A drug is defined as any chemical agent which
affects protoplasm and is intended for use in
the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of
disease. The word ‘drug’ is derived from
French word ‘drogue’ which means ‘a dry
herb’The Science which include whole of the
knowledge about drugs is called
“Pharmacology” the Greek word
‘pharmacon’ meaning ‘drug’ and logos
meaning ‘study’ or discourse
And a drug is always related to addiction and
mind and drug is differentiated into
psychotropic, therapeutic and competitive
drugs
Psychotropic drugs are the drugs which affect the psychic behavior of an individual and they include all form of drugs which are dangerous in high dose and can be leathal
Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the central nervous system and affect brain function, resulting in changes to perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. They have therapeutic uses such as anesthetics and for treating psychiatric disorders. Historically, psychoactive drugs have been used for medicinal purposes dating back thousands of years. Commonly used psychoactive drugs include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and those used for anxiety, euphoria and pain management. While some have medical uses, psychoactive drugs can also be abused and lead to addiction. Their legal status varies depending on the substance and jurisdiction.
This document provides an outline and overview of addiction and various classes of psychotropic drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms related to addiction such as substance use, abuse, and dependence. It then discusses the impact of addiction and distinguishes between physiological and psychological addiction. The document outlines the reward circuitry in the brain impacted by drugs of abuse and how drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. It provides methamphetamine and heroin as examples of stimulant and depressant drugs, describing their mechanisms of action and effects on dopamine and opioid receptors in the brain. The document hierarchy of drug classes and discusses common properties and medical uses of illicit drugs.
Opiate drugs like opium, morphine, and heroin have been used for centuries to relieve pain but also carry high risks of addiction and dependence. While initially hailed as a treatment for pain, opiates like heroin became a major problem in the late 19th century as addiction rose. Today, prescription opiate drug abuse has increased dramatically in the US, with drugs like Oxycontin being misused. Opiates work in the brain by mimicking endorphins and reducing pain, but long term use leads to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
Opioids are narcotic analgesics that bind to opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems to relieve pain. The major opioid receptors are mu, kappa, and sigma. Opioids produce analgesia by inhibiting neurotransmitter release presynaptically and by hyperpolarizing neurons postynaptically. Opioids are classified as agonist, agonist-antagonist, partial agonist, or antagonist depending on their receptor activity. Common opioids include morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, pethidine, tramadol, methadone, fentanyl, remifentanil, buprenorphine, and naltrexone.
Narcotics are opioid drugs derived from opium poppy that are addictive and affect mood. They work by acting on receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain and slow breathing. Common routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and inhalation. While narcotics have medical uses for pain relief, side effects include addiction, sedation, and trouble breathing. Treatment for narcotic addiction involves medication, counseling, and rehabilitation to support abstinence and prevent relapse.
This document provides an overview and summary of an educational workshop on opioids. The workshop aimed to provide information on opioid drugs and therapies, discuss the overdose crisis, and address misunderstandings and stigma. It includes facilitator contact information, learning objectives, and anonymous participant survey responses on topics like primary work area, changes in overdose deaths from 2003-2015, identification of benzodiazepines, and attitudes towards opioid agonist therapies like methadone and Suboxone.
As a Social Work student specialized in Medical and Psychiatry, I was assigned to study and present on Psychotropic Drugs in class. Hope it helps you!
This contains introduction to psychotropic drugs, definitions, a brief history of psychiatric treatment, classification, characteristics of an ideal psychotropic drug as well as the references to my sources.
Psychotropic drugs are the drugs which affect the psychic behavior of an individual and they include all form of drugs which are dangerous in high dose and can be leathal
Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that act on the central nervous system and affect brain function, resulting in changes to perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. They have therapeutic uses such as anesthetics and for treating psychiatric disorders. Historically, psychoactive drugs have been used for medicinal purposes dating back thousands of years. Commonly used psychoactive drugs include stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and those used for anxiety, euphoria and pain management. While some have medical uses, psychoactive drugs can also be abused and lead to addiction. Their legal status varies depending on the substance and jurisdiction.
This document provides an outline and overview of addiction and various classes of psychotropic drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms related to addiction such as substance use, abuse, and dependence. It then discusses the impact of addiction and distinguishes between physiological and psychological addiction. The document outlines the reward circuitry in the brain impacted by drugs of abuse and how drugs can act as agonists or antagonists at neurotransmitter receptors. It provides methamphetamine and heroin as examples of stimulant and depressant drugs, describing their mechanisms of action and effects on dopamine and opioid receptors in the brain. The document hierarchy of drug classes and discusses common properties and medical uses of illicit drugs.
Opiate drugs like opium, morphine, and heroin have been used for centuries to relieve pain but also carry high risks of addiction and dependence. While initially hailed as a treatment for pain, opiates like heroin became a major problem in the late 19th century as addiction rose. Today, prescription opiate drug abuse has increased dramatically in the US, with drugs like Oxycontin being misused. Opiates work in the brain by mimicking endorphins and reducing pain, but long term use leads to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
Opioids are narcotic analgesics that bind to opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems to relieve pain. The major opioid receptors are mu, kappa, and sigma. Opioids produce analgesia by inhibiting neurotransmitter release presynaptically and by hyperpolarizing neurons postynaptically. Opioids are classified as agonist, agonist-antagonist, partial agonist, or antagonist depending on their receptor activity. Common opioids include morphine, codeine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, pethidine, tramadol, methadone, fentanyl, remifentanil, buprenorphine, and naltrexone.
Narcotics are opioid drugs derived from opium poppy that are addictive and affect mood. They work by acting on receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain and slow breathing. Common routes of administration include oral, intravenous, and inhalation. While narcotics have medical uses for pain relief, side effects include addiction, sedation, and trouble breathing. Treatment for narcotic addiction involves medication, counseling, and rehabilitation to support abstinence and prevent relapse.
This document provides an overview and summary of an educational workshop on opioids. The workshop aimed to provide information on opioid drugs and therapies, discuss the overdose crisis, and address misunderstandings and stigma. It includes facilitator contact information, learning objectives, and anonymous participant survey responses on topics like primary work area, changes in overdose deaths from 2003-2015, identification of benzodiazepines, and attitudes towards opioid agonist therapies like methadone and Suboxone.
As a Social Work student specialized in Medical and Psychiatry, I was assigned to study and present on Psychotropic Drugs in class. Hope it helps you!
This contains introduction to psychotropic drugs, definitions, a brief history of psychiatric treatment, classification, characteristics of an ideal psychotropic drug as well as the references to my sources.
this is the introduction of narcotics and psychotropic substances. it is useful to all who want to learn about the narcotics and psychotropic substances
The document defines drugs of abuse and classifies them into different categories based on their mechanisms and effects. It describes opioids like morphine, heroin and synthetic opioids; stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine; depressants like alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines; hallucinogens; and cannabis. It discusses the acute and chronic effects of these substances, as well as tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. The legal classification of drugs from Schedule I to V is also outlined based on abuse potential and medical utility.
This document summarizes the history and uses of opioids such as morphine and heroin for pain relief. It discusses how opioids work in the body and brain to reduce pain sensations. It also outlines the risks of addiction and overdose from opioid use as well as treatments for managing pain and opioid dependence.
This document discusses opioids and opioid overdoses. It begins with an introduction to opioids and their history of medical use. It then provides objectives which include discussing the pharmacology, epidemiology, and treatment of opioids. The presenter is introduced as having 15 years of paramedic experience. Various resources for educating oneself on opioids are provided, including Erowid.org and SAMHSA data on drug abuse. Statistics on the epidemiology of opioid overdoses from these sources are presented. Common opioids like heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl, and methadone are described. Naloxone is discussed as the first-line treatment for opioid overdoses. Considerations for naloxone administration
This document discusses substance abuse, specifically related to opioids. It defines addiction and intoxication, provides a brief history of opioid use dating back to 3000 BC, and outlines the typical pathways that lead to opioid addiction. It also includes statistics on prescription drug abuse and lists common opioid substances. The effects of opioids are described relating to the central nervous system, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract. Signs of opioid intoxication, withdrawal, and addiction are outlined. Nursing diagnoses for those with substance abuse issues are risk for injury, ineffective denial, and ineffective coping.
The document provides definitions and information about narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It discusses various types of narcotics including natural narcotics like opium, cannabis, and cocaine. It also covers semi-synthetic narcotics derived from natural drugs like heroin, as well as synthetic narcotics made wholly through chemical processes. Psychotropic substances are also defined and examples provided like methaqualone, amphetamines, and LSD. The effects and methods of analysis and extraction for key narcotics like opium, cannabis, cocaine are summarized.
This document provides an overview of narcotic drugs. It begins with definitions, noting that narcotics are also known as opioids and were originally substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. The document then covers the history of narcotics, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, common opioids like morphine, heroin, codeine and methadone, how they work in the body, their medical uses and regulation under drug schedules. Side effects of several major narcotics are also summarized.
This document discusses opiates and their effects on the brain. It describes how opiates bind to mu, kappa and delta receptors in the brain's reward pathway, causing the release of dopamine and feelings of euphoria. Repeated opiate use leads to tolerance and physical dependence as the brain adapts to their presence. Withdrawal occurs when opiates are no longer present due to changes in the thalamus and brainstem. Endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that function as the brain's natural pain and stress regulators.
The document provides an overview of opiates including their history, sources, effects, and the science of addiction. It discusses how opiates are derived from poppy plants and have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. It then explains how opiates attach to endorphin receptors in the brain, releasing dopamine and activating the brain's reward pathway, leading to feelings of euphoria and the potential for addiction. The document also notes that tolerance and physical dependence can develop with prolonged use but are distinct from psychological addiction.
Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the mind, behavior, and emotions. The term "drug" can refer to medications, substances of abuse, or chemicals that alter cellular function in low doses. Psychopharmacology has undergone several revolutions with the development of vaccines, antibiotics, tranquilizers, and oral contraceptives. Key principles of drug action include dose-response relationships, tolerance, and individual variability. Psychotropic drugs work in the brain through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Their effects depend on pharmacodynamics at synaptic receptors as agonists, antagonists, or indirect agents. Common drug classes discussed include antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and
This document discusses different types of drugs related to drug addiction. It classifies main drugs into 7 categories: cannabis, hallucinogens, stimulants, narcotics, depressants, anti-depressants, and anti-psychotics. Each category is described briefly, noting example drugs, their effects on the body and nervous system, and common medical or illicit uses.
Stimulants are a class of psychoactive drugs that increase activity in the brain and temporarily elevate alertness, mood, and awareness. Common legal stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, and prescription drugs, while cocaine and amphetamines are illegal. Caffeine is the most widely used stimulant and can increase energy but also cause anxiety and insomnia. Nicotine is considered both a stimulant and relaxant but is significantly addictive. Cocaine was once legal but is now illegal due to its highly addictive properties. Amphetamines were once used for weight loss but are addictive and can damage brain tissue. Prescription stimulants are used to treat disorders like ADHD but have abuse potential due
Opioids are analgesics that relieve pain by stimulating mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid that is commonly used to treat severe acute pain such as that from burns, fractures, cancer, or myocardial infarction. Morphine acts by producing analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and can lead to physical and psychological dependence with long term use. Adverse effects of morphine include vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation, itching, and the development of tolerance. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose.
This document provides information on drugs, their use, misuse, and abuse. It defines a drug as any substance that causes a change in a person's physical or psychological state. Medicines are drugs used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort. Various types of medicines are discussed such as antibiotics, stimulants, anti-anxiety drugs, and vaccines. The document also discusses drug development costs, side effects, categories of drugs including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, recreational drugs, and illicit drugs. Reasons for drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse on the body and brain are summarized. Finally, specific commonly abused drugs such as narcotics, hallucinogens, stimulants
This document discusses the opioid epidemic in the United States. It provides definitions of opioid dependence and abuse, and details the epidemiology and costs of the crisis. The neuropharmacology and clinical effects of opioids are described. Methadone and buprenorphine are discussed as treatments for opioid dependence, including their mechanisms of action, efficacy, administration, and safety profiles. Buprenorphine is presented as a promising alternative to methadone with a lower risk of respiratory depression.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacologic treatment of opiate dependence, including:
- A historical perspective on approaches to treatment such as methadone maintenance and more recent developments like buprenorphine.
- An explanation of how opioid agonists like methadone and buprenorphine work in the brain and body to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings while blocking the effects of other opioids.
- Guidance on patient selection criteria for buprenorphine treatment and considerations around its use as a replacement therapy in office-based settings to expand treatment access.
This chapter discusses depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. It outlines the history of depressant use from chloral hydrate to modern drugs. Barbiturates were introduced in the early 1900s and became widely abused. Benzodiazepines were introduced in the 1960s and have a larger safety margin than barbiturates. Inhalants like solvents, gases, and nitrites can also cause intoxicating effects similar to depressants when inhaled and have serious health risks. Both depressants and inhalants carry risks of dependence, overdose, and withdrawal symptoms when abused.
PPt on Opioid Analgesics for paramedical students (BPT/BSc Nursing)Dhruva Sharma
- Morphine is the prototypical opioid analgesic extracted from the opium poppy. It acts primarily on mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia.
- Morphine administration results in pain relief, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and a risk of tolerance and physical dependence developing with chronic use.
- While morphine remains a gold standard for pain treatment, its use requires precautions around side effects like respiratory depression, especially in high-risk groups such as infants, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions.
Sedatives and hypnotics are central nervous system depressants that can calm or soothe the nervous system. Sedatives reduce nervousness and irritability without causing sleep, while hypnotics cause sleep. Sedative-hypnotics can have sedative effects at low doses and hypnotic effects at high doses. Barbiturates were commonly used as sedative-hypnotics but have been replaced in large part by benzodiazepines due to safety and efficacy concerns. Both classes work by inhibiting activity in the brain stem and cerebral cortex.
Opioids are drugs that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to relieve pain. This document discusses the clinical pharmacology of opioids including their mechanisms of action, types, and effects. It describes natural opioids like morphine and codeine derived from opium, semi-synthetic opioids created from modifications to natural opioids, and fully synthetic opioids like fentanyl. The document outlines how different opioids act on mu, kappa, and delta receptors to produce analgesia and other effects. It also covers the pharmacokinetics, indications, and side effects of various opioids.
This document discusses the issue of narcotic abuse in healthcare settings. It provides background on the history of opium use and outlines how opiates work in the brain. While most patients do not become addicted after medical use of opiates, some do develop dependencies. This has impacted healthcare by creating difficulties for chronic pain patients and physicians. The document examines regulations around prescribing opiates and notes that while overdoses are increasing, very few patients actually abuse the medical system to obtain narcotics. However, some physicians have become wary of prescribing them due to fears of addiction and legal/professional consequences. This complex issue affects both patients in need of pain management and clinicians.
this is the introduction of narcotics and psychotropic substances. it is useful to all who want to learn about the narcotics and psychotropic substances
The document defines drugs of abuse and classifies them into different categories based on their mechanisms and effects. It describes opioids like morphine, heroin and synthetic opioids; stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine; depressants like alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines; hallucinogens; and cannabis. It discusses the acute and chronic effects of these substances, as well as tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. The legal classification of drugs from Schedule I to V is also outlined based on abuse potential and medical utility.
This document summarizes the history and uses of opioids such as morphine and heroin for pain relief. It discusses how opioids work in the body and brain to reduce pain sensations. It also outlines the risks of addiction and overdose from opioid use as well as treatments for managing pain and opioid dependence.
This document discusses opioids and opioid overdoses. It begins with an introduction to opioids and their history of medical use. It then provides objectives which include discussing the pharmacology, epidemiology, and treatment of opioids. The presenter is introduced as having 15 years of paramedic experience. Various resources for educating oneself on opioids are provided, including Erowid.org and SAMHSA data on drug abuse. Statistics on the epidemiology of opioid overdoses from these sources are presented. Common opioids like heroin, oxycodone, fentanyl, and methadone are described. Naloxone is discussed as the first-line treatment for opioid overdoses. Considerations for naloxone administration
This document discusses substance abuse, specifically related to opioids. It defines addiction and intoxication, provides a brief history of opioid use dating back to 3000 BC, and outlines the typical pathways that lead to opioid addiction. It also includes statistics on prescription drug abuse and lists common opioid substances. The effects of opioids are described relating to the central nervous system, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract. Signs of opioid intoxication, withdrawal, and addiction are outlined. Nursing diagnoses for those with substance abuse issues are risk for injury, ineffective denial, and ineffective coping.
The document provides definitions and information about narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It discusses various types of narcotics including natural narcotics like opium, cannabis, and cocaine. It also covers semi-synthetic narcotics derived from natural drugs like heroin, as well as synthetic narcotics made wholly through chemical processes. Psychotropic substances are also defined and examples provided like methaqualone, amphetamines, and LSD. The effects and methods of analysis and extraction for key narcotics like opium, cannabis, cocaine are summarized.
This document provides an overview of narcotic drugs. It begins with definitions, noting that narcotics are also known as opioids and were originally substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. The document then covers the history of narcotics, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, common opioids like morphine, heroin, codeine and methadone, how they work in the body, their medical uses and regulation under drug schedules. Side effects of several major narcotics are also summarized.
This document discusses opiates and their effects on the brain. It describes how opiates bind to mu, kappa and delta receptors in the brain's reward pathway, causing the release of dopamine and feelings of euphoria. Repeated opiate use leads to tolerance and physical dependence as the brain adapts to their presence. Withdrawal occurs when opiates are no longer present due to changes in the thalamus and brainstem. Endorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that function as the brain's natural pain and stress regulators.
The document provides an overview of opiates including their history, sources, effects, and the science of addiction. It discusses how opiates are derived from poppy plants and have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. It then explains how opiates attach to endorphin receptors in the brain, releasing dopamine and activating the brain's reward pathway, leading to feelings of euphoria and the potential for addiction. The document also notes that tolerance and physical dependence can develop with prolonged use but are distinct from psychological addiction.
Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the mind, behavior, and emotions. The term "drug" can refer to medications, substances of abuse, or chemicals that alter cellular function in low doses. Psychopharmacology has undergone several revolutions with the development of vaccines, antibiotics, tranquilizers, and oral contraceptives. Key principles of drug action include dose-response relationships, tolerance, and individual variability. Psychotropic drugs work in the brain through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Their effects depend on pharmacodynamics at synaptic receptors as agonists, antagonists, or indirect agents. Common drug classes discussed include antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, and
This document discusses different types of drugs related to drug addiction. It classifies main drugs into 7 categories: cannabis, hallucinogens, stimulants, narcotics, depressants, anti-depressants, and anti-psychotics. Each category is described briefly, noting example drugs, their effects on the body and nervous system, and common medical or illicit uses.
Stimulants are a class of psychoactive drugs that increase activity in the brain and temporarily elevate alertness, mood, and awareness. Common legal stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, and prescription drugs, while cocaine and amphetamines are illegal. Caffeine is the most widely used stimulant and can increase energy but also cause anxiety and insomnia. Nicotine is considered both a stimulant and relaxant but is significantly addictive. Cocaine was once legal but is now illegal due to its highly addictive properties. Amphetamines were once used for weight loss but are addictive and can damage brain tissue. Prescription stimulants are used to treat disorders like ADHD but have abuse potential due
Opioids are analgesics that relieve pain by stimulating mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Morphine is a naturally occurring opioid that is commonly used to treat severe acute pain such as that from burns, fractures, cancer, or myocardial infarction. Morphine acts by producing analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and can lead to physical and psychological dependence with long term use. Adverse effects of morphine include vomiting, respiratory depression, constipation, itching, and the development of tolerance. Naloxone is used as an antidote for morphine overdose.
This document provides information on drugs, their use, misuse, and abuse. It defines a drug as any substance that causes a change in a person's physical or psychological state. Medicines are drugs used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort. Various types of medicines are discussed such as antibiotics, stimulants, anti-anxiety drugs, and vaccines. The document also discusses drug development costs, side effects, categories of drugs including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, recreational drugs, and illicit drugs. Reasons for drug abuse and the effects of drug abuse on the body and brain are summarized. Finally, specific commonly abused drugs such as narcotics, hallucinogens, stimulants
This document discusses the opioid epidemic in the United States. It provides definitions of opioid dependence and abuse, and details the epidemiology and costs of the crisis. The neuropharmacology and clinical effects of opioids are described. Methadone and buprenorphine are discussed as treatments for opioid dependence, including their mechanisms of action, efficacy, administration, and safety profiles. Buprenorphine is presented as a promising alternative to methadone with a lower risk of respiratory depression.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacologic treatment of opiate dependence, including:
- A historical perspective on approaches to treatment such as methadone maintenance and more recent developments like buprenorphine.
- An explanation of how opioid agonists like methadone and buprenorphine work in the brain and body to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings while blocking the effects of other opioids.
- Guidance on patient selection criteria for buprenorphine treatment and considerations around its use as a replacement therapy in office-based settings to expand treatment access.
This chapter discusses depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. It outlines the history of depressant use from chloral hydrate to modern drugs. Barbiturates were introduced in the early 1900s and became widely abused. Benzodiazepines were introduced in the 1960s and have a larger safety margin than barbiturates. Inhalants like solvents, gases, and nitrites can also cause intoxicating effects similar to depressants when inhaled and have serious health risks. Both depressants and inhalants carry risks of dependence, overdose, and withdrawal symptoms when abused.
PPt on Opioid Analgesics for paramedical students (BPT/BSc Nursing)Dhruva Sharma
- Morphine is the prototypical opioid analgesic extracted from the opium poppy. It acts primarily on mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia.
- Morphine administration results in pain relief, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and a risk of tolerance and physical dependence developing with chronic use.
- While morphine remains a gold standard for pain treatment, its use requires precautions around side effects like respiratory depression, especially in high-risk groups such as infants, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions.
Sedatives and hypnotics are central nervous system depressants that can calm or soothe the nervous system. Sedatives reduce nervousness and irritability without causing sleep, while hypnotics cause sleep. Sedative-hypnotics can have sedative effects at low doses and hypnotic effects at high doses. Barbiturates were commonly used as sedative-hypnotics but have been replaced in large part by benzodiazepines due to safety and efficacy concerns. Both classes work by inhibiting activity in the brain stem and cerebral cortex.
Opioids are drugs that bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system to relieve pain. This document discusses the clinical pharmacology of opioids including their mechanisms of action, types, and effects. It describes natural opioids like morphine and codeine derived from opium, semi-synthetic opioids created from modifications to natural opioids, and fully synthetic opioids like fentanyl. The document outlines how different opioids act on mu, kappa, and delta receptors to produce analgesia and other effects. It also covers the pharmacokinetics, indications, and side effects of various opioids.
This document discusses the issue of narcotic abuse in healthcare settings. It provides background on the history of opium use and outlines how opiates work in the brain. While most patients do not become addicted after medical use of opiates, some do develop dependencies. This has impacted healthcare by creating difficulties for chronic pain patients and physicians. The document examines regulations around prescribing opiates and notes that while overdoses are increasing, very few patients actually abuse the medical system to obtain narcotics. However, some physicians have become wary of prescribing them due to fears of addiction and legal/professional consequences. This complex issue affects both patients in need of pain management and clinicians.
The document discusses various topics related to drug abuse and addiction. It begins by defining key terms like drug, addiction, and types of illegal drugs. It then discusses patterns of use for specific drugs like marijuana, opiates, and cocaine. It notes that most addicts begin using heroin through social contacts and learn techniques of use from other addicts. The process of addiction is described as typically starting with experimentation that can escalate to frequent use and dependence for some individuals. Prevention of drug abuse is identified as an important topic also covered in the document.
The document discusses Philippine laws and policies related to drug education, drug abuse, and drug trafficking. It provides information on the seven categories of drugs, drug addiction, and the key provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (RA 9165). The act established the Dangerous Drugs Board as the national policymaking body on drug issues. It outlines serious criminal penalties for drug crimes like sale/trafficking of drugs, maintaining a drug den, and possession of large drug quantities, with higher penalties for activities near schools or involving vulnerable individuals.
This document discusses drugs and their effects. It defines drugs as substances that modify the body's functions when introduced. Drugs are classified as stimulants, depressants or those that disturb mental activity. Drugs can be absorbed in several ways and have varying effects depending on the amount and frequency of use. Long term drug abuse can lead to health issues like infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, lung disease and overdose. The document cautions about the dangers of drug use and provides resources for more information.
The document discusses various topics related to drugs, including drug education, addiction, trafficking, and categories. It defines drug education and discusses the history and production of drugs. It then covers drug addiction in more detail, explaining causes and effects on the brain. Drug trafficking is summarized as the illicit global trade of prohibited substances, and examples are given of marijuana and methamphetamine production in the Philippines. Finally, the seven legal categories of drugs are outlined.
Guide for Drug Education and Vice Control.docxjennysansano2
This document provides information about drugs and their classification. It defines drugs and distinguishes them from medicines. Drugs are classified based on their effects into depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and inhalants. Depressants are then discussed in more detail, including both legal depressants like alcohol and barbiturates, and illegal depressants like GHB and opium. Common names and effects of various depressants are outlined.
The document provides a historical overview of drug use from ancient times to present day. It discusses how various cultures have used drugs for religious, recreational, and medical purposes. Key drugs discussed include alcohol, opium, cannabis, cocaine, and peyote. It then outlines the progression of drug laws in the United States from the 19th century to present day, including the Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914, alcohol prohibition in the 1920s, and the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.
This document discusses drugs and their dangers. It begins with definitions of drugs according to law and descriptions of common drug types like opioids, cocaine, and marijuana. It then discusses factors that can encourage drug abuse like family issues, media influences, and economic problems. Finally, it outlines the physical and psychological effects of drugs and their health risks. These include increased heart rate, hallucinations, organ damage, addiction, and even death from overdose if drugs are abused long-term or in high doses. The document aims to educate youth about the types and dangers of drug use.
The document provides an overview of marijuana (Cannabis sativa), including its historical use, methods of use, active ingredients, effects, and medical uses. It discusses how marijuana was used medicinally in ancient times and spread throughout the world. It describes the plant's active compound (THC) and increasing potency over time. The document also summarizes marijuana's absorption in the body, mechanisms of action in the brain, tolerance, dependence, and medical uses such as reducing nausea from chemotherapy and stimulating appetite.
This document discusses drugs, including:
- Drugs are substances that have effects on the human body and are not exclusively food. What is considered a drug varies between cultures and jurisdictions.
- Medications are drugs used to treat illness, diseases, or enhance well-being. They are categorized as over-the-counter, behind-the-counter, or prescription only.
- Recreational drugs are used for perceived beneficial effects on perception and behavior but can cause addiction or habituation. Common recreational drugs include tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and caffeine.
The document discusses the dangers of drug use among teenagers in Indonesia. It defines drugs and lists several common types including opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, demerol, and methadone. The document outlines factors that can encourage drug use like family issues, media influence, and economic problems. It also details the various health risks of drug use including organ damage, addiction, and mental health issues.
This document provides information about drug education, including definitions of key terms, classifications of drugs, and descriptions of specific commonly abused drugs. It defines terms like drug, abuse, dependence, and addiction. It also classifies major drug types like hallucinogens, narcotics, depressants, stimulants, and discusses examples for each type. For hallucinogens it describes marijuana, LSD, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin, and PCP. For narcotics it discusses opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, and other semi-synthetic and synthetic narcotics. The document aims to educate about different drugs, their effects, and drug abuse.
This document discusses drugs and their dangers. It begins with definitions of drugs as narcotics, psychotropic substances, and other addictive materials. It notes that drug use among youth is rising and endangering the nation's future. The purpose is to provide youth with knowledge about drugs. It then discusses various types of drugs like opium, heroin, morphine, and their effects. Factors that encourage drug use include family issues, media, and economic problems. The dangers of drugs are discussed, noting they can damage organs over time and cause issues like hallucinations, increased heart rate, or mental/behavioral changes depending on the specific drug.
The document discusses the dangers of drug use among adolescents in Indonesia. It defines different types of drugs like opioids, cocaine, marijuana and others, and explains the physical and psychological effects of each. The document also discusses factors that encourage drug use, and provides solutions like education, treatment and rehabilitation to address the growing problem of drug abuse among youth.
The document discusses different types of drugs and their effects. It covers stimulants like cocaine and ecstasy, depressants like alcohol and cannabis, opiates like heroin and opioids, and hallucinogens like LSD. It then focuses on the most commonly used drugs by students, including cannabis. Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug worldwide. When consumed, cannabis impairs memory and coordination. Signs of cannabis abuse include bloodshot eyes, forgetfulness and paranoia.
Recreational drugs -
History
Types of Drugs
Classification according to drug abuse potential
Conventions on Drug Use
WHO drug report
CANNABIS LEGALISATION
Video - You can't OD on cannabis!
Nuevo PresentacióN De Microsoft Office Power Pointrogoche113
- The document discusses drug addiction among youth and the goals of raising awareness about the dangers of drug use. It aims to educate people, especially youth, about the effects drugs can have on the body and that drugs are not just a game but can seriously harm health and end lives.
- The group wants to research why drug addiction is so common among youth and help those already addicted by providing tips to quit and overcoming addiction. They will inform people about different types of drugs, their effects and the damage they cause.
- The document provides information on different types of drugs, their history of use, and effects on the body and mind including dependence and withdrawal symptoms. It covers "hard" and "soft" drugs
Basic training on the types of drugs concerned with the private rehab sector.
This slide show was written by Dylan Kerr . It contains no private information.
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Psychotropic drugs review
1. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
REVIEW
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY; GOVERMENT
GOVERMEN
ERMENT
SCIENCE COLLEGE
Abstract
A drug is defined as any chemical agent which
affects protoplasm and is intended for use in
the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of
disease. The word ‘drug’ is derived from
French word ‘drogue’ which means ‘a dry
herb’The Science which include whole of the
knowledge
about
drugs
is
called
“Pharmacology”
the
Greek word
‘pharmacon’ meaning
‘drug’ and logos
meaning ‘study’ or discourse
And a drug is always related to addiction and
mind and drug is differentiated into
psychotropic, therapeutic and competitive
drugs
Keywords:
psychoactive
drug,
sedatives,
,tranculiseer,opiods,
tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine
Whereas the consumption of alcohol is
decreasing in developed countries, it is
increasing in countries of the former Soviet
Union and in developing countries, especially
in the Western Pacific Region. Worldwide,
about 200 million people use some type of
illicit drug, most commonly
Cannabis, but also others such as
amphetamines, opioids, and cocaine. The use of
illicit drug is more frequent among males and
younger people. The number of people who
inject drugs is also increasing, which
contributes to spreading HIV. And drugs are
chemical substances that are
ingested, injected, inhaled, or put into the
body some other way, causing a change
in how the body functions.
Psychotropic drugs of different
types
Introduction
This drugs act on the brain and alter behavior,
consciousness and capacity of perceptions.
Hence these are called mood altering drugs.
These include sedatives,tranculiseer,opiods
and stimulant they are also known as
psychoactive drug tobacco, alcohol, cannabis,
amphetamines, ecstasy, cocaine, and
Heroin. Tobacco smoking is spreading rapidly
in developing countries And among women.
The average consumption of cigarettes is
particularly high in Asia and the Far East, with
the Americas and Eastern Europe following
closely behind.
VINAY PATEL
Page 1
2. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
Psychoactive Drugs drawback
Affect mental processes and behavior
Affect thought processes and actions
Alter perceptions of reality
Change level of alertness, response time and
perception of the world
Achieve effects by interacting with the Central
Nervous System (CNS)
Psychoactive Drug Use
•
•
•
•
Is a common activity
Is part of a range of human behaviours
Can be classified in many ways,
including legal status, drug effects
Alters mood or consciousness, although
there are other ways to achieve this:
e.g. skydiving, meditation, extreme
(and non-extreme) sport, sex. Children,
for example, love to alter their
consciousness by ‘spinning around’
The
Drug Classifications
Drugs
status
legal
chemical
medical
social
• action and properties
depressants
stimulant
hallucinogenic etc
anxiety, reduce pain, treat some illnesses, give
pleasure, and let them talk to their gods in order
to control their environment
II.
The human brain chemistry can be
affected by psychoactive drugs to
induce an altered state of consciousness
or mood.
• Psychoactive drugs: Any substance that
directly alters normal functioning of the
central nervous system. These drugs are
described by their chemical, trade, and
street names.
• If psychoactive drugs did not affect the
human brain chemistry in a desirable
manner, then they would not be used.
III.
Governments and businesses have been
involved in cultivating, manufacturing,
taxing, and prohibiting drugs.
IV.
Technological advances in refining and
synthesizing drugs have increased the
potency of these substances
V.
The development of more efficient and
faster methods of putting drugs in the
body has intensified the effects.eg. Mix,
absorb, inhale, inject, snort, dissolve,
smoke, and crush
•
History of Psychoactive
Drugs
•
•
Five Historical Themes: Why do
people use drugs?
I.
•
Human beings have a basic need to find
ways to cope with their environment
and existence.
Early
man
by
chance
and
experimentation found that ingesting
certain plants could ease fear and
•
•
VINAY PATEL
prehistoric & the Neolithic Period
(8500 BC -4000 BC)
It has been estimated that 4,000 plants
yield psychoactive substances although
only about 150 have historically been
used for that purpose.
Alcohol has been the most popular
psychoactive substance over the
millennia
Ancient Civilizations (4000 BC – AD
400)
Heavy drinking was recognized as a
problem by the Egyptians when their
hieroglyphics
recommended
the
moderate consumption of beer.
Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine
Page 2
3. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
, recommended opium as a painkiller.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Middle Ages (400-1400)
A Greek philosopher emphasized that
opium and other drugs can be medicine
at low doses, a psychoactive drug at a
moderate dose, and a deadly poison at
high doses.
Renaissance and Age of Discovery
(1400-1700)
Through trade and colonization
European
explorers,
soldiers,
merchants, traders and missionaries
carried their own culture’s drug using
customs and drugs to the rest of the
world.
During this time came about the first
laws about alcohol use and taxation
Age of Enlightenment and Early
Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)
London Gin Epidemic from 1710 –
1750: 1 in 6 houses was a gin house.
Production of gin was 1.23 million
gallons in 1700 to 6.4 million gallons in
1735 to 7 million gallons by 1751.
The Tippling Act of 1751 prohibited
distillers from selling gin (prices rose
and consumption declined).
This
incident showed how unlimited
availability of a desirable substance
causes excess use. Only stiff taxes and
strict regulation of sales brought the
epidemic under control.
Age of Enlightenment and Early
Industrial
Revolution
(17001900)continued:
1804: a German pharmacist discovered
how to refine morphine from opium.
Morphine is 10 times more powerful
than opium causing it to be a more
effective pain reliever.
1855: the reusable hypodermic needle
was invented (drugs could easily be put
directly into the bloodstream causing
more intense effects).
VINAY PATEL
•
•
1874: Heroin was refined from
morphine, but it was not until 1898 that
is was marketed as a remedy for coughs,
chest pains, and tuberculosis.
1785: The first Temperance (limiting
drinking) Movement was started by Dr.
Benjamin Rush.
Twentieth Century (1900-2000)
•
•
•
The invention of the automatic cigarette
rolling machine (1884), a milder stain of
tobacco enabling smokers to inhale
deeply, advertising, and a more plentiful
supply of the leaf vastly expanded the
market for cigarettes.
1920: The Eighteenth Amendment
(Prohibition)
–
Prohibited
the
manufacture and sale of any beverage
with alcohol content greater than .5%.
1934: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was
founded by two alcoholics Bill Wilson
and Dr. Bob Smith.
Five common ways that drugs
enter the body:
Inhaling: Acts more quickly than any
other method of use (7-10 seconds
before the drug reaches the brain and
begins to cause changes).
Injecting: Intravenous, intramuscular,
and subcutaneous (15-30 seconds
intravenously, 3-5 minutes in a muscle
or under the skin).
Mucous Membrane Absorption: Snorted
in the nose, under the tongue, or
between the cheeks and the gums (3-5
minutes).
Oral Ingestion: Absorbed in stomach
(20-30 minutes).
Contact Absorption: Applied to the skin
through saturated adhesive patches (1 to
2 days).
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4. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
•
•
What is an addiction?
When a person becomes dependent on
a drug, so much so that he feels that he
cannot live without it, then it is called
addictions
Addictions
consist
of
psychic
dependence, tolerance and physical
e,
dependence
smoking
Flow chart for drugs
smoking kills
Highly carcinogenic
VINAY PATEL
drinking
inhaling drug
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5. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are a type of drug that causes
you to have hallucinations. They affect the way
you see and perceive things. The user may see
or hear things that aren't really there, or what
they see may be distorted in some way.
The effects of hallucinogens vary greatly and it
is impossible to predict how they may affect a
particular person at a particular time
Cannabis is a plant that grows mainly in
tropical and subtropical climates and has been
Used as a drug for centuries. The main forms
• Of cannabis are marijuana and hashish.
Marijuana is produced by drying the
tops and leaves of the cannabis plant.
Hashish is a concentrated form of
marijuana made from the resin
secretions of the Cannabis plant.
Tetrahydrocannabinl (THC) is the most
significant psychoactive chemical
Marijuana
ingredient found in Cannabis. The level
of THCdetermines the potency of The
determines
• THC (Tetrahydrocannabinl)
(Tetrahydrocannabinl
drug Dry mouth and rapid heartbeat
• Can amplify senses
• Some loss of coordination and poor
• Is it addictive
sense of balance
THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in various
• Reduced ability to concentrate, control
parts of the brain, blocking synaptic
muscle contractions and judge time and
transmission. These receptors commonly bind
distances (shouldn’t operate vehicles).
chemicals, such as anandamide, whose
Blood vessels in the eye expand (eyes look red)g.
functions are not well known
VINAY PATEL
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6. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
Psychomotor stimulants
They are psychoactive drugs which induce
temporary improvements in either mental or
physical function or both. Heroin is a narcotic
that is highly addictive; It is processed from
morphine, a naturally occurring substance
extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy
plant
Stimulants are used primarily to relieve
Fatigue and increase alertness. The
most widely used stimulants are nicotine,
which is found in tobacco products, and
caffeine, which is found in soft drinks, coffee
And tea. Cocaine and amphetamines are
More potent stimulants. People who use
stimulants build up a tolerance, which
means they have to take larger and larger
quantities in order to maintain the desired
Effects. Greater levels of use increase the
likelihood of physical and psychological
Dependence
.
Consequences of Tobacco
Tobacco-
Healthy lungs
Use:
VINAY PATEL
Page 6
7. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
• Cocaine
•
•
•
•
•
Blocks dopamine and noradrenalin
reabsorption at synapses in the brain.
Result:
Increased energy, alertness, talkativeness
Intense feeling of euphoria.
Length of “high” - ~ 40 minutes
• How is cocaine absorbed in the
body?
•
•
Nicotine
Nicotine binds to receptors in the
presynaptic neuron and causes it to
undergo more action potentials.
•
Absorbed through the skin inside the
nostrils, where it causes constriction of
blood vessels, delaying absorption.
Crack – A form of cocaine that forms a
vapor when heated. Thus, it can be
inhaled and absorbed very quickly and
lead to very intense effects.
This causes greater addiction and
overdose problems than other forms of
cocaine
Why do some nicotine users claim
that it has a calming effect (even
though it’s excitatory)?
Probably because, since it is
addictive, so a nicotine level
increase in the blood reduces craving
for nicotine.
VINAY PATEL
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8. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
Opiates narcotics
o
The term opiate describes any of the
narcotic opioids alkaloids found as
natural products in the opium poppy
plantThe term "narcotics" refers to
The
substances used to induce sleep or
stupor, to dull the senses, and/or to
relieve pain. In the legal system, the
term, "narcotics" may refer to any
addictive drug subject to illegal use, or
refer to opium and its natural and
synthetic derivatives. Cocaine is
considered a "narcotic" under the
Controlled Substances Act, but it is not a
narcotic in terms of the classification
ms
system used for this class. Some of the
common physiological responses from
narcotics use include respiratory
depression
(slowed
breathing),
drowsiness, confusion, and euphoria.
Excessive use of narcotics can lead to
nausea, vomiting, convulsions, increased
ng,
risk for STD's when narcotics are
injected, convulsions, coma and death.
VINAY PATEL
Page 8
9. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
Synthesis of heroin
•
What Are Opioids?
Opioids are natural or synthetic
atural
substances that act on the brain’s opiate
receptors.
Opioids dull pain and relieve anxiety
that comes from thinking about pain.
People abuse opioids because they
e
provide a feeling of euphoria (a” rush”).
(a
•
It is synthesized form of morphine,
derivative of opium poppy.
Does not occur naturally but it is
produced by acetylating of morphine
which leads to 3 folds increase in its
potency.
Heroin
Heroin dealers often add substances
such as sugar, starch, quinine, and
powdered milk to heroin to increase
profits, which increases the risk of
overdose or death.
Very often, users are not aware of
precisely what they are putting into their
bodies…
In medical use, the term narcotic
refers to opium; narcotic analgesics are
often
Referred to as opioids. The tern
analgesic refers to the pain
pain-relieving
effect of narcotics.
Opium, morphine, heroin and codeine
are the
Most commonly used narcotics. Opium
is extracted from the seed pod of the
opium poppy; morphine and codeine are
derived from the substance found in
opium. Heroin is a synthetic drug made
by modifying the chemicals
in opium.
o
VINAY PATEL
Page 9
10. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
Intoxicant
The drugs that produce mirthful and
comfortable feelings due to depression of the
cortical inhibitory centers are called intoxicants
for example alcohol. Because it is used by vary
large section of population, it need a detailed
description
Acts as an inhibitor in at least two
ways:
1) Enhancing effects of the inhibitory NT
GABA by binding to its receptor.
2) Decreases glutamate activity. Glutamate
is an excitatory NT.
Result:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Small Quantities: reduces inhibitions
(therefore people become more talkative
and confident), impairs reaction times
and fine muscle coordination (unsafe to
drive vehicles)
Large Quantities: memory loss, slurred
speech, loss of balance, poor muscle
coordination,
sometimes
violent
behavior
Slows down sympathetic nervous
system.
Disrupts memory processing.
Reduces self-awareness.
awareness.
Involved in up to 60% of all crimes.
The worst drug from a macro
perspective out there.
Bleeding Pancreas of an Alcoholic, he’s
now dead!
Effects of Alcohol Use…
Accident
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11. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
Used to help a person with sleep
disturbances get restful sleep
Lack of sleep is one of the greatest
problems faced by persons with
chemical dependency and psychiatric
illnesses (lack of sleep can increase
mood changes, irritability, and
psychiatric symptoms
How do psychoactive drugs
affect health?
•
Psychoactive drugs impose a substantial
health burden on Society. Tobacco and
alcohol in particular are major causes of
death and disability in developed
countries, and the impact of tobacco is
expected to increase in other parts of the
o
world.
Using psychoactive drugs, be it to find
pleasure or to avoid pain,
Can harm health and cause social problems both
in the short and longer term. Health effects can
include diseases of the liver or the
Lungs, cancer, deaths and injuries caused by
accidents, overdoses, suicide, and assaults.
Examples of social effects include arrests, the
Breaking up of relationships, as well as neglect
of work and family duties.
How does drug addiction affect
the functioning of the
Brain?
Drug addiction, also referred to as drug
dependence, is disorder of the brain caused by
the use of psychoactive drugs. Drug-dependent
Drug
person may experience cravings for the drug
and difficulty in controlling its consumption,
suffer from withdrawal symptoms when use of
the drug is reduced or discontinued, and need
increasing doses of the drug to feel its effects
(tolerance).The person may come to neglect
other pleasures or interests, spend more and
r
more time getting or using the drug or
recovering from it, and persist in using the drug
nd
despite clear evidence that it is causing harm.
Psychoactive drugs affect communication
between brain cells in certain regions of the
brain. For instance, some drugs mimic and
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Psychoactive drugs affect
the brain
Based on the different ways in which they affect
the brain, psychoactive drugs can be
divided into four main groups: depressants (e.g.,
alcohol and sedatives), stimulants (e.g.,
nicotine and ecstasy), opioids (e.g., morphine
and heroin), and hallucinogens (e.g., PCP
and LSD). Despite their differences, all of them
affect regions of the brain involved in
Motivation, which plays a role in drug
dependence.
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12. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
others block the effects of naturally occurring
Molecules that carry specific messages from
ecules
one brain cell to another (neurotransmitters).
•
How does drug addiction develop?
•
•
The development of drug addiction can
be seen as a learning process. A person
takes a drug and experiences the
psychoactive effect, wh
which is highly
rewarding or reinforcing, and which
activates circuits in the brain that will
make it more likely that the person will
repeat this behavior. The brain responds
as if taking the drug was important for
survival.
Studies show that the dependence on
some drugs is significantly heritable and
develops due to the interaction of
several genes with other individual and
environmental factors. Exposure to
drugs could have a much greater effect
on somebody who carries a genetic
vulnerability to drug depen
dependence than on
someone who does not. Genetic
differences
may
influence
how
pleasurable a drug is for an individual,
to what extent it harms health, how
strong the withdrawal symptoms and
cravings are, and how the person
Develops tolerance.
The development of drug
addiction can be seen as a
learning process
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Why do drug addiction and mental
illness often coexist?
Drug addiction is more common among
people with mental disorders than among the
general population. For example, people
with
s
Mental disorders are more likely to be alcohol
dependent at some stage in their lives than
people without a mental illness.
• Conversely, drug-dependent people are more
dependent
likely to suffer from
• Mental disorders than non-dependent
non
people. For instance, people
who are dependent on alcohol, tobacco, or
cocaine are more likely to suffer from
depression than non-dependent people.
dependent
This indicates either a common basis for both
afflictions, or an interaction of effects at some
level. Drug use may either bring about mental
eit
illness, or it may be a way of easing some of the
symptoms of a mental disorder or the side
effects of medication. Also, since many drugs
edication.
produce effects typical of some mental illnesses,
drug dependence and mental illness may have
ependence
the same neurobiological causes.
Individuals often suffer from drug problems in
combination with depression
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13. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
How
can
addiction
to
psychoactive drugs be prevented
and treated?
•
•
•
The most effective way to treat drug
addiction seems to be a combination of
medication and behavioral therapies
which are a kind of psychotherapy. New
and better treatments are currently being
developed.
Some medications used for the treatment
of drug addiction either block the effects
of the drug or cause unpleasant
reactions. Other substances can be used
as substitutes for a drug, for instance
methadone can replace heroin. Such
substitutes act like the drug in some
ways without inducing some of the more
harmful effects.
Drug addiction can also be treated
through various behavioral therapies that
try to replace the motivation to use drugs
with the Motivation to engage in other
behaviors. Such therapies aim to help
people ‘unlearn’ their Drug-taking
Drug
behavior, learn new ways to respond to
cravings, and develop new skills to
remain drug-free.
Conclusions
Drug use and addiction i
impose a
substantial health burden on society.
Recent advances in brain research may
help to find ways to reduce that burden.
Aspects that should be taken
into account to ensure effective
actions include:
1. The health impact of drug use depends
on the type of drug and the way it issued
(amount, frequency, etc.).
2. The greater a people drug use, the higher
the risk of becoming dependent.
3. Effective public health programmed can
reduce the overall health burden of drug
use.
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Methadone is a medication
used as a substitute for
heroin
• The rapid advances in our understanding
of how the brain works brings with it a
host
of new ethical issues in both research and
treatment of drug dependence. Biomedical
research is guided by moral principles such as
ensuring that the benefits to society are
Greater than the risks to those who consent to
treatment or research participation. Ethical
issues that need to be addressed include, for
instance, equality of access to treatment, the
potential treatment of persons without their
consent, public funding for treatment of
Dependence, public credibility of clinical trials,
and moral questions arising from animal
experimentation and genetic screening.
4.Dependence is caused by many factors and it
is currently impossible to predict
Who will become drug dependent?
5. Drug dependence is a medical disorder that
could affect anyone and that can be treated.
6. Drug dependence and mental illness often
affect the same individuals.
individu
7.Beyond stopping drug use, effective treatment
requires changes in the behaviourof users and
often the use of substitute drugs.
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14. PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS February 8, 2012
8. Treatment must be accessible to all in need.
9. Prejudice and discrimination against drug
dependent people is one of th main barriers to
the
their treatment.
10. Brain research should continue to help
devise effective ways to reduce the harm
Caused by drug use and dependence.
Recent advances in the treatment of drug
dependence raise difficult ethical issues that
ficult
must be addressed.
Reference ;
ICSE Biology-2/pg882
/pg882
URLs :
http://www.americanscience.com
http://www.bioschool.com
pdf refrences
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