Effective assessments engage students in reflecting on their learning, give students and teachers opportunities to analyze learning and improvement, and allow parents to see evidence of understanding. Assessments should assess students' prior knowledge and understandings of central ideas and lines of inquiry. There are formative assessments that aim to promote learning through frequent feedback and summative assessments that provide clear insights into student understanding. A variety of assessment strategies are used, including observations, performances, rubrics, anecdotal records, checklists, and student exemplars. Information about assessments is communicated to parents through conferences, portfolios, and written reports.