2. Outline of the Topic
• Defining State
and Interstate
• Neoliberalism
Vs. Economic
Sovereignity
• Identify the challenges
of Global Governance in
the twenty first
centuries
• Identify the roles and
functions of the
United Nations
• Effects of
Globalization
in
Government
3. Defining
“STATE”
• is independent political
communities each of which
posseses agovernment and
asserts sovereignity about a
particular portion of the Earth’s
surface and a particular
segement of a human population.
(Hedley Bull)
4. Defining
“INTERSTATE”
• A system of unequally powerful
and competing states in which no
single states is capable of
imposing control on all others.
These states are in nteraction with
one another in a set of shifting
alliance and wars and change in
relatives power of states upsets
any temporary sets of alliances,
leading to a restructuring of
balance of power.
5. Neoliberalism vs.
Economic Sovereignity?
Neoliberalism and economic sovereignty are two contrasting concepts in
the realm of economics and political philosophy.
• Neoliberalism: Neoliberalism is an economic and political ideology that
emphasizes limited government intervention in the economy, free-
market capitalism, deregulation, privatization, and a focus on individual
freedom and choice. Key characteristics of neoliberalism include:
• Free-market capitalism: Neoliberalism promotes the idea that markets
should be allowed to operate with minimal government interference.
This means fewer regulations, restrictions, and barriers to trade and
commerce.
• Privatization: Neoliberalism often advocates for the transfer of publicly
owned assets and services to the private sector. This can include
industries like healthcare, education, and transportation.
.
6. • Economic Sovereignty: Economic sovereignty refers to a country's ability to
make independent economic decisions and have control over its own economic
policies without undue influence or interference from external actors, such as
international organizations, multinational corporations, or foreign
governments. Key characteristics of economic sovereignty include:
• Autonomy: Economic sovereignty implies that a nation has the right to make its
own economic decisions, including fiscal and monetary policies, trade policies, and
regulations.
• Protection of domestic industries: Economic sovereignty can involve protecting
domestic industries from unfair competition, safeguarding national interests, and
promoting local economic development.
• Managing resources: Economic sovereignty allows a country to control and
manage its natural resources and assets for the benefit of its citizens.
• Resisting external pressures: It involves the ability to resist external pressures to
conform to specific economic policies, trade agreements, or structural
adjustments that may not align with a country's interests.
7. Neoliberalism and economic sovereignty often come
into conflict when neoliberal policies are imposed on
nations that wish to assert their economic
sovereignty. Critics argue that neoliberalism can
erode a country's ability to make independent
economic decisions, leading to issues such as
inequality, loss of domestic industries, and
dependence on external forces. Proponents of
neoliberalism, on the other hand, argue that free-
market policies lead to economic growth and
individual prosperity.
In practice, countries often strike a balance between
these two ideals, adopting elements of neoliberalism
while maintaining a degree of economic sovereignty
to protect their national interests and well-being. The
extent to which each principle is embraced varies
from one country to another and can be a subject of
considerable debate and contention in the field of
international economics and politics.
8. ROLES and FUNCTION of the United Nations (UN )
The United Nations (UN) plays a crucial role in maintaining international peace and security, promoting human
rights, fostering development, and providing humanitarian assistance. Its functions and roles are multifaceted,
and they encompass a wide range of activities and initiatives.
Here are the primary roles and functions of the United Nations:
• Peace and Security:
a. Conflict Resolution: The UN works to prevent and resolve conflicts between nations through diplomacy,
negotiations, and peacekeeping operations. b. Peacekeeping: The UN deploys peacekeeping missions to areas
affected by conflicts to help maintain ceasefires, protect civilians, and facilitate the political process. c. Arms
Control: It promotes disarmament and arms control agreements to reduce the risk of conflicts and nuclear
proliferation.
2. Human Rights: a. Protection:
The UN monitors and protects human rights globally, advocating for the rights of all individuals regardless of
their race, gender, religion, or nationality. b. Legal Framework: It establishes international legal standards and
treaties, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to safeguard human rights. c. Accountability: The UN
investigates and holds individuals, governments, and organizations accountable for human rights violations
through mechanisms like the International Criminal Court (ICC).
3.Development:
a. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The UN sets global development goals and works with countries to
reduce poverty, promote economic growth, improve healthcare, and advance education. b. Humanitarian
Assistance: It provides emergency aid, relief, and support to people affected by natural disasters, conflicts, and
other crises through agencies like UNICEF and the World Food Programme. c. Capacity Building: The UN helps
nations build their capacity in areas such as governance, healthcare, education, and infrastructure development.
9. 4.Environmental Protection:
a. Climate Change: The UN addresses climate change through initiatives like the Paris Agreement,
aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. b. Biodiversity: It
works to protect global biodiversity and ecosystems and address issues like deforestation and endangered
species.
5.International Cooperation:
a. Diplomacy: The UN serves as a platform for diplomatic negotiations and discussions on a wide range
of international issues. b. Mediation: It mediates between conflicting parties to help reach peaceful
solutions. c. Multilateralism: The UN promotes multilateral cooperation, emphasizing the importance of
nations working together to address global challenges.
6.International Law:
a. Codification: The UN works on codifying and developing international law in areas like human rights,
the environment, and the laws of war. b. Dispute Resolution: It provides mechanisms for the peaceful
settlement of disputes between nations through the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
7.Research and Data Collection:
a. Research: The UN conducts research and collects data on various global issues to inform policies and
decision-making. b. Reports: It publishes reports on topics ranging from economic trends to humanitarian
crises.
These functions and roles of the United Nations are carried out by various specialized agencies, programs,
and offices within the UN system, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and many
others. The UN is a critical international institution that seeks to address the complex challenges facing the
world and promote peace, security, and prosperity for all nations and peoples.
10. The challenges of Global
Governance in the Twenty First
Centuries
Global governance in the 21st century faces a range of complex challenges, reflecting
the interconnected and rapidly changing nature of the world. These challenges
include:
• National Sovereignty vs. International Cooperation: Balancing the principles of
national sovereignty with the need for international cooperation remains a
significant challenge. States often resist relinquishing control to global institutions,
which can impede effective global governance.
2.Economic Inequality: Economic inequality both within and between countries poses
a major challenge. Addressing issues like poverty, wealth disparity, and unequal access
to resources requires global cooperation and regulation.
11. 3.Climate Change: Climate change is a pressing global challenge that requires coordinated efforts to
mitigate its effects. The Paris Agreement represents a significant step forward, but achieving and
enforcing global emissions reduction targets remains difficult.
4.Global Health: Recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the importance of global health
governance. Ensuring equitable access to healthcare, vaccines, and pandemic preparedness is essential.
5.Cybersecurity: The increasing reliance on technology and the internet creates a need for global rules
and norms regarding cybersecurity. Preventing cyberattacks and protecting privacy on a global scale is a
formidable task.
6.Migration and Refugees: The movement of people across borders due to conflict, economic factors, and
climate change presents governance challenges. Creating fair and humane migration policies and
addressing refugee crises require international cooperation.
7.Transnational Crime: Issues such as human trafficking, drug smuggling, and cybercrime transcend
borders, making it difficult for individual countries to combat them effectively. Global governance
mechanisms are necessary to address these challenges.
8.Resource Scarcity: Competition for finite resources, such as water, energy, and minerals, can lead to
conflicts. Establishing sustainable and equitable resource management systems is vital.
9.Geopolitical Tensions: Ongoing conflicts, territorial disputes, and power rivalries between states can
obstruct effective global governance. These tensions often manifest in international institutions like the
12. 10.Crisis Response and Peacekeeping: Rapid response to humanitarian crises and
peacekeeping in conflict zones is challenging due to the need for global consensus and
the limitations of international organizations.
11.Technological Advancements: The rapid pace of technological advancements, such as
artificial intelligence and biotechnology, raises ethical and regulatory questions that
necessitate global governance frameworks.
12.Multilateralism vs. Unilateralism: Differences in approaches to global governance
among major powers can undermine international cooperation. The rise of unilateralism
and populism in some countries has further complicated matters.
13.Compliance and Enforcement: Even when international agreements and treaties are
in place, enforcing compliance remains a challenge. Monitoring and ensuring
adherence to global regulations can be difficult.
14.Public Perception and Trust: Building public trust in global institutions and fostering
a sense of global citizenship is essential. Lack of trust in these institutions can hinder
their effectiveness.
15.Political Will and Leadership: Global governance often relies on the political will and
leadership of powerful nations. When these are lacking, progress can stall.
13. Addressing these challenges
requires sustained diplomatic
efforts, cooperation, and the
adaptability of global
governance institutions. It also
necessitates recognizing the
interdependence of nations in
an increasingly interconnected
world.
I
14. Summary
Contemporary global governance
represents an attempt to manage
global challenges and promote
cooperation in a world marked by
both interdependence and the
persistence of traditional state-
based power politics. It is a
dynamic and evolving system
that continues to adapt to the
changing global landscape.
