This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand human behavior through analyzing words and detailed views. The qualitative research process involves generating theory from observations without predictions, and allowing the research problem to focus after data collection. Data sources are informants and are collected through observation, interviews, and documents. Qualitative methods discussed include ethnography, narratives, phenomenology, and case studies. Sampling techniques covered are purposeful sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Data analysis involves organizing, summarizing, and interpreting the collected data.

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Afida Munawati
Class TBI B
NIM 12510174001
Graduate School Of IAIN TULUNGAGUNG
2017
Research Methodology in ELT

2. Subject
 1. Definition
 2. Process of research
 3. Source of Data
 4. Gathering data
 5. Data collected
 6. Qualitative method
 7. Qualitative sampling
 8. Data analysis

3. 1. DEFINITION
Qualitative Research is
1. A Process Of Inquiry Aimed At Understanding Human
Behaviour. It Does By Analyzing Words, Reporting The
Detailed Views Of The People Who Have Been Studied
2. Qualitative researchers seek to gather a more
comprehensive understanding of activities related to human
behavior and the attributes that rule such behavior.

4. The Process of research
1. GENERATING THEORY
A Researcher try to understand a research object without making any theoretical
prediction. The existing theory does not dictate what a researcher should do to
understand a research object.
Anything resulted from the observation and analysis will be accepted as the
findings.
The theory is generated freely from the result of observation of the research
object and analysis of the result of observation.
2. Flexible research Problem
Research problems are usually defined in a general way, usually focused after the
research has been started, when some collected data have been analyzed.
The research problem are made fixed from the beginning and developing into
more focused during the process of research.

5. The source of data
Authoritative.
The source data in qualitative research is usually called
informants (when the source is human being). In
qualitative source of data are assumed to be homogenous,
having no variation.

6. Gathering Data
1. Observation
Observation is the use of our visual sense to record and make sense of
information.
Observation is one of the technique to gathering data, in qualitative research
data is collecting by observing people when they are interacting an their
natural settings, so that their behaviors and words can be put into their
proper context (Angrosino, M.V.2007:1)
2. Natural Setting
Naturalistic Observation or authentic assessment is technique use in
qualitative research to gathering data, in the setting in which the data
naturally occurs involving those who would naturally take part in the
activities.

7. Data collected by :
 1. depth interviews
 2. direct observation
 3. written document

8. Methods in qualitative research :
 1. Ethnography : in ethnography you immerse yourself in the target of
participants’ environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges
,motivations and themes that emerge. The researcher sometimes as a
participant observer.
 2. Narrative : the researcher conduct in depth interviews, read
documents, and look for themes.
 3. Phenomenological
 It used to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon. You can use a
combination of methods, such as conducting interviews, reading
documents, watching videos, visiting places and event to understand the
meaning participants. In Phenomenological study we conduct a lot of
interviews to built a sufficient dataset to validate findings.
 4. Case Study
 This research method used to study in depth a unit of a person, a family,
a social group, a social institution, or a community for the purpose of
understanding the life cycle

9. Qualitative Sampling
1. Purposeful sampling
is the most common sampling strategy. In this type of sampling,
participant are selected based on pre selected criteria based on the research
question.
2. Quota sampling
Is a sampling technique whereby participant quotas are present prior to
sampling. Typically, the researcher is attempting to gather data from a
curtain number of participants that meet certain characteristics that may
include things such as age, sex, class, etc.
3. Snowball sampling
Is also known as chain referral sampling. In this method, the process of
drawing rules operating in a research object gradually from one cycle to
another cycle, each cycle involving the steps of collecting data, analyzing
data, and drawing conclusion.

10. Data Analysis
 1. organizing
 2. summarizing
 3. interpreting