Abstract: Though urbanisation is an indicator of development, but it is also bitter fact that poverty is growing faster in urban areas than in rural areas. Around the world, approximately one billion people live in urban slums, which are typically overcrowded, polluted and lack basic services. The situation is worst in developing countries like India. The slums of Nabadwip town portray a pathetic picture of life in slums. Social problems, disparities, well being and quality of life are the new domains of geographic study in this post-modern era. Quality of life studies form part of human geography, radical geography, and welfare geography and of philosophical geography. The quality of life studies are becoming more relevant for inclusive development of society and country. This paper is an attempt to determine the quality of life statistically in slums of Nabadwip town. In general, Quality of Life (QOL) reflects the hopes and expectations of a person. Population and spaces both are important variables in the urban development of any region. The study is made to highlight the upgrading situation of slum dwellers rather than social problems of the slums in the Nabadwip town of the district of Nadia. The approach for the measurement of the QOL is derived by composite index and standard deviation etc.
Keywords: urbanisation, slum, Quality of life, composite index, standard deviation.
Title: Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip Town: A Comparative Study
Author: Surajit Das
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges Subodh Shankar
With more and more people shifting to urban areas, the management issues of urban areas are getting complex day by day- posing serious challenges to urban planners and city managers. The slides, with the help of the case study of Curitiba(Brazil), discuss how an architect turned politician, through his innovative approaches solved the complex urban issues in most economical way.
The document discusses urbanization and the growth of cities. It defines urbanization as the proportion of people living in urban areas and the process by which rural populations move to cities. The main drivers of urban growth are natural population increase, rural to urban migration, immigration, and expanding urban boundaries. While cities in more developed countries grew rapidly during industrialization and have since slowed, less developed countries are experiencing rapid urbanization without proportional industrial development, leading most of their populations to live in urban areas by 2020.
The document discusses the concept of peri-urbanization, which refers to the dispersive urban growth that creates hybrid rural-urban landscapes in the areas surrounding cities. Some key points about peri-urbanization include:
- Peri-urban areas are growing rapidly worldwide and account for almost as much built development as urban areas.
- This rapid growth risks increased urban sprawl, but also presents opportunities to improve quality of life and link cities to surrounding rural areas more sustainably.
- Peri-urbanization is driven by population growth, shifting employment from agriculture to other sectors, and rising land costs.
- Most future rural-urban land conversion will occur in peri-urban areas, presenting environmental and service delivery challenges
Urbanization in Nepal has increased rapidly in recent decades as more people migrate to cities. This has brought economic benefits but also environmental and social challenges. Future urban planning needs policies that encourage conservation of historic areas, manage growth, and improve living conditions for growing urban populations through community development programs and facilities. Rapid urbanization worldwide requires balancing development with preserving green spaces and cultural heritage.
This document discusses trends in urbanization globally and regionally. Some key points:
- The world's urban population has grown from 760 million in 1950 to over 2.7 billion in 1998 and is expected to reach 5 billion by 2030.
- Urbanization levels are rising fastest in Africa and Asia currently, surpassing levels in more developed regions.
- Major challenges in developing countries include rapid urban growth rates outpacing infrastructure development and employment opportunities, leading to issues like rising inequality.
- Policy options focus on improving urban governance and management rather than slowing urban growth directly, as natural population increases will continue driving urbanization.
[Urban Management Program City Paper : Kathmandu, Nepal]shrdcinfo
This document provides an overview of urban management policies and practices in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's population statistics and demographics. Urbanization has been increasing, with the urban population growing at 3.38% annually. The government has implemented various policies and legislation related to local governance, solid waste management, and urban development. Key challenges facing urban areas include a lack of basic infrastructure and services, high levels of poverty, and increasing pressure on municipalities as populations grow. The document also outlines opportunities to address these issues under Nepal's new constitution.
Urbanization at global level and in indiaaziz khan
This document summarizes urbanization trends in India and globally. It discusses that urbanization refers to the proportion of people living in cities and the process of rural populations moving to urban areas. In India, cities are expanding rapidly and will be key to continued economic success if managed well through effective policies. However, rapid urbanization also brings challenges like lack of infrastructure, healthcare, education and poverty among urban populations. The government has launched programs to improve urban planning and development.
The document discusses urbanization in the context of Nepal. It defines urbanization and traces its history in Nepal. Some key points made include:
- Urbanization in Nepal is defined as the transformation of rural areas into urban form through connections to transportation and growth.
- The benefits of urbanization include access to amenities, economic growth, and better living conditions.
- Urbanization is happening rapidly in Nepal and is an important part of the country's economic and social changes. However, rapid urbanization also faces challenges like unemployment, poverty, and environmental impacts.
- Improving urban governance, legal frameworks, and long-term planning will help ensure urbanization in Nepal is sustainable and beneficial.
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges Subodh Shankar
With more and more people shifting to urban areas, the management issues of urban areas are getting complex day by day- posing serious challenges to urban planners and city managers. The slides, with the help of the case study of Curitiba(Brazil), discuss how an architect turned politician, through his innovative approaches solved the complex urban issues in most economical way.
The document discusses urbanization and the growth of cities. It defines urbanization as the proportion of people living in urban areas and the process by which rural populations move to cities. The main drivers of urban growth are natural population increase, rural to urban migration, immigration, and expanding urban boundaries. While cities in more developed countries grew rapidly during industrialization and have since slowed, less developed countries are experiencing rapid urbanization without proportional industrial development, leading most of their populations to live in urban areas by 2020.
The document discusses the concept of peri-urbanization, which refers to the dispersive urban growth that creates hybrid rural-urban landscapes in the areas surrounding cities. Some key points about peri-urbanization include:
- Peri-urban areas are growing rapidly worldwide and account for almost as much built development as urban areas.
- This rapid growth risks increased urban sprawl, but also presents opportunities to improve quality of life and link cities to surrounding rural areas more sustainably.
- Peri-urbanization is driven by population growth, shifting employment from agriculture to other sectors, and rising land costs.
- Most future rural-urban land conversion will occur in peri-urban areas, presenting environmental and service delivery challenges
Urbanization in Nepal has increased rapidly in recent decades as more people migrate to cities. This has brought economic benefits but also environmental and social challenges. Future urban planning needs policies that encourage conservation of historic areas, manage growth, and improve living conditions for growing urban populations through community development programs and facilities. Rapid urbanization worldwide requires balancing development with preserving green spaces and cultural heritage.
This document discusses trends in urbanization globally and regionally. Some key points:
- The world's urban population has grown from 760 million in 1950 to over 2.7 billion in 1998 and is expected to reach 5 billion by 2030.
- Urbanization levels are rising fastest in Africa and Asia currently, surpassing levels in more developed regions.
- Major challenges in developing countries include rapid urban growth rates outpacing infrastructure development and employment opportunities, leading to issues like rising inequality.
- Policy options focus on improving urban governance and management rather than slowing urban growth directly, as natural population increases will continue driving urbanization.
[Urban Management Program City Paper : Kathmandu, Nepal]shrdcinfo
This document provides an overview of urban management policies and practices in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's population statistics and demographics. Urbanization has been increasing, with the urban population growing at 3.38% annually. The government has implemented various policies and legislation related to local governance, solid waste management, and urban development. Key challenges facing urban areas include a lack of basic infrastructure and services, high levels of poverty, and increasing pressure on municipalities as populations grow. The document also outlines opportunities to address these issues under Nepal's new constitution.
Urbanization at global level and in indiaaziz khan
This document summarizes urbanization trends in India and globally. It discusses that urbanization refers to the proportion of people living in cities and the process of rural populations moving to urban areas. In India, cities are expanding rapidly and will be key to continued economic success if managed well through effective policies. However, rapid urbanization also brings challenges like lack of infrastructure, healthcare, education and poverty among urban populations. The government has launched programs to improve urban planning and development.
The document discusses urbanization in the context of Nepal. It defines urbanization and traces its history in Nepal. Some key points made include:
- Urbanization in Nepal is defined as the transformation of rural areas into urban form through connections to transportation and growth.
- The benefits of urbanization include access to amenities, economic growth, and better living conditions.
- Urbanization is happening rapidly in Nepal and is an important part of the country's economic and social changes. However, rapid urbanization also faces challenges like unemployment, poverty, and environmental impacts.
- Improving urban governance, legal frameworks, and long-term planning will help ensure urbanization in Nepal is sustainable and beneficial.
By 2050, India with about 1.7 billion people will be the most populous country in the world, accounting for about 17 percent of the global population but only 2 percent of land and less than 4 percent of water. And about 60 percent of the population, nearly 1 billion, will be urbanized and a large part of it will be rural migrants. The rapid urbanization will further accelerate the demand for higher quantity of quality food, especially of high value foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and eggs, from the shrinking land, water, biodiversity resources. Moreover, the crowding cities and their peripheries will be facing agriculture land loss that will affect future food production in large scale.
This document provides an overview of urbanization and design. It begins with defining key concepts related to urbanization and outlines the discussion. It then discusses the objective to acquaint readers with the concept and process of urbanization in various contexts. The remainder of the document covers demographic aspects of urbanization globally and in India, challenges of urbanization, and the relationship between urbanization and design.
- Rural population in India was 67.25% of the total population in 2015 according to the World Bank.
- India is the second most populous country in the world with nearly 1.3 billion people as of 2016, and is projected to surpass China as the most populous country by 2022.
- Over 50% of India's population is below the age of 25, highlighting India's young population.
This document discusses urban planning and economic development in Nepal. It begins by defining urban planning as the systematic way of developing urban areas with defined objectives and resources. It then discusses the current urban conditions in Nepal, noting issues like poor urban databases, unregulated land markets, lack of basic infrastructure like water and sanitation, and a shortage of affordable housing resulting in growing squatter settlements. The document emphasizes that proper urban planning is necessary for economic development in Nepal but that current planning efforts are insufficient to overcome obstacles to development.
There are several measures used to summarize levels of urbanization in a region. Degree or level of urbanization can be measured by percent urban, which is the proportion of total population living in urban areas, or the urban-rural ratio. The size of locality of residence of the median inhabitant and mean city population size take into account actual city sizes. Tempo of urbanization refers to the rate of change in urbanization levels over time and can be measured by annual percentage point changes or average annual growth rates of the percent urban population. Proper measures depend on data availability and research purpose as each index has advantages and limitations.
The document discusses urbanization and its causes and processes. It defines urbanization as the increasing percentage of a population living in cities and suburbs. The main causes of urbanization discussed are natural population growth, internal migration from rural to urban areas, and international migration. The processes of urbanization include a rise in the urban population numbers and percentage, more urban centers, socioeconomic changes, and urban land expansion. Levels of urbanization and their indicators like infrastructure, health, literacy rates and female labor participation in various countries are also examined.
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
Urbanization refers to the gradual shift in populations from rural to urban areas. It began during the Industrial Revolution due to job opportunities in cities and factories. Since then, the process has continued and accelerated due to factors like improved transportation, infrastructure development, and migration driven by lack of rural jobs. Today over half the world's population lives in urban areas, and urbanization is a major trend in developing countries as more seek opportunities in cities. India has seen significant urbanization driven by industrialization, which concentrates jobs and people in urban centers.
This document defines key terms related to urbanization. It explains that urban refers to populated areas, in contrast to rural. Urbanization is defined as the process where populations migrate from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. The document then discusses factors driving urbanization like job opportunities and access to services. It also outlines some challenges of urbanization like housing shortages, overcrowding, and pollution. Potential solutions discussed include rural development programs, city planning, and regional planning.
Urban planning and development in Nepal involves addressing several issues. Rapid urbanization is putting pressure on infrastructure and resources, and the urban population is projected to double in coming decades. Effective urban planning requires defining urban areas, addressing problems like congestion, pollution and inequitable access to services, and ensuring participation and partnerships between stakeholders. The goals of urban planning and development should be to make cities safe, just, and moving in a positive direction through strategic planning and allocation of necessary resources.
Urbanization is the process of urban concentration and growth in the proportion of the total population living in urban areas. It occurs through the multiplication of urban settlements and the increase in size of existing settlements. There are three aspects of urbanization: behavioral changes in individuals, structural changes in the economy and technology, and demographic changes as societies shift from small homogeneous to large heterogeneous. Gibbs' model outlines five sequential stages of urbanization from initial emergence to a more ubiquitous population distribution with satellite towns. The theory of spatial cycles describes four phases of urban development: urbanization through rural-urban migration, suburbanization as residential areas expand outward, counter-urbanization as people move further out, and re-urbanization as people return to previously abandoned
Rural to urban migration is a major driver of urbanization in Pakistan. Push factors like low agricultural productivity and pull factors like access to jobs and services encourage migration from rural to urban areas. This migration has wide-ranging social, economic, political, and environmental effects at individual, family, community, and national levels. Socially, it can cause isolation and stress for migrants while increasing ethnic tensions in cities. Economically, it grows GDP but also increases poverty as migrants struggle in cities. Politically, it shifts power dynamics and resources. Environmentally, it places stress on urban infrastructure and increases pollution.
Urbanization in Pakistan has increased rapidly over the past decades. Some key points:
- Pakistan experienced rapid urban growth from 18% urban in 1965 to 38% in 2010. Major cities like Karachi and Lahore have seen large increases.
- Urbanization provides economic and educational opportunities but also creates challenges like unemployment, environmental issues from lack of infrastructure, and threats to agricultural land from urban sprawl.
- To address issues, Pakistan needs to strengthen rural economies to reduce migration, improve public transport, increase access to services, and pursue sustainable urban development. Devolving power to local communities can also help address urban problems.
This document presents a thesis submitted for a Master's degree in architecture on city management in developing countries. It begins with an introduction and literature review on topics like sustainable urban development and causes of urban environmental degradation. It then presents an international case study on Singapore's integrated environmental management program from 1961-2012. Next, it provides a local analytical study on a general plan for Alexandria, Egypt in 2017, discussing its population, urban problems, development abilities, and proposed economic development. The thesis concludes by aiming to reach basic principles of sustainable city management in developing countries.
A Presentation made to the student of BDevS at Center for Development Studies, National College for Higher Education, KU in October 2014, kathmandu, Nepal
This document provides an overview of urban development in India. It discusses the trends of urbanization in India including the rapid growth of urban populations and cities since the 1930s. It covers the patterns of urbanization including the causes of migration to urban areas. The document also examines the costs of urbanization, prospects for future urbanization, resources for urban development, urban planning, management needs, and the growth trends of urban populations in India.
Urbanization in India refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. According to the 2011 census, India's urban population was 31.16% of the total population. The three states with the largest urban populations were Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, while the states with the smallest urban populations were Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram. Between 2001-2011, India's population grew by 181 million people, with 90 million in rural areas and 91 million in urban areas, showing nearly equal growth rates in rural and urban populations for the first time. Problems of rapid urbanization in India include unemployment, lack of adequate housing, pollution, and insufficient infrastructure
This document discusses rural-urban migration in the Philippines. It defines urbanization as the increase in urban population of a country or area. Rural-urban migration is one of the most significant patterns, as people move from countryside to cities in search of opportunities. The major causes of rural-urban migration are identified as search for better wages, education, employment opportunities, and escape from poverty and unemployment in rural areas. As more people migrate to urban areas, it puts pressure on housing, jobs, and the environment. The government should provide services and jobs in rural areas to reduce migration to cities.
Urbanization is occurring faster than ever in history. There are now over 10,000 cities globally, with half being established in just the last 40 years. Urban areas are typically defined as having large populations and infrastructure to support daily life. However, rapid urbanization has also created issues like overcrowded housing, unemployment, and environmental pollution. Potential solutions include improved urban planning, rural development to curb migration, and new approaches like smart cities and new urbanism that aim to build sustainable communities.
The document discusses urbanization in India during the post-Independence period. It notes that urbanization increased rapidly during this time, with the urban population rising from 17.6% in 1951 to 23.7% in 1981. Key factors driving urban growth included rural-to-urban migration, the establishment of new administrative and industrial cities, and the expansion of existing large cities. Some examples given are the creation of new state capitals like Chandigarh and the rise of industrial cities around steel, fertilizer, and port facilities.
Sky Booming Urban Slums in Metro Cities of India (Special Reference to Charac...iosrjce
In India, one of every three urban people lives in slums. Land value are extradianaryly high and living
conditions accordingly are worse in the million plus cities Slums have grown simultaneously with the growth of
towns and cities partially in large industrial cities prohibeteration of slums has been taking place whenever the
urban resources are stretched by intense population pressure. Industries in all major towns and cities have
attracted a sizable number of people from rural areas who were reeling under the pressure of poverty there by
leading to proliferation of slums at a faster rate. Such people who came to the cities in search of livelihood
settled themselves in vacant places, due to lack of any basic civic amenities and these areas have soon grown
into slums where people live under unhygienic and insanitary conditions in India slums population has been
growing at an alarming rate. Visakhapatnam the slums have been more or less a result of the rapid
industrialization it experienced over the last four decades heavy influx of laborers from rural to the port city has
meant a growth in slum population at a rate higher than 6% perannum.During October,1985 and aprial,1986
the urban community development project of municipal corporation of Visakhapatnam has conducted as survey
of slums in the city on the state of physical amenities in the slums and socio-economic conditions of slumdwellers.
Most of the Visakhapatnam slum dwellers live under sub-standard environmental conditions. In this
paper we presented growth of slums and their characteristics.
The document discusses urbanization and urbanism. It defines urbanization as the movement of people from rural to urban areas, increasing the proportion of the population living in urban settings. Urbanism is defined as the study of cities and the ways people interact with the built urban environment. The document outlines factors driving urbanization like industrialization and searches for better opportunities. It also discusses positive and negative outcomes of urbanization as well as government policies and characteristics of the urbanization process in India.
By 2050, India with about 1.7 billion people will be the most populous country in the world, accounting for about 17 percent of the global population but only 2 percent of land and less than 4 percent of water. And about 60 percent of the population, nearly 1 billion, will be urbanized and a large part of it will be rural migrants. The rapid urbanization will further accelerate the demand for higher quantity of quality food, especially of high value foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and eggs, from the shrinking land, water, biodiversity resources. Moreover, the crowding cities and their peripheries will be facing agriculture land loss that will affect future food production in large scale.
This document provides an overview of urbanization and design. It begins with defining key concepts related to urbanization and outlines the discussion. It then discusses the objective to acquaint readers with the concept and process of urbanization in various contexts. The remainder of the document covers demographic aspects of urbanization globally and in India, challenges of urbanization, and the relationship between urbanization and design.
- Rural population in India was 67.25% of the total population in 2015 according to the World Bank.
- India is the second most populous country in the world with nearly 1.3 billion people as of 2016, and is projected to surpass China as the most populous country by 2022.
- Over 50% of India's population is below the age of 25, highlighting India's young population.
This document discusses urban planning and economic development in Nepal. It begins by defining urban planning as the systematic way of developing urban areas with defined objectives and resources. It then discusses the current urban conditions in Nepal, noting issues like poor urban databases, unregulated land markets, lack of basic infrastructure like water and sanitation, and a shortage of affordable housing resulting in growing squatter settlements. The document emphasizes that proper urban planning is necessary for economic development in Nepal but that current planning efforts are insufficient to overcome obstacles to development.
There are several measures used to summarize levels of urbanization in a region. Degree or level of urbanization can be measured by percent urban, which is the proportion of total population living in urban areas, or the urban-rural ratio. The size of locality of residence of the median inhabitant and mean city population size take into account actual city sizes. Tempo of urbanization refers to the rate of change in urbanization levels over time and can be measured by annual percentage point changes or average annual growth rates of the percent urban population. Proper measures depend on data availability and research purpose as each index has advantages and limitations.
The document discusses urbanization and its causes and processes. It defines urbanization as the increasing percentage of a population living in cities and suburbs. The main causes of urbanization discussed are natural population growth, internal migration from rural to urban areas, and international migration. The processes of urbanization include a rise in the urban population numbers and percentage, more urban centers, socioeconomic changes, and urban land expansion. Levels of urbanization and their indicators like infrastructure, health, literacy rates and female labor participation in various countries are also examined.
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
Urbanization refers to the gradual shift in populations from rural to urban areas. It began during the Industrial Revolution due to job opportunities in cities and factories. Since then, the process has continued and accelerated due to factors like improved transportation, infrastructure development, and migration driven by lack of rural jobs. Today over half the world's population lives in urban areas, and urbanization is a major trend in developing countries as more seek opportunities in cities. India has seen significant urbanization driven by industrialization, which concentrates jobs and people in urban centers.
This document defines key terms related to urbanization. It explains that urban refers to populated areas, in contrast to rural. Urbanization is defined as the process where populations migrate from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow. The document then discusses factors driving urbanization like job opportunities and access to services. It also outlines some challenges of urbanization like housing shortages, overcrowding, and pollution. Potential solutions discussed include rural development programs, city planning, and regional planning.
Urban planning and development in Nepal involves addressing several issues. Rapid urbanization is putting pressure on infrastructure and resources, and the urban population is projected to double in coming decades. Effective urban planning requires defining urban areas, addressing problems like congestion, pollution and inequitable access to services, and ensuring participation and partnerships between stakeholders. The goals of urban planning and development should be to make cities safe, just, and moving in a positive direction through strategic planning and allocation of necessary resources.
Urbanization is the process of urban concentration and growth in the proportion of the total population living in urban areas. It occurs through the multiplication of urban settlements and the increase in size of existing settlements. There are three aspects of urbanization: behavioral changes in individuals, structural changes in the economy and technology, and demographic changes as societies shift from small homogeneous to large heterogeneous. Gibbs' model outlines five sequential stages of urbanization from initial emergence to a more ubiquitous population distribution with satellite towns. The theory of spatial cycles describes four phases of urban development: urbanization through rural-urban migration, suburbanization as residential areas expand outward, counter-urbanization as people move further out, and re-urbanization as people return to previously abandoned
Rural to urban migration is a major driver of urbanization in Pakistan. Push factors like low agricultural productivity and pull factors like access to jobs and services encourage migration from rural to urban areas. This migration has wide-ranging social, economic, political, and environmental effects at individual, family, community, and national levels. Socially, it can cause isolation and stress for migrants while increasing ethnic tensions in cities. Economically, it grows GDP but also increases poverty as migrants struggle in cities. Politically, it shifts power dynamics and resources. Environmentally, it places stress on urban infrastructure and increases pollution.
Urbanization in Pakistan has increased rapidly over the past decades. Some key points:
- Pakistan experienced rapid urban growth from 18% urban in 1965 to 38% in 2010. Major cities like Karachi and Lahore have seen large increases.
- Urbanization provides economic and educational opportunities but also creates challenges like unemployment, environmental issues from lack of infrastructure, and threats to agricultural land from urban sprawl.
- To address issues, Pakistan needs to strengthen rural economies to reduce migration, improve public transport, increase access to services, and pursue sustainable urban development. Devolving power to local communities can also help address urban problems.
This document presents a thesis submitted for a Master's degree in architecture on city management in developing countries. It begins with an introduction and literature review on topics like sustainable urban development and causes of urban environmental degradation. It then presents an international case study on Singapore's integrated environmental management program from 1961-2012. Next, it provides a local analytical study on a general plan for Alexandria, Egypt in 2017, discussing its population, urban problems, development abilities, and proposed economic development. The thesis concludes by aiming to reach basic principles of sustainable city management in developing countries.
A Presentation made to the student of BDevS at Center for Development Studies, National College for Higher Education, KU in October 2014, kathmandu, Nepal
This document provides an overview of urban development in India. It discusses the trends of urbanization in India including the rapid growth of urban populations and cities since the 1930s. It covers the patterns of urbanization including the causes of migration to urban areas. The document also examines the costs of urbanization, prospects for future urbanization, resources for urban development, urban planning, management needs, and the growth trends of urban populations in India.
Urbanization in India refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. According to the 2011 census, India's urban population was 31.16% of the total population. The three states with the largest urban populations were Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, while the states with the smallest urban populations were Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram. Between 2001-2011, India's population grew by 181 million people, with 90 million in rural areas and 91 million in urban areas, showing nearly equal growth rates in rural and urban populations for the first time. Problems of rapid urbanization in India include unemployment, lack of adequate housing, pollution, and insufficient infrastructure
This document discusses rural-urban migration in the Philippines. It defines urbanization as the increase in urban population of a country or area. Rural-urban migration is one of the most significant patterns, as people move from countryside to cities in search of opportunities. The major causes of rural-urban migration are identified as search for better wages, education, employment opportunities, and escape from poverty and unemployment in rural areas. As more people migrate to urban areas, it puts pressure on housing, jobs, and the environment. The government should provide services and jobs in rural areas to reduce migration to cities.
Urbanization is occurring faster than ever in history. There are now over 10,000 cities globally, with half being established in just the last 40 years. Urban areas are typically defined as having large populations and infrastructure to support daily life. However, rapid urbanization has also created issues like overcrowded housing, unemployment, and environmental pollution. Potential solutions include improved urban planning, rural development to curb migration, and new approaches like smart cities and new urbanism that aim to build sustainable communities.
The document discusses urbanization in India during the post-Independence period. It notes that urbanization increased rapidly during this time, with the urban population rising from 17.6% in 1951 to 23.7% in 1981. Key factors driving urban growth included rural-to-urban migration, the establishment of new administrative and industrial cities, and the expansion of existing large cities. Some examples given are the creation of new state capitals like Chandigarh and the rise of industrial cities around steel, fertilizer, and port facilities.
Sky Booming Urban Slums in Metro Cities of India (Special Reference to Charac...iosrjce
In India, one of every three urban people lives in slums. Land value are extradianaryly high and living
conditions accordingly are worse in the million plus cities Slums have grown simultaneously with the growth of
towns and cities partially in large industrial cities prohibeteration of slums has been taking place whenever the
urban resources are stretched by intense population pressure. Industries in all major towns and cities have
attracted a sizable number of people from rural areas who were reeling under the pressure of poverty there by
leading to proliferation of slums at a faster rate. Such people who came to the cities in search of livelihood
settled themselves in vacant places, due to lack of any basic civic amenities and these areas have soon grown
into slums where people live under unhygienic and insanitary conditions in India slums population has been
growing at an alarming rate. Visakhapatnam the slums have been more or less a result of the rapid
industrialization it experienced over the last four decades heavy influx of laborers from rural to the port city has
meant a growth in slum population at a rate higher than 6% perannum.During October,1985 and aprial,1986
the urban community development project of municipal corporation of Visakhapatnam has conducted as survey
of slums in the city on the state of physical amenities in the slums and socio-economic conditions of slumdwellers.
Most of the Visakhapatnam slum dwellers live under sub-standard environmental conditions. In this
paper we presented growth of slums and their characteristics.
The document discusses urbanization and urbanism. It defines urbanization as the movement of people from rural to urban areas, increasing the proportion of the population living in urban settings. Urbanism is defined as the study of cities and the ways people interact with the built urban environment. The document outlines factors driving urbanization like industrialization and searches for better opportunities. It also discusses positive and negative outcomes of urbanization as well as government policies and characteristics of the urbanization process in India.
Rurbanisation denotes to the rural area being urbanized,Precisely rural area with the characteristic features of facilities available in area. These include Education (School), Health(PHC), Pucca raod to the village, Electrification of the village and establishing new markets. The Rurbanisation posses various characteristic features which has a lot of scope in development of the rural area. Boda Ramesh"Characteristics of Rurbanization" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9468.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/9468/characteristics-of-rurbanization/boda-ramesh
Urbanization and Crime in India A Temporal Analysis from 1991 to 2011ijtsrd
Urbanization is social as well as an economic process it is a population shift from a rural agrarian society to an industrialized urban society. It is a result of the movement of rural to urban migration in search of a better quality of life, as well as is an outcome of natural population growth in urban areas. Urbanization is considered an indicator of the socio economic progress of a society. It has been considered by most of the researchers that more urbanized countries are economically as well as socially well developed. In the economic aspect, urbanization is good for the development of a region because it promotes industrial growth and the development of the economy. However, rapid urbanization and expansion of cities as a result of continuous migration have created various problems in Indian cities. From a social point of view, there are several adverse impacts of urbanization crime is one of them, which is recognised as the most negative effect of urbanization in urban areas especially in developing countries. Crime is one of the most contemporary social problems in urban areas of developing countries, and it is directly or indirectly correlated to the unplanned urbanization process. Some special urban characteristics such as size, high population density, heterogeneous population, impersonality, unemployment, urban poverty, and poor quality of life are responsible for the high crime rate in urban areas. The main objective of this paper is to understand some of the general theoretical as well as quantitative perspectives within which the link between urbanization and crime is explained in the best possible way in the context of India from 1991 to 2011. Muntazim Ahmad "Urbanization and Crime in India: A Temporal Analysis from 1991 to 2011" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49645.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49645/urbanization-and-crime-in-india-a-temporal-analysis-from-1991-to-2011/muntazim-ahmad
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Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip Town: A Comparative Study
1. ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (21-33), Month: January - March 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip Town:
A Comparative Study
1
Surajit Das
1
Research scholar, Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal
Abstract: Though urbanisation is an indicator of development, but it is also bitter fact that poverty is growing
faster in urban areas than in rural areas. Around the world, approximately one billion people live in urban slums,
which are typically overcrowded, polluted and lack basic services. The situation is worst in developing countries
like India. The slums of Nabadwip town portray a pathetic picture of life in slums. Social problems, disparities,
well being and quality of life are the new domains of geographic study in this post-modern era. Quality of life
studies form part of human geography, radical geography, and welfare geography and of philosophical geography.
The quality of life studies are becoming more relevant for inclusive development of society and country. This paper
is an attempt to determine the quality of life statistically in slums of Nabadwip town. In general, Quality of Life
(QOL) reflects the hopes and expectations of a person. Population and spaces both are important variables in the
urban development of any region. The study is made to highlight the upgrading situation of slum dwellers rather
than social problems of the slums in the Nabadwip town of the district of Nadia. The approach for the
measurement of the QOL is derived by composite index and standard deviation etc.
Keywords: urbanisation, slum, Quality of life, composite index, standard deviation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Slums world- over share some common characteristics including a higher incidence of violent crime due to lack of
attention from local law enforcement, a higher incidence of disease due to poor sanitation and access to healthcare
facilities, the dominance of the informal economy and political bosses, and a higher incidence of child labour,
prostitution, and substance abuse. Clearly, the culture of a nation or region plays a large role in determining the degree to
which these factors shape the slum. The development of slums appears to be an entirely organic phenomenon which
occurs when poorer countries that have under-developed urban management, governance structures and poor
infrastructure undergo rapid industrialisation and urbanisation and fail to minimise the disparity of prosperity between the
urban and rural population. In history, this was evident in the experience of the „great‟ global cities such as London, Paris
and New York. Each of these cities faced issues during its industrialisation phase in the growth of informal housing,
workhouses, exploitation of the poor and disenfranchisement of migrant workers. Over time, however, these cities found
ways to expand and make room for the increasing numbers of migrants flowing in and became great cities in part because
of their ability to not only gainfully employ these migrants but also to attract and accommodate even more highly skilled
immigrants. In this post modern globalised era where economic growth and disparities co-exist, the study of human well
being and quality of life is more significant. This paper is an attempt to determine quality of life statistically in slums of
Nabadwip municipality and suggest some measures to improve quality of life in slums.
2. STUDY AREA
Nabadwip Municipality is located in the western part of Nadia district and river Bhagirathi bound from north to east.
Nabadwip Municipality lies between 88°21ʼE.–88°23‟E and 23°23‟N.–23°23‟N and the town has a total area of 11.66
sq. km. consisting of 24 wards with a population of 125543(2011 Census). The location of the study area is shown
2. ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (21-33), Month: January - March 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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Paper Publications
in Figure no.1. Ras Yatra is one of the important festivals to city dwellers. Not only from Nadia but from its
surrounding districts, people came here to experience the occasion. Due to such gathering a huge amount of
solid waste generate in the city which make the life heal to the city dwellers of Nabadwip. Nabadwip ,an old municipal
town.It was constituted as municipality in 1869.The nabadwip police station extended over an area of 2.8 percent of Nadia
district which now contains an area of 3927 sq km. It has an average elevation of 14m.
The town originally stood on an island which was called Nabadwip (new island). Nava-dwip a group of nine island which
is given by Narahari Das in his “Naabadwip parikrama paddhati”. One of the Sen king of Bengal is induced to transfer his
capital there from gaur for sanctity on the sacred Bhagirathi, which gave it impetus for its urban growth. In th “Ain-I-
Akbari” it is noted that in the time of Lakshman Sen Nadia (Nabadwip ) was the capital of Bengal and abounded with
wisdom. With the passage of time, Nabadwip municipality was established in the year 1869 A.D.(Garrett 1910)with 12
commissioners of whom 8 were elected and the remainder nominated. Through-out the 150 years of its urban career, the
town has grown in an unplanned manner especially during and after the partition of Bengal in 1947 A.D. Although the
proportion of land for industrial use and commercial use are comparatively less than residential use, but as the degree of
urbanization increases gradually with time, the land use pattern has been changed. The low income group of people prefer
slum areas due to inadequacy of housing space, the high price of inner town land. Thus urban fabrics of Nabadwip town
predominantly attract the rural migrants as well as urban poor in search of work opportunities and other social facilities.
The town received the slum dwellers with the rapid growth of urbanization. The town has a long tradition of movement of
migrants. The large influx of rural population is the primary ingredient for the development of the town as well as slum in
the district.
Figure No 1- Location map of Nabadwip municipality
3. ISSN 2349-7831
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Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (21-33), Month: January - March 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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Objectives:
The study was undertaken with following objectives:
1. To identify slum pockets of Nabadwip municipality.
2. To identify the factor responsible for growth of slum pocket.
3. To determine and examine the Quality Of Life (QOL) of different slums of Nabadwip municipality.
4.To compare the Quality Of Life( QOL) of different slums of Nabadwip town with the various parameters.
5. To assess the physical and social pathology of the slum pockets.
6.To suggest inclusive measures to urban planning for improve the Quality Of Life (QOL) in slums.
3. DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY
Methodology is very much important upon which nature and quality of the result of the study area depends. According to
the topic, the data have been collected from intensive study involving the measurement of the quality of the slum dweller
by interviewing method. The simple random sample technique has been conducted during the field work. All the data
have been arranged systemically by statistical techniques. Thus, the present study is based on qualitative and quantitative
data. To focus on the measurement of quality of life of slum dweller, intensive information has been collected also from
the Bureau of Applied Economics, Health Departments, Settlement Office, Nabadwip Municipality and so on. For
determining the quality of lifein slums Composite index and Standard Deviation techniques have been used. To calculate
the composite index 10 variables were chosen to determine QOL (Quality of Slum). Statistically each variable was
powered with X1, X2 etc. Reasonable weightages was assigned to each variable. Composite Scores of all variable are
taken as X value and Mean value is calculated. After that SD (Standard deviation) value is calculated. The quality of life
under deviation is grouped and finally comparative analysis is done to show quality of life in different slums. Thestudy
based on primary survey of 125 households of 5 different slums ofNabadwip municipality.
Factors responsible for growth of the slum pockets:
Although Nabadwip town experienced phases of unplanned development as it grew from an agricultural based economic
activity, but the dramatic transformation of land use pattern of Nabadwip town has taken place during the year of 1971.
The growth of the town is directly associated with the gradual growth of slum settlements. Slums have emerged within
last 35 years due to several favourable factors. This town is well connected with water route through Bhagirathi-Hooghly
river and Eastern Railway track which is an ingredient that accounts for its speedy urban growth as well as slum growth.
Factors responsible for the development of higher concentration of poor in the slum are mentioned below.
i) Rural immigration for opportunities of job. ii) Deficiency in agricultural production iii) Drought and famine conditions
iv) Increasing prices of land and building materials v) Establishment of industrial and other manufacturing units vi)
Establishment of Govt. and non-Govt. Institutions vii) Trade and Commerce activities and vii) Shortage of houses. The
population of Nabadwip town has been increasing quickly in every year, but the number of houses has not increased at the
same pace.
Distribution of slum settlement in nabadwip municipality:
It is true that the presence of slums along with the acute housing shortage is serious problem in any municipality.
According to census 2011of India, slum areas are recognized as a compact area of 300 persons or roughly 60-70
households of poorly built congested tenements, unhealthy surroundings with poor sanitary and drinking water facilities.
In the municipality of the study area, it is surveyed that the total number of slum is 103 and these are distributed in 24
wards (Fig.2). These all are situated in different corners and pockets of different wards. It is found slum settlements are
distributed in haphazard manner mostly on free lands. Some settlements are linearly located along the riverside, road
margins as well as lowland areas. The biggest slum in surveying area is Netaji Nagar having 816 slum. Other colony
having more than 300 households are Netaji nagar, Ganganagar slum, Chatirmath matahapur slum and Vivekananda slum
etc.
4. ISSN 2349-7831
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Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (21-33), Month: January - March 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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Table No-1Ward wise slum population
Ward
No
No Of The
Slum
Name Of The Slum
No Of The
Household
Slum
Population
Total
Population
Percent Of Slum
Population To Total
Population
1
6 CHANDI COLONY SLUM 696 2612
6117 90.68
9
MALANCHAPARA DAS
ROAD SLUM 536 2935
4
5
CHATIRMATH MATHAPUR
SLUM 535 1310
6728 95.33
3 BANIK NAGAR SLUM 390 918
3 MATHAPUR ROAD SLUM 366 960
1 SAHANAGAR SLUM 131 350
4 GANGANAGAR SLUM 566 940
2 GOUR NAGAR SLUM 536 815
1 NOAKHALIPARA SLUM 326 709
1
VIVEKANANDA COLONY
SLUM 276 412
5
5 DEBRAJPUR SLUM 326 2490
7973 61.77
6 NETAJI COLONY 366 2435
6
4 ARABINDA NAGAR SLUM 376 1420
5896 79.49
6 JANMASTHAN PARA SLUM 446 1630
3 NIMTALA LANE SLUM 196 772
3 ADYANAGAR SLUM 286 865
11 2
PURAS CHARAN PURBA
CHARA SLUM 193 1115 4311 49.76
4 HATAT COLONY SLUM 125 1030
18
7 PHUL BAGAN SLUM 371 2915
7485
87.97
5 RAM KRISHNA COLONY 285 1920
4 VIVEKANANDA COLONY 181 1750
19
1 CHAITANYAPALLY SLUM 532 2702
7474 89.73
4 NETAJI NAGAR SLUM 816 1755
2
GOURANGAPARA COLONY
SLUM 116 1120
2
2NO GOURANGA COLONY
SLUM 416 1130
21
1 NIMTALA LANE SLUM 145 830
3995 88.41
3 RABINDRA NAGAR SLUM 161 930
1 JANMASTHAN PARA SLUM 95 432
2 CHAITNYA COLONY SLUM 153 1340
22 1
PURAS CHARAN MATH
SLUM 190 3512 4356 80.62
24 2 BHARAT COLONY SLUM 582 5267 7504 70.19
103 10715 49321
Source- Nabadwip Municipality, 2016
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Figure No-2 SLUM POCKETS OF NABADWIP MUNICIPALITY, SOURCE- Compiled by researcher
Nature of demographic identity in the stude area:
It is well known that the socio-cultural aspects of any region play vital role in the qualitative development of people. To
determine the demographic structure and its socio-cultural identity, present discussion about slum dweller has been given
below. According to the record of the Municipality, the total slum population in Nabadwip town is 49321 persons. It is
approximately 42.87% of the total urban population. The size of slum population varies from one slum to another.
According to the surveyed data, male population is 53 percent of the total population whereas 47 percent female
population is found in the study area .It is evident that religious composition is based on different community in the
6. ISSN 2349-7831
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Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (21-33), Month: January - March 2017, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
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Paper Publications
region. Here, it is found that the most population is of Hindu community. Age-sex composition of the slums is very
important from economic point of view. The difference between active and inactive population sex wise is very much
significant here. The age sex composition is in pyramidal shape, found in the study area. It is very clear that persons under
1- 15 years and above 60 years termed as dependent population is less in both male and female population in the area. It
reveals that 52 percent of slum people are literate and rest 48 percent are illiterate. Therefore, it may be treated as an issue
if compared to other urban people of that town.
There are many schools and colleges in Nabadwip town. Slum dwellers especially children, boys and girls prefer to attend
their most near institutes for their educational purpose. It is evident that 60 percent male population out of total male
population are literates. On the other hand 40 percent female population to total female population are literates. Although
it is ensured that higher level of education is less significant due to unavoidable circumstances in slum settlements, but the
picture of education status reflects women‟s importance also as well as a man‟s priority in slum area.
Economic condition:
Generally, a slum population is principally employed in informal economic activities. On the basis of a field survey, it is
found that 34% of slum people are engaged in primary activities. They work as agricultural labourers in its surrounding
areas. In slum, only 7% people engaged in secondary activities which include different construction and industrial
labourers. Again 59% of total slum workers engaged in tertiary economic activities. It is found that people are engaged in
a different type of footpath business, sweets industry, tom tom and cymbals making, pottery, bus drivers, tailoring, deity
idol making, painting and other services. Out of 100 sampled families, 79% of total having monthly income less than
Rupees 10000 .Again it is seen that 21% families having monthly income more than Rupees 10000 in that area.
Nature of houses:
The nature of houses in terms of building materials used generally reflects the status of socio economic way of life of
slum dwellers. Nearly 71% of slum houses are made of tinned and tiled roofs with bricked and mud walls. Besides, 29%
of slum houses are made of cemented wall and roofs. Most of them are made by the Municipality authority in slum areas.
Civic amenities:
It is obvious from the field‟s survey that 69 percent of sampled slum families have electricity connection. More than 31
percent households are facilitated with the sanitary system although, sewage and draining system are not so good here.
Most of the families are supplied with drinking water from Municipality services. Time taps, tube wells are quite
remarkable in each slum area. In general, slum dweller suffers from availability of drinking water. But it is clear that the
availability of pure drinking water is another striking feature in slum of Nabadwip town.
Water supply:
The existing water supply facilities in the slum pocket are inadequate. Although the slums have sufficient source of water
in the form of either tube wells or existing municipal water sources, they lack a proper distribution system for efficient use
of the water, In order to solve this problem, a network of distribution lines in some slum pockets have been proposed
under IHSDP (Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme) but still there is gap. This will reduce their
inconvenience for procurement of water from a distant place as well as improve their personal health and hygiene.
Sanitation:
The individual houses in the slum pockets are in general temporary in nature, without having a permanent roof structure.
Proper sanitary facilities are absent which not only endangers the individual health, but also the environmental conditions
of the slum and consequently the town area is general.
A large number of pour flush latrines have been constructed over the past few years in the houses of the slums through the
central government aided ILCS (Integrated Low Cost Sanitation) programme. There are also community toilets with
bathing facilities within and around the slums. But still there is a need to look into the matter with utmost importance. In
the slums the sanitation condition is extremely poor in Nabadwip Municipality. 15% to 20% people today even defecate
in the open fields. This is adversely affecting on the local atmosphere. In case of women during lactation period and any
stomach infection like dysentery, diarrhoea etc people had to suffer a lot.
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Table No-2, Distribution of sanitary latrine
Holding in Slum Holding having Sanitary Latrine Holding Not having Sanitary Latrine
10715 2979 7736
Source: Nabadwip municipality ,2016.
Internal passage and approach roads:
In the slums of Nabadwip paved across for pedestrians and vehicles is worse. There is congestion and in order to remove
congestion there must be strong political will. Unless the congestion is removed the vehicular movement and movement
of two wheelers and the pedestrian is impossible. Besides repairing the existing metal roads need to be taken up, the
earthen roads need to be converted into concrete roads. In Nabadwip there are 4500 meters Kutcha Roads, Brick Paved
Road in poor condition is 600 meters, good conditions are 1000 meters, Concrete road in poor condition is 1000 meters
and good condition is 1000 meters. Therefore, there is total road length of 8100 meters in the 103 slums in Nbadwip
Municipality. People have been using those roads for their daily communication.
TableNo-3, Condition of road
Sr.No Condition of Road Length in Meters
1 Kutcha Roads 4500
2 Brick Paved Road in poor condition 600
3 Brick Paved Road good condition 1000
4 Concrete road in poor condition 1000
5 Concrete road in good condition 1000
Total 8100
Source- Nabadwip Municipality, 2016
Storm water drains:
The Nabadwip is a town surrounded by the river ganges and other rivulets. Therefore there are problems like water
logging and storm water drainage is not in existence. Had to suffer during the monsoon in general but specifically the
slum dwellers have been suffering a lot during the monsoon. Normal drain is also in worst conditions. There is 8500
meters of drains of which Kutcha drain is 7000 meters, pucca drains in dilapidated conditions is 1000 meters and pucca
drains in good conditions is 500 meters.
TableNo- 4, Condition of drains
Sr No Nature/Condition of Drains Length in Meters
1 Kutcha drain 7000
2 Pucca drains in dilapidated conditions 1000
3 Pucca drains in good conditions 500
Total 8500
Source –Nabadwip municipality, 2016.
Solid waste collection:
Waste is not collected door to door and there is no question of segregated collection.The following pie chart would give a
vivid picture about the garbage collection and the condition of solid waste management. In the slums of Nabadwip the
situation is much bad.
The survey shown that the solid waste management is managed in an improper manner.15204, 59% citizens expressed
their opinion that the waste is thrown any where,3945, 16% opined that waste are kept in the vats,3% have opined those
are thrown into drains and 5723 ,22% citizens viewed that the waste are collected viewed that the waste are collected by
the municipal personnel.
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Street lighting:
Street light is insufficient in the slum areas. The slum dwellers has little access over the electric house connections
therefore the slum dwellers are much in need of street lights as roads are poor in condition ,drainage is worst and during
night it has become acute difficulties before the slum dwellers if there is no street light.
Sample slums:
For sample survey 5 wards were selected from the different parts of Nabadwip Municipality The Gouranga para colony
slum, ward no- 19 which is located on the southern part of the Nabadwip is adjacent to the western side of Eastern railway
and Ganga River. In this ward 25 households were surveyed. Malancha para Das road slum ,ward no-1 is situated in the
middle part of the city. It is mainly situated on the front of Bishnupriya Halt station. In this ward 25 households were
surveyed. Due to location on main road the position of dwellings is better than other slums. The slum of Hotat colony
slum, ward no-22 is situated along the river bank. Here the dwellers belong to a specific community of sweeper and
labourer. The living standard and economic status is comparatively lower than the dwellers of Malachapara Das road
slum. Here the total of 25 households was surveyed. The Ram Krishna colony slum is situated along the river bank and
railway line. Here 25 households were surveyed. The Ganganagar slum is situated on the northern part of municipality.
Here 25 households were surveyed.
Parameters of quality of life:
In the present study altogether 10 variables have been carefully chosen to determine the existing quality of life in slums of
Nabadwip municipality.
Source of lighting (X1):
Electricity is considered as a parameter of measurement of development and quality of life. Regarding this parameter it is
seen that 70 percent of sample households in slums used electricity, while 30 percent household used kerosene as a source
of lighting. But it is notable that majority of household had no legal connection.
Fuel used for cooking (X2):
Regarding this as a parameter of the measurement of quality of life, it is seen that for the cooking LPG 19 percent is used
by household. Though much of them have not got LPG connection, they use the small cylinders of 2 kg and 4 kg. The
other residents of slums use illegal electric connection for illuminating their heaters. Kerosene, coal and cow-dug-cakes
are others fuels which are used for cooking.
Source of drinking water (X3):
Safe and pure drinking water is basic need for life. The sample survey reveals that 44 percent residents of slum areas use
water of hand pump, while 56 percent use water of municipal tap for drinking. The quality of water of hand pump is not
up to mark.
Housing condition (X4):
One billion people of the world live in inadequate housing, mostly in slums and squatter settlements. The situation is
worst in urban areas of developing country, where one quarter of housing units are temporary structure.
The type of houses basically depends upon the geographical environment as well as economic and social structure of the
people (Sahay, 2006). A deplorable scenario exist in sample region, where all of the sample slums dominated by kachha
and semi-pucca housing structure. Out of 125 houses, 54 houses had only one room. Malancha para Das road slum had
more pucca houses than any other slum.
Sewage disposal facility (X5):
Sanitation is not only important for healthy living but also ensuring a non polluted environment. The majority of sample
households had poor sewage disposal facility. The condition of Hatat colony slum, Ganganagar slum is worst where more
than half of sample household had poor sewage facility.
Place of waste dumping (X6):
The risk to human health are compounded in these slums, where garbage collection is nonexistent in most cases and
drainage tends to be poor, promoting the growth of insects and other diseases . There is no adequate arrangement for the
dumping of domestic wastes. Only one third households used the place fixed by municipality for the dumping of domestic
wastes.
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Medical facilities (X7):
Around half the urban population in developing countries is suffering from one or more of the diseases associated with
inadequate provision of water and sanitation.Therefore medical facility is a significant parameter of measurement of
quality of life. The 32 percent slum dwellers used private clinic and 55 percent government hospital, while 7 percent
used traditional medical practitioner. The condition of Malanchapara das road slum is better than other slums.
Literacy (X8):
Due to wide spread poverty in the slum areas, illiteracy prevails and even it can be said that poverty exists because
illiteracy exists (Tripathi, 2010). The literacy is most significant indicator of socio-economic condition and quality of life.
Though literacy is very poor in slums of Nabadwip municipality, comparatively Ramkrishna colony slum and Gouranga
para colony slum are better literacy than other slum.
Female Literacy (X9):
Female literacy is not only indicator of education but also status of women in society. The sample area had very poor
female literacy. The sample survey shows very poor female literacy which indicates bad condition of women in slums of
Nabadwip municipality.
Ration card type (X10):
Ration card is a significant indicator of poverty in India. Red ration card holders are people below poverty line while
yellow card holders are people above poverty line. Some people reside in slums don‟t have any kind of ration card. The
reason for not getting any card is non awareness and lengthy procedure.
Table 5: Selected Variables for Quality of Life of slum dwellers of Nabadwip Municipality and their X value
Vari-
ables Parameters Indicators
Weight
age
value
Hatat colony
slum
Gourangapra
colony slum
Ramkrishna
colony slum
Malanchapara
das road slum
Ganganagar
slum
% of
HH
X
value
% of
HH
X
value
% of
HH
X
value
% of
HH
X
value
% of
HH
X
value
X1
Source of
lighting
electricity 2 52 1.04 70 1.40 82 1.64 75 1.50 54 1.08
kerosene 1 48 0.48 30 0.30 18 0.18 25 0.25 46 0.46
Fuel used
for cooking
LPG 5 22 1.10 25 1.25 25 1.25 28 1.40 25 1.25
electricity 4 23 0.92 15 0.60 19 0.76 20 0.80 30 1.20
X2
kerosene 3 16 0.48 18 0.54 20 0.60 16 0.48 20 0.60
coal
2 10 0.20 12 0.24 13 0.26 16 0.32 5 0.10
cow-dug-
cakes
29 0.29 30 0.30 22 0.22 20 0.20 20 0.20
1
X3
Source of
drinking
water
municipal
tap
2 25 0.50 55 1.10 60 1.20 35 0.70 30 0.60
hand
pump 1 75 0.75 45 0.45 40 0.40 65 0.65 70 0.70
X4
pucca 3 15 0.45 16 0.48 30 0.90 20 0.60 25 0.75
Housing
condition
semi pucca 2 55 1.10 60 1.20 55 1.10 55 1.10 50 1.00
kaccha 1 30 0.30 24 0.24 15 0.15 25 0.25 25 0.25
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The mean value of composite score is 18.272 with standard deviation = 0.639. The levels of quality of life under deviation
are grouped (Table-5).
Table 7: Levels of Quality of Life in Slums of Nabadwip municipality
Levels of Quality of Life Statistical Value Composite Score Name of Slum
Good to +2 18.911-19.550 Ramkrishna Colony Slum.
Medium to + 18.272-18.911 Gourangapara Colony Slum,
Poor to - 17.633-18.272
Malanchapara das road Slum, Ganganagar
Slum
Very Poor to -2 16.994-17.633 Hatat Colony Slum.
Source:- Computed By Researcher
The qualitative and quantitative processing is fully justified and four level of quality of life have emerged. The
Ramkrishna colony slum enjoys good quality of life and the condition of slum dwellers of Ram Krishna colony is better
than other slums of Nabadwip town. The Malanchapara das road , Gourangapara colony slums have medium quality of
life and the conditions of these slums are better than Ganganagar and Hatat colony slums. Some basic facilities such as
drinking water facility, housing conditions are better than other slums. The Hatat colony slum has low quality of life. The
basic facilities are very poor in this slum. The situation is worst in Hatat colony slum. The Hatat colony slum has very
poor quality of life. The medical facility and drinking water facility are inadequate in this slum. Though four levels of
quality of life have been achieved, the condition of slums is very poor.
4. PROBLEMS
Physical problems:
Majority of the drains are clogged due to irregular cleaning. It disrupts the flow of water through drains. Flooding usually
occurs during monsoon season and creates poor hazards of Environment and health. The quality of water is not good
Many areas are not connected with water supply network. In most of the wards roads are damaged. There is heavy plying
of mixed types of vehicles with very low mobility. In many areas the intensity of light is very low due to use of ordinary
tube lights. Many areas even do not have electricity connection for streetlights. Improper collection of solid waste
considering the health hazardous, environment preservation and in order to keep the city clean. Overcrowding and
unplanned, haphazard growth.
Social problems:
In slum areas of Nabadwip municipality, lower standard of education, lack of awareness, poor economic condition create
different social problems which affect day to day life of the women. Dowry systems, alcohol consumption, torture on
women are the common matters in the area under study. Dowry system is a primitive practice of our society. As the
economic condition is very poor and level of education is also very low in these slums, most of the women have to face
dowry system. Women who get arranged marriage, dowry is a common phenomenon. But in case of love marriage the
same is not found. Here, almost 62 percent women agree that their families have to pay money to their husband at the
time of their marriage. Another problem of the study area is consumption of alcohol and anti social activity. In slums of
this area a large number of males are alcoholic, which creates different problems in female‟s life. 45 percent women agree
that their husbands consume alcohol at a regular interval. Some males also put pressure on their wives to provide money
so that they can consume alcohol. As some of the males are alcoholic, domestic violence on women is a regular event in
these slums. When males become drunk, most of them torture their wife due create domestic violence. Though it becomes
really tough to quantify the actual number, because most of the women do not agree to disclose this for fear or shyness but
it is realized that approximately 45 percent women are tortured in this regard.
5. SUGGESTIONS
Construction of pucca drains, repair and regular cleaning of drains is required to undertake. Drainage system must be well
maintained so that health and environmental situation can be good for people. Extension of water supply network to
provide safe drinking water to all the household. Construction of new roads, mainly converting all brick paved and kutcha
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roads to Black Top/concrete road. As road communication is one of the most important means of local economic
development. Extension and ful coverage with street lights. Door to Door collection of waste is required to be arranged by
the municipality therefore the solid waste management is to be properly undertaken. Disposal and recycling of wastes and
control over water logging by construction of high drains. Booster pumping station is required for releasing water during
water logging period. Upgrading the slums is not merely shifting the slum dwellers into multi-storeyed houses, it needs
much more concerted efforts to be worked upon both with body and the soul. We need to learn from the countries like
Israel, which addressed the Urban Poor issues by introducing favourable policies and innovative approaches. In Israel,
although they do not have slums as we have in India, they framed their policies for addressing the needs of the urban poor
and cater those needs by involving private players in a more flexible and effective manner. They created a conducive
environment for the private investors without compromising in the statutory plan of the country.
Therefore, it is high time to think out of the box and need to introduce multi-dimensional, multi-focused and holistic
approach. We have to work not only with the physical aspects i.e. houses, roads, sewerage, health clinics, school
buildings, shops for business and playgrounds /parks etc. of the slums and slum dwellers but also address the functional
aspects i.e. psychological, social, economical, domestic and community aspects. Innovative approach i.e. inviting private
players with specific Terms of Reference, addressing both, physical and functional aspects carefully and efficiently, need
to be introduced. This approach will have three main players – Municipality, Private Players, & Non Government
Organisations (NGOs) and will have three major components – (i) NGO intervention for addressing functional aspects;
(ii) low cost houses for slum dwellers and (iii) modern high rise residential apartments and commercial mall for higher
classes on sale. Besides, municipality and government will be in the monitoring and supporting role and at the end of the
day will get taxes and other collections. To begin with, the government should initiate the slum up-gradation under the
practical leadership of municipality (local government) so that trust can be build up with the slum dwellers and address
the functional issues of slum dwellers i.e. skill up-gradation for actual income generation; improve functional literacy by
identifying illiterates/neo literates/ semi literates; providing better health care services particularly maternal & Child
health care and emergency services; ensure quality in primary & secondary education; work upon reduction of
alcoholism; drug consumption; domestic violence and general crime and developing the cooperative culture and team
spirit among slum dwellers. All these should be done by involving NGOs, who have the credibility in behaviour change
communication and community mobilisation. The municipality should be in the close contact with the NGOs and slum
dwellers on a regular basis.
INDIA Vision 2020 and QOL in Slums:
The goals and targets for various quality of life (QOL) indicators are set at global and national level. Their communality is
a case for policy integration at different levels. In the field of education UN-MDG/ United Nations Millennium
Development Goals as well as India Vision 2020 advocates the universalization of primary education but the study reveals
that about 70 percent of population and 80 percent of females are illiterate in study area which is far from the above
mentioned goals. In the health sector, UN-MDGs and India Vision 2020 has the goal of expansion of the infrastructure for
public health, improve maternal health, medical care to ensure health for all and also to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseases.
. The major cause of poor quality and non-availability of resources is poverty. The UN-MDGs and India Vision 2020
advocate food and nutritional security to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. The UN-MDG and India Vision 2020
document advocates continuous expansion of the physical infrastructure and reversal of loss of environmental resources to
achieve social equity and environmental sustainability. This comparison of the status of slum dwellers with global and
national goals portrays a pathetic picture. Thus we can say if we have to achieve these goals, we have to understand the
significance of problems related to slums. The Slums and their problems need special attention not only for improving
QOL in slums but also to achieve the targets of UN Millennium Development Goals and India Vision 2020. The
Government also induced Public Private Partnership model (PPP) to improve the quality of life of slum .
6. CONCLUSION
The situation in the slums in Nbadwip municipality is very bad in terms of drainage, road communication, street lighting
and collection of waste, sanitation, and housing and out let of storm water. Nabadwip is holy place and therefore during
Rush Utsav the town has become overcrowded. Then the situation become beyond control. Besides, there is lot of water
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logging in municipality, heavy rush during the festivals, waste collection is poor, no arrangements for their
accommodation, flood control and the measures for disaster management is not in existence. If the shortage of adequacy
of drinking water supply, proper electricity supply, good sewage and sanitary facilities, opportunities of more formal
services and other developmental schemes of slum people are arranged by Nabadwip municipality, then the improvement
of quality of living of slum people will occur truly. The Municipal Corporation has already constructed local housing
under the different urban development plan but the Government should initiate more rehabilitation in potential areas in the
future urban development plans through public private partnership model.. The Government must encourage more private
entrepreneurs to create more economic activities that can provide better improvement of their socio economic life. So, it is
obviously good desire that can only improve the condition of slum people as well as their surroundings in the planned
development of Nabadwip municipality.
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[2] Municipality, Hooghly, International Journal of Current Research, vol. 4, Issue 11, pp 180-184.
[3] Jha, Darshan Kumar and Tripathi, V.K (2014) : Quality of Life in Slum of Varanasi City: A Comparative Study,
Transaction, IIG, pp14-16
[4] Mandal, R.B (2000). Urban Geography A Text Book. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, Pp. 459-461.
[5] Sahay, Anuradha (2006) Quality of life of slum dwellers A case study of Bindtoli, Patna west, Annals of the
National Association of geographers, India, Vol. XXVI (No.2).
[6] Tripathi (2010), Socio Economic Status of Urban poor Living in Slums of Varanasi City, Bhootal Digdarshan( Earth
Science Review), Vol.1, No.2, Bhaugolik Vikash Sodh Sansthan, Gorakhpur.