The document discusses the United States' foreign policy and involvement in international organizations. It describes the goals of U.S. foreign policy as maintaining national security, supporting democracy, promoting world peace, and providing aid to people in need. It also outlines the roles of the president and Congress in foreign policy and discusses various alliances and international organizations, including NATO, the United Nations, and its six divisions which are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council, and Secretariat.

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Chapter 22
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Foreign Policy

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Chapter 22
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The United States has relationships with many foreign countries. Both the president and Congress
play roles in conducting foreign policy.
Reading Focus
• What are the goals of U.S. foreign policy?
• What are the president's military and diplomatic powers?
• What other governmental agencies help the president and Congress conduct foreign
policy?
• How do the powers of Congress balance the president's powers?
Conducting Foreign Relations
Section-1
The Main Idea

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Chapter 22
The purposes of foreign policy:
Section-1
• Maintain national security
• Support democracy
• Promote world peace
• Provide aid to people in need
Conducting Foreign Relations

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Chapter 22
The president's military and diplomatic powers:
Section-1
Conducting Foreign Relations
• Military powers—commander in chief: recommends military operations
to Congress
• Diplomatic powers—makes treaties:
• peace treaties- agreements to end war
• alliance treaties- agreement stating countries will help one another(friends)
• commercial treaties- economic agreement approving trading between
countries
• Executive agreements- Mutual understanding between President and leader
of foreign government.
• Diplomatic Powers
• diplomatic recognition- Presidents may recognize official relations with
foreign govt.
• appoints and receives ambassadors

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Chapter 22
Section-1
Foreign Policy Bureaucracy(important decisions are made by state officials)
• Department of State-
• Main organization that carries out U.S. foreign policy
• Presidents “eyes and ears” for foreign relations
• President appoints who heads dept. with a Senate approval
• Department of Defense-
• Important source of military information
• Headed by Secretary of Defense
• Includes Joint Chiefs of Staff(includes highest ranking official for Army,
Navy, Air Force and Marines)
• Peace Corps
• Volunteer program used to promote international peace

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Chapter 22
Congress balances the president's authority:
Section-1
Conducting Foreign Relations
• The Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House Committee on International
Relations make policy recommendations to the president.
• Senate must approve treaties by a two-thirds vote.
• Only Congress can declare war.
• 1973—War Powers Act limited the president's power to send troops abroad.
• Congress must approve all spending of public funds such as defense spending.

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Chapter 22
Question: How do the powers of Congress balance the president's authority in
foreign relations?
Section-1
Conducting Foreign Relations

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Chapter 22
Question: How do the powers of Congress balance the president's authority in
foreign relations?
Section-1
Conducting Foreign Relations
Congress's Foreign-Policy Powers
• approves treaties and appointments
• declares war
• can invoke the War Powers Act
• controls finances

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Chapter 22
To promote peace and stability, the United States engages in diplomacy with other nations. These
alliances with other countries serve mutual defense, economic, and other needs.
Reading Focus
• Why is diplomacy important; and what alliances has the United States made with other
countries to promote mutual defense?
• What forms can U.S. foreign aid take?
• What organizations exist to promote international trade and economic stability, and what
does each one do?
Working for Peace
Section-2
The Main Idea

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2
NATO and its purpose today:
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization—a united front against aggression by the Soviet
Union and its communist allies; established 1949
• Pledges an attack against one member is an attack against all
• NATO's Partnership for Peace Program—countries participate in preparation for NATO
membership

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2
The purpose and forms of foreign aid:
• Provides military or economic assistance to another country
• Provides food, clothing, and housing to war-torn countries.
• Rebuilds factories, farms, and transportation systems
• Helps countries maintain their independence and become self-sufficient
• Provides humanitarian aid
— Peace Corps volunteers provide teaching, engineering, agriculture, and
health care assistance.

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2
Alliances and organizations promoting international trade and economic stability:
• European Union (EU)—seeks free movement of goods, workers, and capital
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)—allows free trade between Canada,
United States, and Mexico
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC)— promotes cooperation among Asia-
Pacific countries

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2
Alliances and organizations promoting international trade and economic stability:
• World Trade Organization (WTO)—sets rules for international trade
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)—lends funds to countries in need
• United Nations World Bank—offers another way for countries to cooperate

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2
Question: What are the various forms of U.S. foreign aid?

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2
Question: What are the various forms of U.S. foreign aid?
Humanitarian
• food
• clothes
• shelter
• workers
• money

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Chapter 22
Working for Peace
Section-2
Question: What are the various forms of U.S. foreign aid?
Security
• soldiers
• arms
• money
• Information
The purpose of foreign aid is to provide economic or military assistance to other
countries.

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Chapter 22
The United Nations provides a forum in which countries may discuss serious problems and work
toward solutions.
Reading Focus
• What is the United Nations and how is it organized?
• What is the role of the United Nations in the modern world?
The United Nations
Section-3
The Main Idea

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3
The United Nations
1945—United Nations formed to promote peaceful coexistence and
Worldwide cooperation; countries pledged to save future generations from war.

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3
Six Divisions
• General Assembly—discusses, debates, and recommends solutions to global issues
• Security Council—mainly responsible for peace-keeping
• International Court of Justice—handles international legal disputes

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3
Six Divisions {continued}
• Economic and Social Council—dedicated to improving lives; conducts studies on world
populations
• Trusteeship Council—helped non-self-governing colonies; suspended in 1994
• Secretariat—manages day-to-day activities and provides services

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3
The Economic and Social Council
• Improves the lives of the world's people
• Studies health, human rights, education, narcotics, and world population
• Ensures the UN works together with specialized agencies

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3
Functions of the specialized agencies:
• Work to improve the lives of the world's people
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)—helps countries grow better food and
increase production
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)—extends
educational opportunities
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO)—promotes exchange of weather reports
• World Bank—makes loans and gives economic and technical advice
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)—promotes electronic communication

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3
Question: Why was the United Nations formed, and what are its six divisions?

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Chapter 22
The United Nations
Section-3
The United Nations was formed to promote peaceful coexistence and cooperation among
nations, maintain peace, and support human rights.
Six Divisions:
• Security Council
• Secretariat
• Economic and Social Council
• International Court of Justice
• Trusteeship Council
• General Assembly
Question: Why was the United Nations formed, and what are its six divisions?

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Chapter 22
Chapter 22 Wrap-Up
Wrap-Up
• What is the purpose of foreign policy?
• What foreign-policy powers does Congress have?
• Why was NATO created, and what is the Partnership for Peace program?
• Why does the United States give foreign aid to other countries, and what forms does it
take?
• What is the purpose of the United Nations, and what are its six divisions?
• What are the arguments for and against a permanent UN army?

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Chapter 22
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