of physiologically mature kernels. It is concluded that grains that
seed quality is linked to the water activity and position on the cob.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Effect of the exposure period to different water salt levels on the morpholog...AI Publications
The increasing salinity of water and soil is one of the environmental factors that most threatens the sustainability of olive cultivation systems in the Mediterranean basin. The identification of plant material with high tolerance to this stress would be one of the ways to solve this challenge, but it is generally a slow and expensive process. The selection of the most reliably parameters involved in the response of the plant to salinity and that are easy to evaluate, could help to speed up the identification of the most tolerant genotypes. The objective of this study is to determine the most interesting morphological characters which could be used in future as early criteria in the selection process of olive tolerant genotypes. For that, young plants, three-month-old, were exposed to salinity (0, 4 and 8 g/L NaCl) during different periods of time (30, 50 and 70 days), and several morphological parameters were assessed. The obtained results showed that most of the parameters were affected by the concentration 8 g/L of NaCl after a treatment period of 50 days. The most affected parameters by this level of salinity were the plant height, the leaf number and the number of lateral shoots. The PCA analysis showed that the number of lateral shoots was poorly correlated with the other parameters, but the height and the leaf number were highly correlated with each other.
Ultraviolet (UV) light has strong genotoxic effect to induce mutations for developing high genetic variability in yields, early maturity and other characters in crops. The study investigated the mutagenic effects of UV radiation on growth, yield, agronomic and mutation tolerance of six maize cultivars. Maize seeds were exposed to UV radiation, and planted in 7 kg soils in the polythene bags, while unexposed served as control. The effect of UV radiation on the first order interaction between weeks after planting (WAP) and treatments was only significant (p<0.05) height="true"><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.01) with leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves with r = 0.95, 0.96, 0.89 respectively. Only the periods of exposure of the UV radiation was positive and strongly correlated with leaf width (r = 0.79). The association between the stover weight and periods of exposure was positive and insignificant, while the correlation between total numbers of grains and grain weight per stand was positive and strong (r = 0.99). Therefore, quality protein maize cultivars should be improved by introgression of favourable genes of drought tolerance, grain yield and related characters through induced mutation of UV radiation.
Germination Capacity in Culture Medium of Prosopis Laevigata Seeds in the Pre...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Copper is a heavy metal that has been used as an anti-fungal agent in various crops, this is why it accumulates in certain agricultural lands at levels that become toxic to plants, as well as to microflora. Cooper, although essential to plants, is toxic when found in high concentrations. The objective of this study was to determine if this element is capable of stimulating and at the same time inhibiting germination of seeds of Prosopislaevigata (mesquite) depending on concentration of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 solutions. A completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments and three repetitions was used to determine tolerance of mesquite seeds to copper. The variables evaluated were percentage of daily germination (PDG-A, PDG-B, and PDG-C), accumulative germination (AG-A, AG-B, and AG-C), average germination time (AGT), germination rate (GR) and anhydrous weight (AW) of mesquite seeds. The culture media supplied with concentration of 10-4 M of copper sulfate (CuS0 4 .5H 2 0), corresponding to treatment four (T 4) showed significant differences (p≤0.05) in variable percentage of daily germination at 48 hours (PDG-B), which presented a germination of 66.7% in relation to treatment two (T 2) with a concentration of 10-2 M of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 and germination of 22.2%. Results obtained after 72 hours for percentage daily germination variable (PDG-C) with > p <0.1 showed that mesquite is a species that can tolerate and adapt in germination stage for culture medium with concentrations from 10-2 to 10-7 M of CuS0 4 .5H 2 0, and consequently use of seedlings for phytoremediation of sites contaminated with copper.
Finding a sustainable solution to the problem of climate change is the first step to reduce food insecurity and malnutrition in developing countries. In Côte d’Ivoire the oilseed Citrullus lanatus constitutes a source of income for farmers. The lack of knowledge on the suitable sowing dates of this plant engenders it low production. Thus to resolve this problem, some field trial were carried out in Gbokora (Daloa). An experimental design with three blocs randomized was set up. Experimentation consisted to realize a sowing during two growing seasons: season 1 (S1) and season (S2). For each season five sowing dates separated with two weeks were realized: Early 1 (E1), Early 2 (E2), Middle (M), Later 1 (L1) and Later 2 (L2). It emerges from this study that to improve the yield of this plant, the crop should be grown during the first season. In addition, planting must be done between mid-March and the beginning of April. This period corresponds to the beginning of the rainy season in the study area. However, if the farmers wish to produce the plant in the second growing season, they will have to wait until the beginning of August, which corresponds to the short rainy season.
Physiological Assessments of Sweet Sorghum Inoculated with Azospirillumbrasi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—Some factors, such as yield increase and production cost reduction, must still be assessed as a way toimprove the sweet sorghum success prospects. The use of plant growth regulator mixtures has shown significant results in crop yield.Nitrogen assimilation stands out as one of the main limiting factors in plant production. Given the physiological effects of plant growth regulators and their mode of action in the photosynthetic metabolism, the aim of the current study is to assess the physiological responses of sweet sorghum plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilenseto the use of nitrogen fertilization and plant growth regulators. The experiment comprised split plots, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and biostimulant levels (0, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mL ha-1) in sweet sorghum culture inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Variables such as gas exchange and total recoverable sugars (TRS%) were assessed. The application of plant growth regulator at the dose 440.7 ml ha-1 showed the highest photosynthetic efficiency up to 46 DAE. According to the experimental conditions, the plant growth regulator treatment had no effect on the TRS %. It is concluded that the plant growth regulator did not affect the production of sugars by the plant.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Physiological Quality of Bean Seeds Related To Azotobacter spp. InoculationIOSRJAVS
Research aimed at improving the quality of crops. The results obtained with seed coating were very influential with regard to fertilization and disease resistance. Nitrogen fertilization increases costs in agricultural production and the loss of fertile lands, altering the natural conditions and has negative consequences for the microorganisms (MO), which regulate the balance between quality of crops and soils. The biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) consists on MO work which provide nitrogen in soil and secrete substances that promote plant growth, these can be made by inoculation of seeds. The germination rate, emergency and vigor are an indicator that determines the productivity and physiological quality of a plant variety. The germination rate, number of emerged seeds per pot in favorable field conditions and vigor by accelerated aging test were evaluated. The seed treatments were: the seed inoculation with Azotobacter spp., Immersion in nutrient broth without bacteria, sterilization and zero handling. The experiment has shown that inoculation of common bean seeds with Azotobacter spp. does not adversely affect germination, emergency or vigor and stimulate the development of abnormal seedlings.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Similar to Viability of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) seeds under salt stress.PDF (20)
Detection of genetically modified soya, maize, and rice in vegetarian and hea...
Viability of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) seeds under salt stress.PDF
1. ___________________________
Corresponding author: Dušica Jovičić,Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog
30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia,Phone: 021/4898-154, Fax: 021/421-249, e-
mail:dusica.jovicic@nsseme.com
UDC 575.633
DOI: 10.2298/GENSR1401137J
Original scientific paper
VIABILITY OF OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus L.) SEEDS
UNDER SALT STRESS
Dušica JOVIČIĆ, Zorica NIKOLIĆ, Miroslav ZORIĆ, Ana MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA,
Gordana PETROVIĆ, Dragana MILOŠEVIĆ, Maja IGNJATOV
Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
Jovičić D., Z. Nikolić, M. Zorić, A. Marjanović-Jeromela, G.
Petrović, D. Milošević and M. Ignjatov (2014): Viability of oilseed rape
(Brassica napus L.) seeds under salt stress-. Genetika vol 46, No1, 137-148.
Although salt stress affects all plant growth stages, seed germination
and seedling growth stages are the most sensitive. Therefore, the aim of this
study was to examine the seed viability of selected oilseed rape cultivars in
saline conditions and to determine the most tolerant cultivars to salinity stress
at germination stage. The experiment included four released oilseed rape
cultivars. The salinity stress was simulated in vitro conditions by adding
different concentrations of NaCl solution to the growing media. Testing of the
seed viability was performed by using the standard laboratory method test and
the accelerated aging test. In all four cultivars, with increasing concentrations
of NaCl in the growing medium, significant changes were observed in
determined characteristics. Results of accelerated aging test were lower than
the standard laboratory test, which implies the importance of vigour tests as an
additional indicator of physiological seed quality, especially under stress
conditions. The most important source of variation is treatment, but the
differences between the cultivars were also significant. Depending on traits,
crossover and non-crossover cultivar × treatment interactions were observed.
Key words: accelerating aging test, germination, growth variables,
salinity tolerance, standard laboratory method
INTRODUCTION
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is the most important protein and oil plant species in
temperate climates. According to the land on which it is grown, it is in third place among oilseed
crops in the world. It is grown on an area of 33.6 million hectares. Major producers are China,
India and Canada, while in Serbia it is grown on an area of 12.000 hectares (FAO, 2010).
Oilseed rape is grown primarily for its seed that is high in oil (40-48%) (MARINKOVIĆ et
al., 2009). After the oil extraction, a by-product meal containing 25-40% of protein (ENAMI,
2011) and 8% of oil remains and is a quality component of animal feed. This oil-plant has an
2. 138 GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No 1, 137-148, 2014
important role in the production of biodiesel, which is an important source of biorenewable
energy (JOVIČIĆ et al., 2011).
The success of the production is largely determined by climatic conditions
during the growing season, so that even small deviations than optimal conditions can
significantly threaten yield (MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA et al., 2011a). Due to climate changes and
higher global average air temperatures, the areas under semi-arid and arid climates are constantly
increasing. In these conditions, intensive farming without irrigation is not feasible. However, the
use of inadequate irrigation water leads to an increase in salt content in soils as well as to salinity
problems. A large amount of salt in soils is one of the most important factors limiting the
successful production of crops thus greatly affecting the economic losses (JOSHI et al., 2009).
Many authors believe that this plant species is moderately tolerant to salinity stres. This is the
reason why oilseed rape is often called marginal land crop.
Germination is the basic indicator of seed quality and it highly depends on biotic and
abiotic factors (VUJAKOVIĆ et al., 2011). It has long been known that plant tolerance to higher
salt content is different in various stages of growth and development. Germination is certainly
one of the most critical stages of plant development especially in saline conditions (CUARTERO et
al., 2006). Disrupted germination in such circumstances is often the result of high concentrations
of salt in the zones of sowing seeds due to capillary movement of soil solution, and later due to
evaporation at the soil surface (ZAMANI et al., 2010). Considering that the germination process is
not possible without water, the main negative effect of salt in soils is reflected in creating
osmotic potentials that will prevent the seeds from absorbing a sufficient amount of water and
sprouts. Also, in saline conditions seeds and seedlings absorb the Na+
and Cl−
ions, which exert
their toxic effects in plant cells (KHAJEH-HOSSEINI et al., 2003).
In stressful soil conditions with high salt content, the standard germination test, which is
considered the best quality indicator, cannot provide enough reliable information on seed lots.
Therefore, seed viability tests (vigour testing) should provide additional information on the
physiological quality of seeds. The main task of vigour tests is to determine which seed lot could
tolerate stress conditions in fields (ISTA, 2013). In order to compensate for the gap between the
supply and demand for high-quality oil seed rape intended for human nutrition, animal feeds and
bio-fuels, it is necessary to create genotypes adjusted to specific climatic conditions in the south-
east region of Europe (MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA et al., 2011b ).
Considering the growing demand for food production on the one hand and increasingly
growing areas of saline soils on the other hand, studying the tolerance of seed and seedlings to
increased salt content in soils is of great importance. The aim of this study was to examine the
seed viability of oilseed rape cultivars in saline conditions, cultivar differences in response to
salinity stress and to determine which cultivars are the most tolerant to the presence of salt in
soils.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment
The experiment was carried out throughout 2010 in the Laboratory for Seed Testing at
the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The research included four released
cultivars of oil seed rape (Banacanka, Jasna, Kata and Zlatna) grown during the 2009-2010
growing seasons. Testing of the seed viability was performed by using the standard laboratory
test (SL test) and the accelerated aging test (AA test). The substrates for germination in both tests
3. D. JOVICIC et al: EFFECT OF NaCl ON SEED VIABILITY 139
were moistened with the NaCl solution of 0, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM concentrations (Control,
T100, T150, T200).
Standard germination test - Seed germination was determined by the SL test according
to ISTA Rules (2010). Germination was performed in four replicates per hundred seeds on filter
paper in Petri dishes. The incubation period has lasted for seven days at 20°C - 30°C. After 5
days, seedlings were transferred from petri dishes to filter paper, which was wrapped in order to
ensure the free shoots and roots growth. Germination was determined after seven days.
Accelerated aging test - The AA test was performed according to the HAMPTON & TE
KRONY (1995) method where the seeds were exposed to double stress conditions of high
temperature and high humidity (100%). The seeds were kept in a water bath at 39°C for a period
of 72h after which the process was repeated in the same manner as the SL test.
In both tests the germination and growth variables were determined, particularly the
length and weight of fresh shoots and roots right after the testing was done. In addition to
examine viability of oilseed rape seed under salinity stress, the germination and growth
variables were determined, particularly the length and weight of fresh shoots and roots right after
the testing were determined in both tests and analyzed in the study.
Data analysis
Statistical data analysis was conducted with Statistica v. 10 software (StatSoft Inc.). The
data on each trait were submitted to two-way fixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure.
The differences in mean values among factor levels were compared by a Duncan`s multiple
range test (P < 0.05). Prior to ANOVA procedure, dataset were explained by several linear
model diagnostic tools in order to ensure the validity of model assumptions.
The sites regression model (CROSSA et al., 2002) and corresponding GGE (genotype
plus genotype-by-environment) biplot was used to study response of the cultivars to the salinity
stress treatments. The procedure for construction of GGE biplot is based on the following
equation:
Υij – µ – Τj = Ci + CTij
where Υij is the response variable (i.e. target trait) of ith cultivar at the jth treatment; µ is the
overall mean; T is the main effect of the jth treatment; C is the main effect of the ith cultivar; and
CT is the interaction among the ith cultivar and jth treatment.
The two-way table of each trait comprising cultivars in rows and treatments in columns
was submitted to singular value decomposition (SVD) procedure to generate principal
components (PCs) together with eigenvector values (or percentage of explained variance by each
particular PC) of cultivars and treatments. Using singular values (SV) of PC and eigenvector
values of cultivars and treatments, above equation is rearranged as follows:
Υij – µ – Τj = λ1ξi1η1j + λ2ξi2η2j + ξij
where λ1 and λ2 are the SV of PC1 and PC2, respectively; ξi1 and ξi2 are the eigenvector values of
ith cultivar for PC1 and PC2, respectively; η1 and η2 are the eigenvectors of jth treatment for PC1
and PC2, respectively; ξij is the residual variation association with ith cultivar and jth treatment.
To partition of SV into the corresponding cultivar and treatment eigenvectors can be generalized
as follows:
ci1 = λ1
fl
ξi1 t1j = λ1
1-fl
η 1j
where l is number of PCs and f is partition factor for SV and ranged from 0 to 1.
4. 140 GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No 1, 137-148, 2014
Finally, GGE biplot used in this study is based on the following equation:
Υij – µ – Τj = ci1t1j + ci2t2j
where Υij is the response variable for ith cultivar at jth treatment; µ is the overall mean; ci1 and ci2
are the PC scores of ith cultivar; t1j and t2j are PC scores of ith treatment.
All biplot in this study are interpreted by means of the "inter-product" principle (YAN &
KANG, 2003) and coded within R computing environment (R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM, 2013).
RESULTS
Means and ANOVA
In order to examine the tolerance of different oilseed rape cultivars to salinity stress, the
results of the SL test were compared to the results of the most important test for seed vigour
examination – the AA test. The two way ANOVA for all traits indicated that all main effects
were highly significant in the both test, where the most important source of variation is treatment
and ranged 91.3% to 96.4% for SL test and 92.8 for 98.5% for AA test. Main effect of cultivar
was also significant in all traits in both test, except for shoot length in the SL test and ranged
from 0.6 to 8.51% in SL test and 0.3 to 6.0% in AA test (results not shown). In addition, the
cultivar × treatment (C × T) interaction effect was significant only for root length in SL test and
for germination and shoot length in AA test.
Table 1. Mean comparisons of measured traits in the SL test (Duncan test, P <0.05)
#
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different. Means are comnpared by Duncan test.
Cultivar
Treatment
Control T100 T150 T200 T250
Seed germination
Banacanka 97,50a#
95,25a
89,75bcde
83,25g
72,50i
Jasna 94,00ab
93,25abcd
89,50cde
82,00gh
70,50ij
Kata 94,50a
93,50abc
87,75ef
82,25gh
67,25jk
Zlatna 89,00def
89,00def
84,75fg
78,25h
63,75k
Shoot lenght
Banacanka 66,75ab
63,38abc
33,10de
21,63hi
12,00j
Jasna 68,63a
66,63ab
30,25def
20,13i
10,88j
Kata 64,00abc
63,38bc
29,13efg
23,88ghi
9,38j
Zlatna 63,63abc
59,50c
35,50d
26,13fgh
10,38j
Roots lenght
Banacanka 104,63bc
98,5cd
53,17f
45,88f
21,88i
Jasna 114,5a
108,88ab
50,63fg
34,13h
18,50i
Kata 84,63e
81,13e
45,88g
38,63h
16,63i
Zlatna 100,50 cd
97,38d
51,63fg
38,88h
20,17i
5. D. JOVICIC et al: EFFECT OF NaCl ON SEED VIABILITY 141
The results of this study show that different NaCl treatments in germination substrates
have a significant effect on the oil seed rape germination (Table 1). When it comes to the SL test,
the highest percentage of germination was shown by the cultivar Banacanka at the control and
treatment T100 (97.50%, 95.25%), followed by Kata and Jasna also at the control (94.50%,
94%). The cultivar Zlatna showed the lowest values of the tested variables at all salt levels in the
germination substrate. A similar relationship between the studied cultivars but lower germination
values was noted in the AA test (Table 2).
Table 2. Mean comparisons of measured traits in the AA test (Duncan test, P<0,05)
Cultivar
Treatments
Control T100 T150 T200 T250
Seed germination
Banacanka 90,75a#
87,75ab
82,00cdef
75,50gh
65,25i
Jasna 86,75abc
81,00def
78,75fg
74,00gh
51,25j
Kata 88,50ab
86,75abc
84,25bcde
73,75gh
50,25j
Zlatna 86,00abcd
81,00def
79,00efg
72,25gh
48,25j
Shoots lenght
Banacanka 63,63ab
61,63bcd
14,50f
15,25f
8,75h
Jasna 66,38a
63,13abc
20,88e
13,63fg
9,75gh
Kata 61,75bcd
58,88cd
21,00e
16,63f
8,5h
Zlatna 62,38 abc
57,63d
17,63ef
13,14fg
8,38h
Roots lenght
Banacanka 98,50ab
95,38ab
38,25de
28,63f
15,63ij
Jasna 100,5a
96,63ab
33,25ef
19,00hi
9,38k
Kata 82,63c
80,00c
39,38d
22,00gh
10,63jk
Zlatna 97,75 ab
93,38c
27,25fg
18,13hi
10,88jk
#
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different. Means are comnpared by Duncan test.
Salinity caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction on root length and shoot length at the
higher NaCl treatments while analyzing the shoot and root length significant differences were
noted between the cultivars and the applied treatments (Table 1). The highest shoot length had
the cultivar Jasna at the lowest salt treatments T100 (68.63 mm), while the lowest was Kata at
the T250 (9.38 mm). As for the root length, the cultivar Jasna also had the longest root at the
control (114.50 mm), while Kata came out the shortest (16.63 mm). These results indicate that
low concentrations of salt stimulate the shoots and roots growth, but a significant reduction
occurred only at high NaCl treatment (T150) - by about 49% compared to the control.
When it comes to the AA test significant reductions in the shoots and roots length were
present in higher NaCl treatments such as the case of the SL test (Table 1). However, in this test
at the treatment T150 , there was a significantly larger decrease in seedling length compared to
the control - about 29%. It should be emphasized that despite this major difference between these
two tests at treatments T150 and T200, the values at the highest treatments were approximate. In
this test the cultivar Jasna demonstrated the greatest values in the shoots length at all treatments
between the cultivars, while cultivar Zlatna had the lowest. As for the root length, compared to
6. 142 GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No 1, 137-148, 2014
the other cultivars, Jasna also showed the highest value in the control and the lowest value at the
highest treatments.
Graphical analysis of cultivar response to salinity stress treatments
The biplot methodology is useful tool for analysis cultivar by treatment data since
detects differences and similarities among the treatments in their cultivar discrimination as well
as the differences and similarities among the cultivars in their response to the treatment changes.
In other words, plotting the data in the space defined by the two PCAs provides a rapid means of
visualizing similarities or differences in the data set, allowing for improved discrimination of
cultivars (SUMNER et al., 2003).
Biplot for germination data for both tests explained almost all amount of total variance
(over 99%) indicating the dominance of treatment main effect over the cultivar main effect and
C×T interaction effects. Cultivars that are furthest from the biplot origin are connected with
straight lines to form a polygon. Straight lines which originated from the center of the polygon
divide it into several sectors. The pendicular lines, drawn to each side of the polygon starting
from the biplot origin, are equality line which divides the biplot in the sectors which are defined
by the most responsiveness cultivar.
Figure 1. The “which-won-where” view of the GGE biplot for seed germination data a) SL test, b) AA test.
Abbreviations are: Control – 0 mM NaCl, T100 – treatment 100 mM NaCl, T150 – treatment
150 mM NaCl, T200 – treatment 200 mM NaCl, T250 – treatment 250 mM NaCl
Four sectors were distinguished for each test. Considering that the treatments found
within a sector are the treatments at which a given cultivar achieved the highest values of
germination, the cultivar Banacanka, followed cultivar Jasna, were the best performers in all the
salt treatments in the SL test (figure 1a). Biplot also distinguished two orthogonal subsets of
treatments in their discrimination of cultivar reaction to salinity stress. The first subset of
treatments includes control, T100 and T200 while second one includes two treatments (T150 and
7. D. JOVICIC et al: EFFECT OF NaCl ON SEED VIABILITY 143
T200), which are realted to cultivar Jasna. Biplot for AA test (figure 1b) revealed non-crossover
C×T interaction since the cultivar Banacanka is the best performer of the all treatments. In
comparison to figure 1a the grouping pattern of treatments is quite dissimilar.
Figure 2. The “which-won-where” view of the GGE biplot for shoots lenght data a) SL test, b) AA test.
Abbreviations are: Control – 0mm NaCl, T100 – treatment 100mM NaCl, T150 – treatment
150mM NaCl, T200 – treatment 200mM NaCl, T250 – treatment 250mM NaCl
As for the shoots length, the biplot explained 98.8% of the total variation at the SL test
and 89.0% at the AA test (figure 2). With this trait biplot revealed strong crossover C×T
interaction pattern since treatment PC scores had negative values. On the left polygon it can be
seen that the Zlatna cultivar showed the highest values at T150 and T200, Banacanka was the
best at the highest treatments and Kata was the poorest performer in all applied treatments. In
contrast, the AA test, the cultivar Jasna was the best in the control, the lowest and the highest
treatment of salt, while Kata was the best at medium treatments – T150 and T200. In AA test
was confirmed crossover C×T interaction pattern.
As for the roots length, the biplot explained 99.6% of the total variation at the SL test
and 96.9% at the AA test (figure 3). Crossover pattern also was confirmed in both tests, but the
differences within the group were the least. In both tests, Banacanka is the best performer across
the highest treatments, while Jasna is the best across control and the lowest salt treatment.
Cultivar Zlatna is the poorest one. Also, biplot for both test are well separated in two groups. The
NaCl treatments T200 and T250 are more suatable for cultivar Banacanka, while control and
10mM and 200 are more suitable for Jasna. These statements are generally in agreement with the
results of Duncan’s test (Table 2).
8. 144 GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No 1, 137-148, 2014
Figure 3. The “which-won-where” view of the GGE biplot for roots lenght data a) SL test, b) AA test.
Abbreviations are: Control – 0mm NaCl, T100 – treatment 100mM NaCl, T150 – treatment
150mM NaCl, T200 – treatment 200mM NaCl, T250 – treatment 250mM NaCl
DISCUSSION
Due to the fact that the cultivar Banacanka showed higher germination at the lowest
NaCl treatment in relation to germination of all other cultivars in the control, it can be noticed
that there are significant differences among the tested cultivars. Significant differences in the
percentage of germination were not observed between the control and the lowest treatment of
NaCl, while significant reduction occurred starting at high salt treatments T150, T200 and T250.
Biplot analysis also confirms these results. These results show that the cultivars included in the
study have certain level of tolerance to low NaCl treatments. Similar results were reported by
BYBORDI (2010) and JAMIL et al. (2005) who had examined various species of the Brassica
genus. MOHAMMADI (2009) and RAUF (2007) found that the reduced germination at high NaCl
treatments was caused mainly due to disturbances in osmotic regulation which lead to difficult
water absorption in saline conditions, as well as to toxic effects of Na+
and Cl¯ ions. In contrast,
FARHOUDI & SHARIFZADEH (2006) suggest that significant reductions in the percentage of
germination occur with each increase in the NaCl treatment.
On the other hand, MAHMOODZADEH (2008) in his research reports that in the later
stages of development, particularly in flowering and grain filling, oilseed rape is more sensitive
to high salt content than in the stages of germination and seedling growth. He also suggests that a
small amount of NaCl in the germination stage can have a positive effect on germination as
optimal amounts of ions for metabolic processes in the cell are obtained.
A similar relationship between the studied cultivars but lower germination values was
noted in the AA test. During this test seeds absorb moisture from the humid environment so that
the moisture content in the seed increases and together with the high temperature leads to the
accelerating and deterioration of seeds (ISTA, 2013). High temperatures and humidity, which are
the main factors of seed aging along with higher treatments of salt in the germination medium,
have influenced the obtained results. In the cultivar Jasna the average reduced germination at all
9. D. JOVICIC et al: EFFECT OF NaCl ON SEED VIABILITY 145
used treatments, in between these tests, was the highest (11.5%), whereas the lowest was in
cultivar Banacanka (7.4%). This cultivar also showed the highest values of germination at all
treatments of salt compared to all the other cultivars, as well as the SL test.
Study of salinity stress involves several different aspects of plant metabolism, including
lipid metabolism. The fact that germination of lipid rich seeds such as Brassica causes, among
other processes, the rapid mobilization of storage reserves such as triacylglycerol in cotyledons
of seedlings (KUMAR et al., 2004) may partly explain the different behavior of the cultivars
depending on traits.
Plant response to excessive NaCl is complex and apart from the metabolic and
physiological changes it also includes morphological ones (PARIDA & DAS, 2005). Shoot length
and, primarily the roots are very important indicators when it comes to salinity stress because the
roots are in direct contact with the ground/substrate and absorb water with the dissolved salts,
while the shoot distributes it into other plant parts (JAMIL & RHA, 2004). Also, the negative
effects of salt in the germination substrate reduce the speed of physiological and biochemical
processes that influence the impeded development of the basic plant structure especially in the
field conditions (MENESES et al., 2011). The accumulation of large amounts of ions such as Na−
can lead to salt toxicity and may result in cell dehydration and membrane dysfunction. These
disturbances in ionic and osmotic balance could inhibit the crucial metabolic processes that
affect the difficulties in plant growth (BYBORDI et al., 2010).
After examining cotton seeds, IQBAL et al. (2002) reached the conclusion that a possible
reason for growth reduction under accelerated aging conditions could be a slowdown in
biochemical activity in cells. During the aging process enzyme inhibition occurs that is required
for converting food reserves in the embryo into a usable form, and then the formation of normal
seedlings. By definition, highly vigorous seeds will be able to quickly and uniformly germinate
in different, often unfavorable environments and based on this it can be concluded that with each
increase of salt treatments only seeds with high vigour will provide strong and powerful
seedlings and later on plants (ISTA, 2013).
Apart from the factors which directly affect the suppressed germination and seedling
growth, the behavior of seeds in different environments is considered to be seed viability or
vigour, and it depends on the influence of many factors during seed production, such as genetic
potential, external factors, seed size and storage (HAMPTON, 2002).
In all tested cultivars in both tests, the average values of root length were higher
compared to the average shoot length. This suggests that under various stress conditions during
germination, the roots tend to be more elongated than the shoots. The same conclusion was
drawn by MENESES et al. (2011) who had examined the impact of water stress on the cotton seed
germination, considering that this is a general plant response to insufficient amounts of water,
which is also one of the most significant adverse effects of salt stress. Also, this may in turn have
the advantages increased ratio of water absorption to transpiration area a plant feature which is
useful for dry land condition if last longer during other growth stages (MOUD & MAGHSOUDI,
2008).
ASHRAF et al. (2010) suggest that salt stress leads to a reduction in cell division cell
elongation, primarily due to difficulties in nutrient absorbing, accumulation of large amounts of
reactive oxygen species, inhibition of cellular enzymes, loss of turgor and hormonal imbalance,
which certainly affect the plant growth suppression, and later on has a negative effect on the
production of biomass and yield.
10. 146 GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No 1, 137-148, 2014
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that there are significant
differences between the examined cultivars. Although the gradual increase of the NaCl
treatments was followed by a reduction in all the analyzed variables in selected cultivars,
significant decrease occurred only at high salt treatments (T150). The relationships between the
treatments at the AA test were the same compared to the SL test, but the values were lower.
Seed vigour testing through the modified AA test using substrates with different salt
treatments certainly gives more information about seed quality and cultivar response to salt stress
in comparison to the SL test and the original AA test.
In order to enhance plant tolerance to stressful environmental conditions, especially
salinity, studying the response of different cultivars is of great importance in improving the
efficiency of breeding and selection. Also, the knowledge of genetic variation in plant tolerance
to salinity has a special role from the environmental and economic point of view in order to
ensure the proper use of agricultural soils that are facing this problem.
In addition to standard and commonly used data analysis techniques, biplot offer
additional possibilities, preferably in the part of visual displaying and understanding of important
interactions which are omni-present in the datasets from seed science research.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research results from project TR 31025 “Development of new varieties and production
technology improvement of oil crops for different purposes” funded by Ministry of Education,
Science and Technological Development of Republic Serbia.
. Received November 25st
, 2013
Accepted March 14th
, 2014
REFERENCES
ASHRAF, M., N.A. AKRAM, R.N. ARTECA, M.R. FOOLAD (2010): The physiological, biochemical and molecular roles of
brassinosteroids and salicylic acid in plant processes and salt tolerance. Crit Rev Plant Sci 29 (3): 162-190.
BYBORDI, A. (2010): The influence of salt stress on seed germination, growth and yield of canola cultivars. Not Bot Hort
Agrobot Cluj 38 (1): 128–133.
CROSSA, J., P. L. CORNELIUS, W. YAN (2002): Biplots of linear-bilinear models for studying crossover genotype -
environment interaction. Crop Sci 42: 619-633.
CUARTERO, J., M. C. BOLARIN, M. J. ASINS, V. MORENO (2006): Increasing salt tolerance in the tomato. J Exp Bot 57 (5):
1045-1058.
ENAMI, H. R (2011): A Review of Using Canola / Rapeseed Meal in Aquaculture Feeding. J Fish Aquat Sci 6 (1): 22-36.
FARHOUDI, R., F. SHARIFZADEH (2006): The effects of NaCl priming on salt lolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.)
seedling grown undersaline conditions. Indian J Crop Sci 1 (1-2): 74-78.
FAO (2011): Food and agriculture organization of the united nations. Avaiable in
http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor [20 April 2013]
HAMPTON, J.G. (2002): What is seed quality. Seed Sci Technol 30: 1-10.
HAMPTON, J.G., D.M. TEKRONY (eds) (1995): Handbook of vigour test methods. International Seed testing Association,
Zurich, Swizerland.
IQBAL, N., S.M.A. BASRA, K. UR REHMAN (2002): Evaluation of Vigour and Oil Quality in Cottonseed during Accelerated
Ageing. Int J Agri Biol 4 (3): 318-322.
11. D. JOVICIC et al: EFFECT OF NaCl ON SEED VIABILITY 147
JOVIČIĆ, D., A.,MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA, M., VUJAKOVIĆ, R., MARINKOVIĆ, Z., SAKAČ, Z., NIKOLIĆ, B., MILOŠEVIĆ (2011):
The effect of different doses of NPK fertilizers on the quality of rapeseed seeds. Field Veg Crop Res 48:125-
130.
INTERNATIONAL SEED TESTING ASSOCIATION RULES (2013): International Rules for Seed testing. Seed Science and
Technology, Zurich, Schwitzerland.
KHAJEH-HOSSEINI, M., A.A. POWELL, I.J. BINGHAM (2003): The Interaction Between Salinity Stress and Seed Vigor
During Germination of Soybean Seeds. Seed Sci Technol 31: 715-725.
KUMAR, S.R., N.K. I. SANA HOSSAIN (2004): Ionic Effect on Mobilization of Seed Storage Nutrient Substances and Lipase
Activity in Germinating Oil Seeds (Brassica napus L.), Pak J Biol Sci 7 (1): 36-41.
MAHMOODZADEH, H. (2008): Comparative study of tolerant and sensitive cultivars of Brassica napus in response to salt
conditions. Asian J Plant Sci 7 (6): 594-598.
MARINKOVIĆ, R., A. MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA, P. MITROVIĆ (2009): Production characteristics of winter rapeseed
(Brassica napus L.). Zbornik radova Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 46 (1): 33-43.
MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA, A., N. NAGL, J. GVOZDANOVIĆ-VARGA, N. HRISTOV, A. KONDIĆ-ŠPIKA, M. VASIĆ, R.
MARINKOVIĆ (2011a): Genotype by environment interaction for seed yield per plant in rapeseed using AMMI
model. Pesq agropec bras, Brasília 46 (2): 174-181.
MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA, A., R., MARINKOVIĆ, S., IVANOVSKA, M., JANKULOVSKA, A., MIJIĆ, N., HRISTOV (2011b):
Variability of yield determining components in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and their correlation with
seed yield. Genetika 43 (1):51-66.
MOHAMMADI, G. R. (2009): The influence of NaCl priming on seed germination and seedling growth of canola (Brassica
napus L.) under salinity conditions. Amer-Eurasian J Agric & Environ Sci 5 (5): 696–700.
MOUD, A.M., K. MAGHSOUDI (2008): Salt Stress Effects on Respiration and Growth of Germinated Seeds of Different
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars. World J Agri Sci 4 (3): 351-358.
MENESES, C.H.S.G., R.L.A. BRUNO, P.D. FERNANDES, W.E. PEREIRA, L.H.G.M. LIMA, M.M.A. LIMA, M.S. VIDAL (2011):
Germination of cotton cultivar seeds under water stress induced by polyethyleneglycol-6000. Sci Agric
(Piracicaba, Braz.) 68 (2): 131-138.
PARIDA, A.K., A.B. DAS (2005): Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Mar 60 (3):
324-49.
R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM (2013): R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for
Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available at: http://www.r-project.org/. ISBN: 3-900051-07-0.
RAUF, M., M. MUNIR, M. UL-HASSAN, M. AHMAD, M. AFZAL (2007): Performance of wheat cultivars under osmotic stress at
germination and early seedling growth stage. Afr J Biotechnol 6: 971-975.
SUMNER, L.W., P. MENDES, R.A. DIXON (2003): Plant metabolomics: large-scale phytochemistry in the functional
genomics era. Phytochem 62: 817-836.
VUJAKOVIĆ M., S., BALEŠEVIĆ-TUBIĆ, D., JOVIČIĆ, K., TAŠKI-AJDUKOVIĆ, D., PETROVIĆ, Z., NIKOLIĆ, V., OR EVIĆ (2011):
Viability of soybean seed produced under different agro-meteorological conditions in Vojvodina. Genetika 43
(3): 625 -638.
YAN, W., L.A. HANT, Q. SHENG, Z. SZALVINCS (2000): Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment investigation based on
the GGE biplot. Crop Sci 40: 597-605.
YAN W., M.S. KANG (2003): GGE Biplot Analysis: A Graphical Tool for Breeders, Geneticists, and Agronomists. CRC
Press. Boca Raton, FL, USA.
ZAMANI, S., M.T. NEZAMI, D. HABIBI, M.B. KHORSHIDI (2010): Effect of quantitative and qualitative performance of four
canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.) to salinity conditions. Adv Environ Biol 4 (3): 422-427.
12. 148 GENETIKA, Vol. 46, No 1, 137-148, 2014
ŽIVOTNA SPOSOBNOST SEMENA ULJANE REPICE (Brassica napus L.) U
USLOVIMA SONOG STRESA
Dušica JOVIČIĆ, Zorica NIKOLIĆ, Miroslav ZORIĆ, Ana MARJANOVIĆ-JEROMELA,
Gordana ZDJELAR, Dragana MILOŠEVIĆ, Maja IGNJATOV
Institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad, Serbia
Izvod
Iako soni stres utiče na sve faze rasta i razvića biljaka, najosetljivije su faze klijanja semena i
razvoja ponika. S toga je cilj ovog rada bio da se ispita životna sposobnost semena odabranih
genotipova uljane repice u zaslanjenim uslovima i da se utvrdi koji od ispitivanih genotipova je
najtolerantniji na ovakve stresne uslove u fazi klijanja semena i početnom porastu ponika.
Eksperiment je obuhvatio četiri genotipa uljane repice. Uslovi zaslanjenosti su simulirani in vitro
primenom različitih koncentracija rastvora NaCl u podlogama za naklijavanje. Ispitivanje
životne sposobnosti semena sprovedeno je korišćenjem standardnog laboratorijskog metoda i
testa ubrzanog starenja. Kod sva četiri genotipa, sa povećanjem koncentracije NaCl u podlogama
za naklijavanje, uočene su značajne promene u ispitivanim parametrima (klijavost, dužina i masa
ponika). Rezultati testa ubrzanog starenja semena su bili niže od rezultata standardnog
laboratorijskog metoda, što ukazuje na važnost vigor testova kao dodatnih pokazatelja
fiziološkog kvaliteta semena, prvenstveno u stresnim uslovima. Statistička obrada podataka je
pokazala da je najvažniji izvor varijacije intenzitet sonog stresa, ali su razlike izme u genotipova
tako e bile značajne.
Primljeno 25. XI 2013.
Odobreno 06. III. 2014.