The document defines public administration from both occupational and academic perspectives. It discusses how public administration emerged as an academic subject due to the expanding role of government. The two main approaches to public administration are the managerial approach, which minimizes the distinction between public and private administration, and the political approach, which emphasizes representativeness and accountability. Important concepts discussed include the institutions of the state, government, democracy, and key democratic values.

1. MPA 401-PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Definitions, Academic Perspective and Scope
Why PA Received Impetus as a Subject
Approaches
Important Concepts

2. DEFINITIONS
Occupational
• Public administration is an occupational category.
• It is whatever public employees in the world do.
• Most of the public employees in the Pakistan would not describe themselves as
administrators, but they are.
• Public administration is an essay contest.
• People in bureaucratic careers tend to rise and fall on how well
they can write. In a game of shuffling paper, the person whose
memorandum ends up on top wins.
• Oral presentations are also useful, but writing is more decisive.

3. DEFINITIONS
• Public administration is idealism in action.
• Many people enter public service careers because they
are idealists; they believe in and seek to advance noble
principles.
• Idealism draws people into public administration
because it provides them with worthwhile and
exciting things to do with their lives.
• It is an unconscious attempt to contribute in the
collective utopia of the human race.

4. DEFINITIONS
• Public administration is a profession.
• A body of academic and practical knowledge that is
applied to the service of society.
• A standard of success theoretically measured by serving
the needs of society rather than seeking purely personal
gain.
• A system of control over the professional practice that
regulates the education of new members and maintains
both a code of ethics and appropriate sanctions.

5. DEFINITIONS
• Public administration is an academic field.
• The study of the art and science of management and
incorporates as its subject matter all of the political,
social, cultural, and legal environments that affect the
running of public institutions.
• Cross-disciplinary – political science, sociology,
business administration, psychology, law,
anthropology, medicine, forestry, and so on.

6. DEFINITIONS
Academic
• “Public administration…. is the action part of government, the means
by which the purposes and goals of government are realized”.
• “Public administration as a field is mainly concerned with the means
for implementing political values.
• “It covers all the three branches --- executive, legislative, and judicial
-- and
• their interrelationships.”

7. DEFINITIONS
• “The process of public administration consists of the actions involved
in effecting the intent or desire of a government. It is thus the
continuously active, ‘business’ part of government, concerned with
carrying out the law, as made by legislative bodies (or other
authoritative agents) and interpreted by the courts, through the
processes of organization and management.” – thus,
• It is a cooperative group effort in a public setting;

8. DEFINITIONS
Two things definitely emerge from the mentioned definitions. These
are:-
1. The study of public administration overlaps a number of other
disciplines, including political science, sociology, economics,
psychology, and business administration, and
2. Public administration is the use of managerial, political, and legal
theories and processes to fulfill the goals of government (welfare of
public).

9. ACADEMIC PERSPECTIVE
• The study of public administration as a course that prepares
individuals to serve as managers in the executive arm of local,
state, and federal government and that focuses on the
systematic study of executive organization and management.
• Includes instruction in the roles, development and principles
of public administration; the management of public policy;
executive-legislative relations; public budgetary processes and
financial management; administrative law; public personnel
management; professional ethics and research methods.

10. WHY PA RECEIVED IMPETUS AS A
SUBJECT?
• Following were the reasons for the emergence of public
administration as a subject:-
1. Expanding welfare role (distributive) of the government.
2. The emergence of private sector and regulatory role, of government.
3. The need for increased efficiency in the Organization.
4. Development of Science and Technology
5. Better management of public matters through training.

11. THE FUNCTION OF PA
1. Preservation of the polity (state, institution)
2. Maintenance of stability and order
3. Institutionalization of socioeconomic change
4. Management of large-scale commercial services
5. Ensuring Growth and Economic Development
6. Protection of Weaker sections of society
7. Formation of Public Administration
8. Influencing Public Policies

12. NATURE OF PA-THE TWO PERSPECTIVES
1. BROADER PERSPECTIVE
Include all the activities having for their purpose the fulfillment of
public policy.
• “Public Administration is detailed and systematic application of
law” (Woodrow Wilson, 1887)
• “Public Administration consists of all those operations having for
their purpose the fulfillment or enforcement of public policy as
declared by a competent authority” (White, 1926)

13. NATURE OF PA-THE TWO PERSPECTIVES
2. NARROW PERSPECTIVE
Only the activities concerned with the executive
branch of government.
• The emphasis is on public administration with the
functions and activities of the executive only.
• Emphasizes the managerial aspects

14. SCOPE OF PA
• At its fullest range, public administration embraces
every era and activity under the jurisdiction of public
policy.
• “By established usage, the term has come to signify
primarily the organization, personnel practices and
procedures essential to effective performance of the
civilian functions entrusted to the executive branch
of government.” (Marx, 1964)

15. APPROACHES TO PA
1. The Managerial Approach
• Tends to minimize the distinction between public and private administration.
• PA is essentially the same as big business and ought to be run according to the same
managerial principles and values.
• Rooted in the 19thcentury civil service reformers who complained at 'the spoils system'
(corruption, inefficiency, and the emergence of a class of politicians)
• Appointment : based on 'merit' and 'fitness' rather than political partisanship
• Tenure : based on their efficiency and effectiveness
• Depend on the existence of politics and administration dichotomy.

16. APPROACHES TO PA
2. The Political Approach
• Public administrators participate in public policy making in the sense
of practical reality.
• Stress the values of representativeness, political responsiveness, and
accountability.
• Values and political approaches conflict with each other.
• Sometimes, hard to measure effectiveness

17. APPROACHES TO PA
3. The Legal Approach
• Views PA as applying and enforcing the law in concrete circumstances.
• The movement toward the judicialization of PA .
• Administrative processes increasingly tend to resemble courtroom
procedures.
• Derived from two main sources;-
• substantive rights - equal protection of the laws - maximization of
individual rights and liberty as a positive good.
• equity - stands for the value of fairness.

18. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Institutions of State
The institutions of state are as follows:-
• Legislature: Parliament (National and Provincial Assemblies) makes laws for
the organization.
• Judiciary: (Supreme Court & Provincial Courts) - and Session Courts)
interpret laws.
• Executive ( National, Provincial) implements laws.
The Ministries, Division, Departments /Directorates are the organizations that
function under the executive to implement law. For example the police
department has the responsibility to maintain peace & order.

19. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Government
Government is process of governing. It is the use of power derived
from the law that is made/approve by the legislature. It is means,
methods, manner, or system of governing society and organization.
The government of Islamic Republic of Pakistan derives its systems
and methods from the Constitution (1973). Article 90-99 of the
Constitution gives provision for Rules of Business. The Rules of
Business 1973 provide. The roles, responsibilities and function of
government organizations (ministries, departments etc).

20. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• What is Democracy
When we talk of state and government it is important to mention that what
form of government Pakistan has. Pakistan is a parliamentary democracy.
The word democracy is a Greek word where “demos” mean people and
“krates” means authority.
• Values of Democracy
Democracies have certain values and these are:-
• Individualism
• Equality
• Liberty

21. VALUES OF DEMOCRACY
• Individualism
Individualism means that the dignity and integrity of individual is of supreme
importance. It suggests that achieving the fullest potential of each individual is the
best measure of the success of political system and government.
• Equality
All normal individuals are equal in their talents but also each individual has an equal
claim to life, liberty and the pursuit to happiness.
• Liberty
Citizens should have the right to the maximum opportunity to select own purpose in life
and choose means to accomplish these. The citizen should be facilitated rather than
hindered in their pursuit to a meaningful life.

22. FEW IMPORTANT CONCEPTS IN PA
• Organization: The structure and framework created to perform certain functions to achieve
goals.
• Management: Cooperative human effort to achieve goals.
• Process: a systematic mechanism to complete an activity.
• Efficiency: Efficiency = Output: Efficiency relates to maximization of goals.
• Government: A government is the process of governing, it comprise organization, system,
rules etc.
• State: As State has territorial jurisdiction, it has people and institutions.
• Democracy: Democracy is a form of government in which people has authority and right to
elect their representative.
• Democratic values: Democratic values are life, liberty, equality and individualism.