Vaccines provide long-term protection by teaching the immune system to recognize pathogens without having to experience an active infection. While vaccines have proven very safe and effective through rigorous testing, possible side effects include mild fever or fatigue. Getting vaccinated protects both individuals and communities by helping to establish herd immunity and slow the spread of disease. The best vaccine is the one that is available, as all approved vaccines help reduce hospitalizations and end the pandemic.

1. VACCINES:
PROS & CONS
By:
Dr Pallavi Sharma
Coordinator, Department of Microbiology

2. STRUCTURE OF SARS-CoV-2

5. MULTIPLE STRATEGIES USED BY SARS-CoV-2 TO
AVOID IMMUNE RESPONSES.
• To survive in the host cells SARS-COV-2 uses multiple
strategies to avoid immune responses.
• Corona virus overcomes the innate immunity response at
cellular level.
• It degrades the host mRNA and damages the cell by virus
induced cytolysis.

6. WHAT ARE VACCINES ?
• However, some pathogens can overwhelm
the immune system. When this happens, it
can cause serious illness.
• The pathogens most likely to cause
problems are the ones the body doesn’t
recognize.
• Vaccines mimic infectious agents, contain
only killed, weakened or a part of pathogens
capable of triggering a defence by our
immune system.
• Teaching our immune system to recognize
and fight off pathogens.
• Vaccines help our body defend itself every
time it feels attacked

8. Vaccine Development Goals
& Stages :
 Safety
 Efficacy

9. DIFFERENT TYPES OF POTENTIAL
VACCINES FOR COVID-19 :
mRNA vaccines

11. PROS
Vaccination is a way to “teach” the immune system how to recognize and eliminate an
organism. That way, your body is preparedif you’re ever exposed.
Vaccine provideslong term protection: Vaccines, such as those designed to prevent
COVID-19,help your body develop long-term protective immunitywithout havingto go
through an active infection first.Vaccines help prevent dangerous diseases that have
killed, and can sicken or kill, many people.
Vaccines can’t cause any active infection, because they only contain a viral protein or
group of proteins, not the full viral machinery needed for a virus to replicate.
This is particularly important to protectpeople at increased risk for severe illness
from COVID-19,such as healthcare providers,older or elderly adults, and people with
other medical conditions

12. The COVID-19 vaccines that are currently in development or have been
approved are expected to provide at least some protection against new virus
variants because these vaccines elicit a broad immune response involving a
range of antibodies and cells.
Researchers thoroughly investigate each vaccine before presenting the data
to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA can approve or deny
the vaccine. The overwhelming majority of research shows thatvaccines are
safe.
Those who are vaccinated are very less prone to covid than the those who are
not.
COVID-19 vaccination is a safer way to help build protection: We are protected
without having to experience theillness.Previous infection doesn’t qualify as
protection.
Vaccines not only protect you. They protect people around you, especially
people who are not well enough to be vaccinated.

13. Vaccination means stopping the spread of COVID and slowing
mutations of the virus, which reduces the efficacy of the existing
vaccines.
A vaccine could help reduce long-term post covid symptoms,if you
already had covid -19.
COVID-19 vaccination is an important tool to help stop the pandemic:
The combination of getting vaccinated and following CDC
recommendations to protect yourself and others provides the best
protection from COVID-19.This is how we end the pandemic, full stop.
Vaccines are non-infectious and rapidly degrade by normal cellular
processes , there is no risk of entering the DNA of those that receive
vaccine.

14. Vaccines give protection to cover all these
possibilities.

16. Vaccines keep communities safe & healthy by:
supporting Herd Immunity. Widespread vaccinations make it less likely that a
susceptible person will come into contact with someone who has a particular
disease.
preventing a disease from spreading : It’s important that as many people as
possible get vaccinated. Vaccinations don’t just protect individuals. When
enough people are vaccinated, it helps protect society.

17. CDC SAYS…
that vaccines play a crucial role in ending the
pandemic.
Getting vaccinated you can finally start doing the
things you wanted to, during the pre pandemic.

18. VACCINES ARE SAFE
#Vaccines are considered to be safe. They’re rigorously tested and go
through many rounds of study, examination, and research before
they’re used with the general public.
#The overwhelming bulk of research and evidence shows thatvaccines
are safe and that side effects are rare. Side effects that do occur are
typically mild.
#Indeed, the greatest risk for most individuals will come ifyou choose
not to get a vaccine and potentially get sick after exposure to a disease.
The illness may be far worse than the potential side effects of the
vaccine. It could even be deadly.
#All medical interventions carry risks and benefits.

19. CONS
Each vaccine is made with different components, and each can affect
you differently. It is very rare to get allergic reactions but some may be
allergic to vaccines & almost all allergies have a manageable
treatment.
One could still get sick, even he is vaccinated.
Some people with weakened immune systems cannot be vaccinated or
should be only under close supervision of a health care provider.
Some vaccines require certain storage conditions, like freezing. Some
need to be produced in very high-tech facilities that aren’t available in
all parts of the world. And some will be more expensive than others.

20. Serious or life-threateningside effects or reactions from vaccines are very rare. Indeed,
most people are at a higher risk of becoming ill from diseases if they’re not vaccinated.

21. VACCINE SIDE-EFFECTS ARE ACTUALLY
GOOD !
We know that our immune system has a huge network of immune
cells. And vaccines contain parts of the same pathogen from
which they protect us. So when a virus attacks our body , our
immune system attacks back .Our body increases the blood
circulation to get more of the battle cells , because of which our
temperature rises . And we feel fatigue , fever , chills etc .
Therefore whenever our body is vaccinated , our immune system
is attacked & it responds just like it’s the real virus. Vaccines are
designed to give you the same immunityas if you had fought off the
real virus.

22. WHICH VACCINE WILL PROTECT ME
AGAINST INFECTION ?
The question shouldn’t be this but which one will keep you alive
or out of hospitals or which one will end the pandemic . And
that’s all of them .
The best vaccine is the one you are offered .
“With each shot that goes into someone’s
arm, we get closer to the end of the
pandemic.”

23. Protect yourself. Protect your community. Get
vaccinated.

25. CORONAVIRUS VACCINES MANUFACTURED
IN INDIA
Covishieldis also known as s ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or AZD1222,
developed by Oxford Universityin partnershipwith
AstraZeneca. Its manufacturingand trial partner is the
Serum Institute of India, Pune, and ICMR.
This vaccine uses a replication-deficientchimpanzee viral
vector based on a weakened version of adenovirus that
causes infections in chimpanzeesand consists of the genetic
material of the coronavirusspike protein, which helps the
virus to bind with the human cells.
The modified chimpanzee adenoviruscan’t replicate, hence
do not cause infection, and rather serves as a vector to
transfer the coronavirus spike protein.

27. Covaxin is developed by Bharat Biotech in association with ICMR and
NIV.
Covaxin is India’s first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine. It is an inactivated
vaccine that suppresses the virus’ capability to duplicate yet keeps it
unimpaired so that the immune system can still recognize it and create
an immune reaction. Covaxin helps in increasing the production of
antibodies in the host body.
This vaccine produces a strong immune response and in-vitro viral
neutralization. Both homologous (vaccine virus strain) and
heterologous (divergent) SARS-CoV-2 strains were neutralized using
this vaccine, as per the vaccine-induced antibody responses recorded.