Public administration has evolved over several phases from its origins in the late 19th century to the present day. Early phases focused on establishing public administration as a distinct field of study separate from politics. Traditional public administration models were based on Weber's bureaucracy theory emphasizing hierarchy and rules-based control. Development administration emerged in the 1950s-60s to help developing countries achieve socioeconomic development through capable bureaucracies. New public administration called for more participation, decentralization, and advocacy. New public management applied private sector business models to government in the 1980s-90s focused on efficiency. Theories of public administration continue to evolve to address changing needs and contexts.
An introduction to public adminstration 185 halKhairul Iksan
The document discusses the changing nature of public administration over time. It outlines 5 phases of evolution:
1) 1887-1926: Establishment as an independent discipline separate from political science with Woodrow Wilson's foundational work. Focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
2) 1927-1937: Development of principles of public administration and a policy perspective.
3) 1938-1947: Period of behaviorialism and development as a social science.
4) 1948-1970: Crisis of identity and challenges to the dichotomy view.
5) 1971-onwards: Emergence of new public administration focused on public policy and management.
This document discusses definitions and perspectives on the scope of public administration. It provides definitions from early theorists like Woodrow Wilson and Leonard White, which focused on functions and actions. Later definitions emphasized public administration as a science and art that carries out public policy and realizes citizen aspirations. The document also outlines three perspectives on the scope of public administration - the narrow "POSDCORB" perspective focusing on executive functions, a broad subject matter view, and a prevailing integrated view.
This document provides an overview of public administration as a field of study. It defines public administration as the implementation and management of government policies and affairs. It discusses the integral and managerial views of public administration. It also outlines the traditional and modern scopes of public administration. Finally, it examines the six paradigms of public administration that have emerged over time, including the politics-administration dichotomy, principles of administration, public administration as political science, public administration as management, public administration itself, and the emergence of governance.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
Introduction(Frontier of public Administration)Suzana Vaidya
1. Public administration involves implementing public policy and enforcing laws on behalf of the government. It has evolved over time from sporadic administrative functions under monarchs to a more organized bureaucracy in the 19th century.
2. The history of public administration dates back to ancient Greece, where Plato recognized the separation of management and democracy. Key figures like Machiavelli, Adam Smith, and Thomas Jefferson contributed ideas about organization, specialization, and political patronage that influenced the development of public administration.
3. Major milestones in the history of public administration include the establishment of the U.S. Civil Service Commission in 1883 to regulate political patronage, the passage of civil rights laws in the 1960s-1970
This document discusses the meaning and scope of public administration and how it has evolved over time. It begins by noting there is no consensus on a definition and different writers have defined it in different ways, either broadly to include policymaking or narrowly as just the executive branch. It discusses how early thinkers like Woodrow Wilson viewed public administration and principles that were established. Over time, factors like industrialization, technology development, and scientific management movement influenced the growth of public administration as an academic discipline in the late 19th/early 20th century. The core components of administration are also outlined.
Public Administration-Meaning, Nature, Scope, PhasesPadmini Naik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcNtaWNP96M
Scientific Management Theory one of the theory of Organisation....in Odia medium https://youtu.be/4g86m0feQpo
https://youtu.be/ojtI22FGTYI
An introduction to public adminstration 185 halKhairul Iksan
The document discusses the changing nature of public administration over time. It outlines 5 phases of evolution:
1) 1887-1926: Establishment as an independent discipline separate from political science with Woodrow Wilson's foundational work. Focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
2) 1927-1937: Development of principles of public administration and a policy perspective.
3) 1938-1947: Period of behaviorialism and development as a social science.
4) 1948-1970: Crisis of identity and challenges to the dichotomy view.
5) 1971-onwards: Emergence of new public administration focused on public policy and management.
This document discusses definitions and perspectives on the scope of public administration. It provides definitions from early theorists like Woodrow Wilson and Leonard White, which focused on functions and actions. Later definitions emphasized public administration as a science and art that carries out public policy and realizes citizen aspirations. The document also outlines three perspectives on the scope of public administration - the narrow "POSDCORB" perspective focusing on executive functions, a broad subject matter view, and a prevailing integrated view.
This document provides an overview of public administration as a field of study. It defines public administration as the implementation and management of government policies and affairs. It discusses the integral and managerial views of public administration. It also outlines the traditional and modern scopes of public administration. Finally, it examines the six paradigms of public administration that have emerged over time, including the politics-administration dichotomy, principles of administration, public administration as political science, public administration as management, public administration itself, and the emergence of governance.
Public administration involves the implementation of government policies and operations, including planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling government work. It has evolved over time from focusing on separating politics and administration, to emphasizing principles of administration and efficiency, to considering human factors and incorporating other social sciences. Public administration is significant as the key instrument of government to maintain order and protect citizens. It also enables development, supports modern welfare states by providing public services, and is an important subject of academic study.
Introduction(Frontier of public Administration)Suzana Vaidya
1. Public administration involves implementing public policy and enforcing laws on behalf of the government. It has evolved over time from sporadic administrative functions under monarchs to a more organized bureaucracy in the 19th century.
2. The history of public administration dates back to ancient Greece, where Plato recognized the separation of management and democracy. Key figures like Machiavelli, Adam Smith, and Thomas Jefferson contributed ideas about organization, specialization, and political patronage that influenced the development of public administration.
3. Major milestones in the history of public administration include the establishment of the U.S. Civil Service Commission in 1883 to regulate political patronage, the passage of civil rights laws in the 1960s-1970
This document discusses the meaning and scope of public administration and how it has evolved over time. It begins by noting there is no consensus on a definition and different writers have defined it in different ways, either broadly to include policymaking or narrowly as just the executive branch. It discusses how early thinkers like Woodrow Wilson viewed public administration and principles that were established. Over time, factors like industrialization, technology development, and scientific management movement influenced the growth of public administration as an academic discipline in the late 19th/early 20th century. The core components of administration are also outlined.
Public Administration-Meaning, Nature, Scope, PhasesPadmini Naik
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcNtaWNP96M
Scientific Management Theory one of the theory of Organisation....in Odia medium https://youtu.be/4g86m0feQpo
https://youtu.be/ojtI22FGTYI
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as an agent of change.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as a change agent.
Public administration is the implementation of government policies and programs to serve the public interest. It involves activities like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. While public administration aims to serve the public interest, private administration in businesses aims to generate profit. Public administration has evolved over phases from emphasizing a dichotomy between politics and administration, to focusing on universal principles of administration, to facing criticism and developing interdisciplinary linkages with fields like political science and management. It is now considered an independent academic discipline.
This document provides an introduction to the course "Introduction to Public Administration" (PAD202) at the National Open University of Nigeria. It outlines the main contents of the course, which are organized into 3 modules covering various units and topics related to public administration. The first module covers the meaning and concepts of public administration, as well as its evolution and ecology. The second module examines public administration as an art or science and discusses its growth, importance, scope and functions. The third module compares private and public administration and analyzes the relationship between public administration and politics, in addition to various theories of public administration.
Evolution Of Public Administration ApproachesTiffany Surratt
The document discusses the evolution of public administration approaches from ancient times to modern times. It describes how Plato first developed the concept of democracy in 400 BC. It then discusses how Taylorism in the early 1900s promoted scientific management principles like specialization and standardization. Weber further explored these principles and advocated for a clear chain of command. The old public administration model emphasized hierarchy, centralized control, separating policy and implementation, and specialized roles. It targeted efficiency and effectiveness through defined roles and merit-based hiring. Recent developments in public administration include e-government, technological changes, and more collaborative efforts between public and private sectors.
Public administration plays an important role in governing modern societies and ensuring civic order. It is considered the executive branch of government that implements laws and policies on a daily basis to provide services, regulate activities, and promote economic and social welfare. While thinkers disagree on the precise scope, public administration generally involves planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting to support the legislative and executive functions of government. It is seen as essential to a functioning state and maintaining stability, as governments may change but public administration aims to continue smoothly implementing policies.
This chapter discusses the definitions and scope of public administration. It defines public administration as a cooperative group effort carried out by government agencies to achieve public goals and deliver services. The chapter outlines differences between public and private administration, noting that public administration operates within a political system and aims to benefit communities rather than generate profit. It also discusses public administration as an academic discipline, profession, and art.
This document provides an overview of public administration, including its origin and growth, meaning and definition, scope, relationship to private administration, and role in democratic societies and Pakistan specifically. It traces the history of public administration from Greek and Islamic eras to its modern study as an academic discipline. It describes public administration as governmental administration serving the public interest and outlines both managerial and subject matter views of its scope.
Public administration knowledge intro.pptxssusera156cd
The document discusses the evolution of public administration in India from ancient times to the modern period. It notes that ancient kingdoms like the Mauryas established well-developed administrative systems. During the Mughal era, centralized systems focused on revenue collection. Under British colonial rule, administrative reforms established a modern centralized structure and introduced new practices. After independence, India developed its own democratic model of public administration based on its political and cultural context.
Development Of Public Administration Program Development System in Rural Serv...IOSR Journals
This study aims to, knowing what aspects can be developed to increase the service capacity of village government, knowing the role of village and community in carrying out the functions and enhanced customer service and public administration, the factors that affect the improvement of rural public administration system to improve service capacity of village government, get a picture of the service capacity building and development of public administration system at the level of village government. The target to be achieved is to increase public administration system in the country so as to improve the capacity of government services to the rural community.From the study of theory, analysis and discussion on the findings of the field, it was found that the embodiment of the village administration, particularly on the object of research is still not optimal. Not optimal realization of the village administration, mainly reflected in: Still unclear performance standards that can be measured to determine the quality of the resulting output.
Woodrow Wilson established the field of public administration with the goal of determining what government can and should do most efficiently. Since then, the goals and methods of public administration have changed, transforming from a bureaucratic system to one focused on transparency, efficiency, and social equity. This has refined the image of the public servant from the era of traditional public administration to the new public administration. To analyze this transition, the key differences between traditional and new public administration must be clarified.
Public administration is the implementation and execution of government policy and law. It exists within a political system to achieve the goals and objectives set by political leaders. Public administration focuses on the public bureaucracy and consists of the day-to-day operations of the government. It involves coordinating people and resources to get work done and services provided to the public. Public administration encompasses the executive, administrative, and operational aspects of government.
The document summarizes several traditional and new subfields of public administration. The traditional subfields discussed are political theory, international relations, comparative politics, organization and management, public personnel administration, public fiscal administration, and local government administration. Newer subfields that have emerged include policy analysis and program administration, public enterprise management, voluntary sector management, and spatial information management. Each subfield is briefly described in terms of its key areas of focus and topics studied.
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a Foundations of Public Administration course for BPA students. The course will use lectures, student presentations, open discussions, quizzes and a final exam to address four main questions over four meetings: what is public administration, who are public administrators, why public administration matters, and what are the issues and challenges. Key topics to be covered include the nature, scope and theories of public administration, administrative processes and techniques, human resources management, fiscal administration, regulatory functions, and issues related to accountability, ethics and economic development. Assessment will be based on attendance, quizzes, reports, projects and the final exam.
The document defines public administration from both occupational and academic perspectives. It discusses how public administration emerged as an academic subject due to the expanding role of government. The two main approaches to public administration are the managerial approach, which minimizes the distinction between public and private administration, and the political approach, which emphasizes representativeness and accountability. Important concepts discussed include the institutions of the state, government, democracy, and key democratic values.
Public administration involves the execution of government policy and operations across all three branches of government. It aims to realize the goals and aspirations of citizens through non-political public bureaucracy. Public administration can be viewed broadly as all government activities or more narrowly as the managerial functions of top administrators. It is a tool for implementing policies and providing services to the public. The study of public administration helps explain the role and functions of government as well as prepare students for work in public service.
RETHINKING THE IDENTITY OF ADMINISTRATION CPUC 032 (2).pptxUnarineNdou
This document discusses rethinking the identity of public administration through an interdisciplinary lens. It argues that public administration has struggled with its identity as an independent field and would benefit from incorporating insights from other disciplines like political science, sociology, and management. The document provides a lengthy overview of the evolutionary history of public administration and how it has drawn from law, politics and other fields over time. It also examines current trends in public administration and argues that an interdisciplinary approach can help address challenges in government and strengthen public administration's identity by drawing on diverse perspectives.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as an agent of change.
This document discusses the evolution of public administration theories and practices. It covers the development of public administration and three main theories: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory. It also describes six paradigms of traditional public administration models and how public administration has taken on new roles in modern society, including designing policy, implementing policy, and serving as a change agent.
Public administration is the implementation of government policies and programs to serve the public interest. It involves activities like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. While public administration aims to serve the public interest, private administration in businesses aims to generate profit. Public administration has evolved over phases from emphasizing a dichotomy between politics and administration, to focusing on universal principles of administration, to facing criticism and developing interdisciplinary linkages with fields like political science and management. It is now considered an independent academic discipline.
This document provides an introduction to the course "Introduction to Public Administration" (PAD202) at the National Open University of Nigeria. It outlines the main contents of the course, which are organized into 3 modules covering various units and topics related to public administration. The first module covers the meaning and concepts of public administration, as well as its evolution and ecology. The second module examines public administration as an art or science and discusses its growth, importance, scope and functions. The third module compares private and public administration and analyzes the relationship between public administration and politics, in addition to various theories of public administration.
Evolution Of Public Administration ApproachesTiffany Surratt
The document discusses the evolution of public administration approaches from ancient times to modern times. It describes how Plato first developed the concept of democracy in 400 BC. It then discusses how Taylorism in the early 1900s promoted scientific management principles like specialization and standardization. Weber further explored these principles and advocated for a clear chain of command. The old public administration model emphasized hierarchy, centralized control, separating policy and implementation, and specialized roles. It targeted efficiency and effectiveness through defined roles and merit-based hiring. Recent developments in public administration include e-government, technological changes, and more collaborative efforts between public and private sectors.
Public administration plays an important role in governing modern societies and ensuring civic order. It is considered the executive branch of government that implements laws and policies on a daily basis to provide services, regulate activities, and promote economic and social welfare. While thinkers disagree on the precise scope, public administration generally involves planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting to support the legislative and executive functions of government. It is seen as essential to a functioning state and maintaining stability, as governments may change but public administration aims to continue smoothly implementing policies.
This chapter discusses the definitions and scope of public administration. It defines public administration as a cooperative group effort carried out by government agencies to achieve public goals and deliver services. The chapter outlines differences between public and private administration, noting that public administration operates within a political system and aims to benefit communities rather than generate profit. It also discusses public administration as an academic discipline, profession, and art.
This document provides an overview of public administration, including its origin and growth, meaning and definition, scope, relationship to private administration, and role in democratic societies and Pakistan specifically. It traces the history of public administration from Greek and Islamic eras to its modern study as an academic discipline. It describes public administration as governmental administration serving the public interest and outlines both managerial and subject matter views of its scope.
Public administration knowledge intro.pptxssusera156cd
The document discusses the evolution of public administration in India from ancient times to the modern period. It notes that ancient kingdoms like the Mauryas established well-developed administrative systems. During the Mughal era, centralized systems focused on revenue collection. Under British colonial rule, administrative reforms established a modern centralized structure and introduced new practices. After independence, India developed its own democratic model of public administration based on its political and cultural context.
Development Of Public Administration Program Development System in Rural Serv...IOSR Journals
This study aims to, knowing what aspects can be developed to increase the service capacity of village government, knowing the role of village and community in carrying out the functions and enhanced customer service and public administration, the factors that affect the improvement of rural public administration system to improve service capacity of village government, get a picture of the service capacity building and development of public administration system at the level of village government. The target to be achieved is to increase public administration system in the country so as to improve the capacity of government services to the rural community.From the study of theory, analysis and discussion on the findings of the field, it was found that the embodiment of the village administration, particularly on the object of research is still not optimal. Not optimal realization of the village administration, mainly reflected in: Still unclear performance standards that can be measured to determine the quality of the resulting output.
Woodrow Wilson established the field of public administration with the goal of determining what government can and should do most efficiently. Since then, the goals and methods of public administration have changed, transforming from a bureaucratic system to one focused on transparency, efficiency, and social equity. This has refined the image of the public servant from the era of traditional public administration to the new public administration. To analyze this transition, the key differences between traditional and new public administration must be clarified.
Public administration is the implementation and execution of government policy and law. It exists within a political system to achieve the goals and objectives set by political leaders. Public administration focuses on the public bureaucracy and consists of the day-to-day operations of the government. It involves coordinating people and resources to get work done and services provided to the public. Public administration encompasses the executive, administrative, and operational aspects of government.
The document summarizes several traditional and new subfields of public administration. The traditional subfields discussed are political theory, international relations, comparative politics, organization and management, public personnel administration, public fiscal administration, and local government administration. Newer subfields that have emerged include policy analysis and program administration, public enterprise management, voluntary sector management, and spatial information management. Each subfield is briefly described in terms of its key areas of focus and topics studied.
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a Foundations of Public Administration course for BPA students. The course will use lectures, student presentations, open discussions, quizzes and a final exam to address four main questions over four meetings: what is public administration, who are public administrators, why public administration matters, and what are the issues and challenges. Key topics to be covered include the nature, scope and theories of public administration, administrative processes and techniques, human resources management, fiscal administration, regulatory functions, and issues related to accountability, ethics and economic development. Assessment will be based on attendance, quizzes, reports, projects and the final exam.
The document defines public administration from both occupational and academic perspectives. It discusses how public administration emerged as an academic subject due to the expanding role of government. The two main approaches to public administration are the managerial approach, which minimizes the distinction between public and private administration, and the political approach, which emphasizes representativeness and accountability. Important concepts discussed include the institutions of the state, government, democracy, and key democratic values.
Public administration involves the execution of government policy and operations across all three branches of government. It aims to realize the goals and aspirations of citizens through non-political public bureaucracy. Public administration can be viewed broadly as all government activities or more narrowly as the managerial functions of top administrators. It is a tool for implementing policies and providing services to the public. The study of public administration helps explain the role and functions of government as well as prepare students for work in public service.
RETHINKING THE IDENTITY OF ADMINISTRATION CPUC 032 (2).pptxUnarineNdou
This document discusses rethinking the identity of public administration through an interdisciplinary lens. It argues that public administration has struggled with its identity as an independent field and would benefit from incorporating insights from other disciplines like political science, sociology, and management. The document provides a lengthy overview of the evolutionary history of public administration and how it has drawn from law, politics and other fields over time. It also examines current trends in public administration and argues that an interdisciplinary approach can help address challenges in government and strengthen public administration's identity by drawing on diverse perspectives.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
2. The Concept of Public Administration
01
Importance of Public Administration
02
03
Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation that is beautifully
designed. I hope and I believe that this Template will your Time.
Contents
04
TOPIC ONE: INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
Public
3. Read the following news articles
1. Without a government for a year, Belgium shows what happens to politics without politicians. Retrieved from
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/without-a-government-for-a-year-belgium-shows-what-
happens-to-politics-without-politicians/2019/12/19/5c13cb48-20de-11ea-b034-
de7dc2b5199b_story.html?fbclid=IwAR2xg3gz38NNBaG5gptrq1ErKpFy5VFqzoiQhGcKHr0VhGq_U1MRwhs7xqs
2. Kerajaan boleh berubah, perkhidmatan awam kekal Retrieved
from https://www.bharian.com.my/kolumnis/2020/02/660189/kerajaan-boleh-berubah-perkhidmatan-awam-
kekal
3. Malaysiakini > Kerajaan datang dan pergi, perkhidmatan awam kekal, Retrieved from
https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/512409?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=facebook&fbclid=IwAR2l340S
Kaj5-DTaFzaBbWahwfxBBw3KBJ9c2UNvCP87gDge4y0LB9JdUJw
4. The King & The King Servant https://www.thepatriots.asia/the-king-and-the-chief-servant/
4. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS
The newspaper cutting are somehow provide us a basic understanding about politic and
administration. Provide your opinion on these two elements of Public Administration.
6. Why do we need
to define each and
every terms? –
including the term
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION
The term PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION need to
be defined, because:
1. Public Administration concepts and
terminologies are not static and do not
apply in a uniform way in all places and
cultures
2. Public Administration, through its nature, is
different from private or business
administration.
3. to establish the general boundaries and to
express the main concept of discipline and
practices of public administration,
4. To place the concept in a large political,
economical and social context,
5. To provide a common understanding.
7. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION known with various
names
The bureaucracy (birokrasi) / Public
bureaucracy (birokrasi awam)
The Old Public Administration
(Pentadbiran Awam Lama / Tradisional )
Government organization / social
organization / Government
Public Administration / Public Management /
Public Service
NAME
DIFFERENT
(Ahmad Atory, 2001; Lynn, 2006; Nhema, 2016; Norma Mansor & Raja Norliza, 2015)
8. • PA as a field of study emerged in the
1880s (general & mostly acceptable view)
• refers to the disciplined / the study of the
public sector / public service / government
/ public
• body of knowledge pertaining to the
operational processes of the government;
Subject
Matter
View
• Public Administration could be defined based on TWO (2) views;
(i) Subject Matter View, and (ii) Professional and Practices View
(Hughes, 2003; Marini, 2000 in Leonina-Emilia& Ioan
(2010; Shafritz, Russell & Barick 2015)
9. PA Professional and Practices View
to serve; to manage
to care for or to look after people, to
manage affairs
to lead, direct or lend a helping hand
To Govern
Read as ‘ad’
and ‘ministrate’
Latin Origin
10. From ‘ad’ and ‘ministrate’
to ADMINISTRATION
Hughes 2003 The Oxford
Dictionary defines
administration as: ‘an act of
administering’, which is then
‘to manage the affairs of’ or
‘to direct or superintend the
execution, use or conduct
of’,
Leonina-Emilia & Ioan (2010)
1. In the Romanian dictionary, administration
refers to the activity of administrating,
leading, directing, as well as to the total of
administrative organs in a country or section
of an institution encharged with
administrating that institution.
2. The Ilustrative Oxford Dictionary defines
administration as business management,
public affairs management, governing.
3. In the Public Administration Dictionary
(Fox & Meyer, 1996) is shown that
administration involves performing activities
by persons in charged with common
objectives. Some authors believe that
administration means public affairs
management
11. Various DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Woodrow Wilson
“Public Administration is
a detailed and systematic
application of law.”
Marshall E. Dimock -
“Administration is
concerned with ‘what’ and
‘How’ of the government.
The what is the subject
matter, the technical
knowledge of a field which
enables the administrator
to perform his tasks. The
‘How’ is the technique of
management according to
which co-operative
programmes are carried to
success.”
Waldo - “Public
Adminitration is the art and
science of management as
applied to the affairs of the
state.”
Leornard. D. White “Public
Administration consists of all
those operations having for
their purpose the fulfillment of
public policy as declared by
authority.”
.
Simon - “By Public
Administration is
meant the activities of
the executive branches
of the national, state, &
local governments.”
12. Various DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
concerned with the organization of
government policies and
programmes as well as the
behaviour of officials (usually non-
elected) formally responsible for
their conduct.
all processes,
organizations and
individuals (the latter
acting in official positions
and roles) associated with
carrying out laws and
other rules adopted or
issued by legislatures,
executives and courts
use of managerial, political
and legal theories and
processes to fulfil legislative,
executive and judicial
mandates for the provision of
government regulatory and
service functions.
Luther Gulick, "public
Administration is that part of the
science of administration, which
has to do with government and
thus concerns itself primarily with
the executive branch where the
work of government is done,
though there are obviously
problems in connection with the
legislative and judicial branches
The aggregate machinery (policies,
rules, procedures, systems,
organizational structures, personnel
and so forth) funded by the State
budget and in charge of the
management and direction of the
affairs of the executive government
The management and implementation
of the whole set of government
activities dealing with the
implementation of laws, regulations
and decisions of the Government and
the management related to the
provision of public services.
United Nations Economic and Social Council 2006
14. PA: the main thrust of government activities.
02
Government has the function for PA
In number of cases PA depends on government
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & GOVERNMENT
activities of the government are commonly divided
into three major branches, namely, Legislative
(Perundangan), Executive (Eksekutif) and
Judicial (Kehakiman)
Legislative make laws
Executive enforces the laws
Judicial interpret laws
Ahmad Atory 2001; Hilling, 1966; Leonina & Ioan 2010; Wang Xiangdong 2005
University of Rhuna Sri Lanka, n.d
15. Source: Hoffman, S. (2014). Government Information 101: Part 1, U.S. Gov Basics. Retrieved from
https://blogs.cul.columbia.edu/journalism/2014/02/govinfo101/
15
19. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & PUBLIC
Public / community / people / citizens /
Add Skills – 70%
the motivation of the individual public servant was
assumed to be that of the public interest; in that service
to the public was provided selflessly.lls – 80%
‘the public’ in the term ‘public administration’ itself,
derives from the fact that decisions are made by a
public body, namely by governments and the many
constitutive institutions that we know as the state,
whose actions have the force of law.
Hughes 2003 , Maddison & Denniss, 2009; Sapru, 2011;
University Of Pretoria, n.d.; Skills – 90%
The public and public administration are inseparable. Public refers to
something that has to do with general, common and national interest.
20. Functions and Role of Public Administration
1. the basis of government.
2. an instrument for executing laws, programmes (policies) of the state.
3. a stabilising force in the society as it provides continuity.
4. instrument of national integration.
5. delivering public goods and services (ie services like safety, utilities) to all without bias
6. maintaining public order, social security, welfare and economic infrastructure and
enforcement of contractual
7. treating all public equally.
25. INTRODUCTION
• Public Administration as a discipline is not very old and it is only a hundred years. During these
years Public Administration has passed through several phases of development. We can
broadly divide the history of Public Administration into the following five periods:-
• Period I 1887 – 1926
• Period II 1927 - 1937
• Period III 1938 - 1947
• Period IV 1948 - 1970
• Period V 1971 - continuing
26. PA PHASES
• Phase 1 - Woodrow Wilson’s “The Study of Administration” was the first
to present the demand for separation (Politics Administration Dichotomy)
between politics and administration. The scholars of this phase have
practiced more on the (Locus) basis of public administration. The
bureaucratic institution of the government is the mainstay of public
administration.
• Phase 2 - In this phase of the evolution of public administration,
discussions on public administration have been tried as scientific
discussions since this time. It is thought that there are a number of
scientific principles in the discussion of public administration that need to
be disclosed.
• Phase 3 - In this phase of the evolution of public administration, basically,
the theoretical concept of public administration is challenged from two
perspectives.
27. • Phase 4 - Administrative theorists of this time recognized the
relationship of public administration with politics. As a result,
public administration became dependent on political science.
In this situation, there is confusion about what is the discussion
area of public administration.
• Phase 5 - During this time, the context of politics has gained
special importance in the discussion of public administration.
Accusing the conflict between politics and administration as
narrow and self-serving, the new writers have identified
administration as a problem of political theory. This was mainly
in the United States and Europe.
28. TRADITIONAL PA
The traditional model of public administration rests in important ways on the
articulation by Max Weber of the nature of bureaucracy.
Weber emphasized control from top to bottom in the form of monocratic
hierarchy, that is, a system of control in which policy is set at the top and
carried out through a series of offices, with each manager and worker
reporting to one superior
and held to account by that person.
The bureaucratic system is based on a set of rules and regulations flowing
from public law; the system of control is rational and legal.
The role of the bureaucrat is strictly subordinate to the political superior.
29. DEVELOPMENT PA
• Development Administration (DA) as a field of study
emerged in 1950s and 1960s with the third world
countries as the focal point. The term “third world”
may be attributed to the French demographer and
economic historian Alfred Sauvy, who at the height of
the Cold War in 1952, used the term to distinguish
developing countries outside the two power blocs;
namely, the First World and the Second World
respectively. (Chilcote 1984)
30. DEVELOPMENT
ADMINISTRATION
Development Administration is about projects, programs,
policies and ideas which are focused at development of a
nation, with the point of view of socio-economic and socio-
political development of society in general, carried out by
talented and skilled bureaucrats.
For effective Development Administration the structure of
Administration itself must be empowered, large and capable
enough to sustain the pressures by the developmental
activities.
In simpler words it means to develop administrative health
by rationalizing and institution building and bringing about a
31. Cont…
• In essence the objective of Administrative development can be summarized
as:
Building decision making capabilities.
Development of skill and specialization to tackle complex issues in the
personnel.
Giving importance to training, effective use of technology to bring about
change in Administrative approach.
Increasing administrative capacity, capabilities, removing corruption and
bringing in more accountability.
Creating leaders out of bureaucrats for promotion of development initiatives.
32.
33. NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The term new public administration simply means that there was a
public administration which was old. Literally this is correct. But the
fact is that with the change of all the major and minor aspects of
society the administration of society has undergone changes,
because the public administration is to cope with the changes.
Otherwise it cannot meet the basic necessities of society.
Whatever may the form of government be, there must exist an
administration. This is fundamental notion and from this comes the
notion of new public administration
The public administration of pre-1960s was primarily concerned with
the budgeting, efficiency, decision-making and the implementation of
decisions.
But the events of post-Second World War threw a challenge to these
basic concepts or aspects of public administration.
34. • The term “New Public Administration” or New PA may have emerged
from the Minnowbrook Conference in 1968 in Syracuse University. The
conference was the brainchild and inspiration of Dwight Waldo who
brought together young public administrators and scholars to discuss
important issues and varying perspectives on public administration.
The conference created a hullabaloo.
• New PA then called for client-oriented administration, non-bureaucratic
structures, participatory decision-making, decentralized administration
and advocate-administrators. (Frederickson 1971; Nigro and Nigro
1989) With the above contentions, it can be said that the theme of New
PA is “change” and the challenge is for the public administrators is their
capacity to accept change
35. NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
• In the 1980s and early 90s, as if there was a
collective assault on the organization questioning
conventional and traditional ways of doing things –
both in the private and public sectors -various
strategies and modalities underscoring the imperative
for fundamental internal and external reform in the
organization emerged. They ranged from being more
“client” or “customer” oriented, to the decentralization
of authority to being more “business oriented”
especially for those in government.
36. • The new public management (NPM) movement was apparently
practiced by the European countries in the late 1907s and
1980s but was essentially launched several luminaries such as
Christopher Hood (1991), Christopher Pollitt (1990), and
Michael Barzeley (1992), among others in early 90s. Similar
movements such as reinventing government and reengineering
also emerged around the same time. This section introduces
NPM, reinventing government and reengineering government.
When did these ideas emerge? What were their key features?
And were these really more of the same?
37. • The best example of the NPM practice can be seen in
New Zealand’s administrative reforms. Their
government privatized substantial public functions,
redeveloped their personnel system in order to be
more performance-oriented, instituted new processes
of productivity measures, and reengineered
departmental systems to reflect government’s
commitment. (Boston 1996; as cited in Denhardt
2004: 136-137)
41. Sub-Topics
Public Administration as an Organisation
What is Theory?
Classical Theories of Public Administration
• Theory of bureucracy – Max Weber & Woodrow Wilson
• Scientific Management – Frederick Taylor; Luther Gullick, Henry Fayol
Human Relations Movement
• Herbert Simon, Mary Parker Follet, The Hawthorn Study, Maslow
Hierrachical Needs, Theory X and Theory Y
Contemporary Theories of Public Administration
• New Public Management;
• New Public Service.
• Good Governance
41
42. The concept of organization and theory
Theory use to understand how Public
Administration as an organisation could be
efficiently operate to fulfil various demands for
Public Administration
Example: just, equity, equality, efficient and
effective public service, strengthen the socio-
economic condition, controlling people behaviour,
minimising health risk (ie COVID-19), security of the
people from any threat, to protect sovereignty of the
country etc
42
Organization: a group of people who work
together to pursue a goal. They use resources
and technologies to achieve effective
performance of their goals. Uncertainties and
risks manage by organizing activities,
leadership process, and structures (Rainey,
2009; p. 20-21)
43. What is Theory?
• derived from Latin word theoria and the Greek word theoro
• theory for scientific study is a frame of reference; or in easy word refers
as contemplation, speculation, hypothesis and sight thoughts,
conjectures or ideas; an abstracted generalization or a kind of
shorthand that may be used as a fact; a summary statement providing
an explanation of a phenomenon or range of phenomena that co-
varies under particular conditions.
• Teori dalam kajian saintifik merujuk kepada satu kerangka sistematik
atau dalam bahasa mudah jangkaan, andaian, idea, spekulasi yang
digunakan sebagai fakta, atau membuat kesimpulan terhadap mana-
mana fenomena
(Marume, Jubenkanda, Namusi & Madziyire, 2016; Thornhill & van Dijk, 2010)
43
44. The Necessity For Theory In
Public Administration
• to understand on Public Administration as an efficient organization.
• to appreciate the significance, purpose, means and ends of Public
Administration in the social system.
• To strengthen Public Adminbistration. Relatively a new field of study,
being only 100+ years in existence, and still in the same state of
change, chaos and confusion about the modern administrative world,
• need for wider knowledge of administrative phenomena
• to develop a reasonably coherent conceptual system for classifying of
data, that will make it possible to deal with universals & realities
• to find the truth in Public Administration
• to develop a theory
44
(Marume, Jubenkanda, Namusi & Madziyire, 2016)
45. CLASSICAL THEORIES of PA
Classical theories (1887-1926)
labelled by Herbert Simon as the ideas and contributions of end of the 19th century
and early 20th century.
PA is a science as a Science / scientific = specific process, systematic process,
construct or principles, a concept with specific values for PA to be efficient and
separate from politics
Could be divided into two categories: (A) bureaucratic approach, and (B) scientific
management:
A. BUREAUCRATIC APPROACH
1.1 Theory of Bureaucracy – (a) Max Weber & (b) Woodrow Wilson
B. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
promoting the one best way of performing a task : Scholars:
1.2 Frederick W. Taylor Scientific Management
1.3 Luther Gulick (POSDCORB (the 7 Principles of Management)
1.4 Henry Fayol (The 14 Management Principles)
45
46. Theory of Bureaucracy-Max Weber
Introduced the concept of ideal
bureaucracy- (birokrasi ideal)
Bureaucracy = organisation (ideal
organisation)
The idea of ideal bureaucracy is widely
adopted by most countries.
According to Weber, the ideal bureaucracy
work on several principles: (birokrasi yang
ideal berfungsi dengan beberapa prinsip)
Max Weber
(1864-1920)
German scholar to
make a systematic
analysis on
bureaucracy
46
47. Principles of Bureaucracy
1. managers formal authority > managers formal authority; is the
power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make
decisions concerning the use of organizational resources
2. Rules, regulation standard operating procedures for unity of
command / create norms / to effectively control behaviour within an
organization
3. hierarchical system > whom to report to and who reports to them
4. designated tasks and authority associated with various positions in
the organization should be clearly specified for managers and
to know what is expected of them
5. Appointment and Promotion Base on Competency not Base on
Sentiment > appointed on the basis of professional qualifications
47
48. 2. Theory of Bureaucracy- Woodrow Wilson
• Expanded Weber’s the idea of bureaucracy – In 1887
produced an essay, "The Study of Administration”
which introduced the politics-administration
dichotomy (separation).
• In Wilson’s words, public administration is "the
detailed and systematic execution of public law" and
he believes there should be a strict separation of
politics from administration because administration
lies outside politics and administrative
• eliminate the arbitrariness and corruption in the
administration (elak pertimbangan ikut kehendak hati
& rasuah)
• Critique: there has not been completed and clear
separation between politics and administration. These
days both elements are overlapping and works
together to achieve various PA goals
48
Photo: Woodrow Wilson
1. the 28th president of the
United States from 1913 to
1921.
2. A member of the Democratic
Party,
49. S C I E N T I F I C M A N A G E M E N T
T H E O R I E S
promoting
the one best way of performing a task > seek to answer on how a task situation
can be structured to get the highest production from workers.
(cara terbaik untuk menyempurnakan kerja)
49
50. 3. Frederick W. Taylor
FREDERICK W. TAYLOR SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
CONTAIN 4 PRINCIPLES:
1. a science for each element of a man's work, which
replaces the old rule-of-thumb method.
2. scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the
workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work
and trained himself as best he could.
3. heartily cooperate with the men so as to ensure all of the
work being done in accordance with the principles of the
science which has been developed
4. almost equal division of the work and the responsibility
between the management and the workmen/
workwomen. The management take over all work for
which they are better fitted than the workmen/
workwomen, while in the past almost all of the work and
the greater part of the responsibility were thrown upon
the men.
Born into a wealthy
family in the US in
1856
Taylor collected his
ideas in the article
titled “The Principles of
Scientific Management”
published in 1911
50
51. 4. Luther Gulick : POSDCORB
(the 7 Principles of Management)
• Provide view on keeping organization
efficiency and increased productivity.
• Originally derived from an essay entitled
“Notes on the Theory of Organization
written by Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick
published in collection “The papers on the
Science of Administration (1937)
• Invented the famous mnemonic
POSDCORB to explain the key
responsibilities of a public manager
51
52. Luther Gulick : POSDCORB
(the 7 Principles of Management)
52
P Planning (perancangan) : Working out the board outline the things that need to be
done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose which is set for the
enterprise.
O Organising (pengorganisasian) formal structure of authority through which work
subdivisions are arranged, defined and coordinated for the defined objective of
the organization
S Staffing (penstaffan): function of bringing in and training the staff and
maintaining favorable conditions of work. Both qualitative and quantitative
D Directing (arahan): The continuous task of making decisions and embodying
them in specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader
of the enterprise
Co Coordinating (koordinasi): Interrelating the various entities and processes of
work
R Reporting: Keeping those to whom the executive is responsible as well as
subordinates informed through records, research and inspections
B Budgetting: budgeting in the form of planning to ensure sources of income,
accounting and control on expenditures
(Agrawal & Vashistha, 2013; Marijani, 2018)
53. 5. HENRY FAYOL: 14 principles of general management
• Developed a set of 14 principles concerning the structuring
of organisations. These are:
1. Division of work (pembahagian tugas)
2. Authority (kuasa)
3. Discipline (disiplin)
4. Unity of command (punca arahan)
5. Unity of direction (objektif/matlamat)
6. Scalar chain (punca kuasa)
7. Centralisation (pemusatan)
8. Order
9. Equity (kesaksamaan)
10. Remuneration (duit/ganjaran kebendaan)
11. Subordination of individual interests to general interests
(kehendak individu VS matlamat organisasi)
12. Stability of tenure and job security (perjawatan)
13. Initiative (inisiatif pekerja)
Published a book Administration
Industrielle et Generale (1917),
54. H U M A N R E L AT I O N S M O V E M E N T
A l s o r e f e r s a s n e o - c l a s s i c a l
t h e o r i e s
( I n c l u s i o n o f b e h a v i o r a l s c i e n c e s ( h u m a n b e h a v i o r ) i n t o P u b l i c
A d m i n i s t r a t i o n )
54
55. 1. Herbert Simon
• Produced a book ‘Administrative Behavior’, Herbert
Proposed the concepts of:
(i) bounded rationality and (ii) satisficing > both are
the social and behavioral sciences concepts
introduced to strengthen Public Administration as a
scientific field of study.
• Bounded Rationality (Rational behaviour made decision
rationally. Have ALL information in hands.
• Satisficing Bounded Rationality (constrains faced by
administrator in making decision to make decision) –
Administrator normally do not access ALL information to
make decision
Rationality requires a complete knowledge and anticipation of the consequences that
will follow on each choice. In fact, knowledge of consequences is always
fragmentary.
55
(Mintrom, 2015; Nor Azizah, 2005)
56. Mary Parker Follett
• believed that management was "the art of
getting things done through people.“
• Introduced the concept the law of situation
rather than positional authority.
• Orders are given because they are
demanded by the logic of the situation
incorporating input from those with
expertise in the area
• for subordinate to accept the order given
to them the situation must be conducive
56
(Feldheim, 2004)
57. The Hawthorne Study
Hawthorne experiments sought to determine
the motivating factors behind success and
productivity in the work place. Found that
employee were motivated not only by physical
factors (ie surroundings, salary) but also by
the human aspects of their work.
(motivasi pekerja dikaitkan dengan aspek
kemanusian, tidak sekadar wang, dan
persekitaran)
Student will watch video on Hawthorne Study:
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEwCWR5Vkpw
57
58. The Hawthorne Study
Based on series of experiments, found that
the basic principles of human relations are
as follows:
1. workers are social being, therefore must
be understood as people
2. work is a group activity.
3. the importance of recognition, security,
and sense of belonging
4. non-economic incentive (social rewards)
versus economic incentive (money)
5. informal group within formal organisation
has potential in controlling employee
habits and attitudes
6. consultation considered as the most
effective supervision style
58
60. 60
What
If
Maslow
Was
Wrong?
What happens
when refugees tell
us — directly and
repeatedly — that
finding meaning in
life is equally or
more important
than finding food
that day?
The Syrian Page, 2012. Retrieved from https://creativesyria.com/syriapage/?p=357
63. NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
(PENGURUSAN AWAM
BAHARU)
• known with various names: the post-bureaucratic paradigm,
entrepreneurial government, and reinventing government
• Introduced for enhancing the effectiveness of the sector in
fulfilling and satisfying the needs of the state, public, and
industry
• Firmly disagree with old Public Administration (highly use of
rules and regulations to govern a country). Believe on higher
education degree of flexibility
• Led to the adoption of economic and market in Public
Administration
• Which later brought into business and corporate principles in
Public Administration
63
(Sharifuzah, 2019; UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence, 2015)
64. • Adoption of ‘techniques’ of
business administration and
business ‘values’, which include
the values of competition, a
preference for market
mechanisms as a means of social
choice, and respect for the
entrepreneurial spirit in public
administration
• to move from rules of thumb,
customs and traditions, and ad
hoc approaches to business
management
• cluster of contemporary ideas
and practices that seek the use
private sector and business
approaches in the public sector
64
(Denhardt & Denhardt, 2007; Frederickson et al 2012; Xu, Sun & Si, 2015)
To improve the
efficiency and
effectiveness of
products and
services provided
by public
organizations
NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
65. Importance
elements
in
NPM
65
(Sharifuzah, 2019; Xu, Sun & Si 2015; UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence, 2015)
1 Budget Cuts
2 Downsizing
3 Privatization
4 Incorporatisation /
Corporatisation
5 Autonomous Agencies /
The Creation of “Arms
length” Executive Agencies
6 Contracting-Out
7 promotion of competition
in the
effective delivery of public
services
8 Decentralization /
Delegation of autonomy /
Empowerment
Let Manager Manage
9 Performance Culture / Result-
Based Management /
Management By Result/
Performance-Based
Accountability /
10 Strategic Plan
11 Key Performance Indicator (KPI)
12 Quality Culture
13 Customer
14 User charges
15 More use of information
technology
16 Personnel management
(incentives)
17 Commercialization
18 Corporate governance structure
and transparent manner.
19 Internationalization
66. New Public Service (NPS)
(Perkhidmatan Awam Baharu)
• Approaches do not yet form a coherent
paradigm and they have different frames of
reference.
• Emphasize on the role of PA focus of on
citizens, community and civil society.
• Public Servants are to assist / to help people
to articulate and meet their needs rather than
to control or steer society (Denhardt &
Denhardt, 2000)
• Citizens look beyond narrow self-interest to
the wider public interest and the role of public
officials is to facilitate opportunities for
strengthening citizen engagement in finding
solutions to societal problems.
66
(UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence, 2015)
68. G o o d G o v e r n a n c e
( Ta d b i r U r u s B a i k )
• to fulfil various political means to be transparent, equitable,
incl
• Good governance has EIGHT (8) major characteristics: (1)
participatory, (2) consensus oriented, (3) accountable, (4)
transparent, (5) responsive, (6) effective and efficient, (7)
equitable and inclusive and (8) follows the rule of law.
• Public Administration as an organization with minimal taken
into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in
society are heard in decision-making; responsive to the
present and future needs of society. inclusive
68
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific