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Drugs - Use, Misuse and Abuse
- 1. DRUGS - Use, Misuse and Abuse Presented by Dr. N. Venkateswaramurthy Professor & Head Department of Pharmacy Practice J.K.K.Nattraja College of Pharmacy
- 2. Drug - any substance that causes a change in a person’s physical or psychological state. Medicine- any drug used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort. UNDERSTANDING DRUGS & MEDICINES
- 4. TYPES OF MEDICINES Antibiotic- kills bacteria to help cure infections Stimulant- increases alertness; helps people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to focus their attention Anti-anxiety- helps people who are excessively nervous or panicked to calm down Vaccine- Prevents infections in people exposed to the infectious agent Sedative- causes sleepiness
- 7. 460000000 USD = 3135,93,49,968 INR
- 8. KEY TERMS Side effect- an effect that is caused by a drug & that is different from the drug’s intended effect
- 10. Thalidomide – phocomelia (the "seal limb“)
- 11. Thalidomide – phocomelia (the "seal limb“)
- 12. Angioedema (swelling of the lips, tongue, and throat causing difficulty breathing)- ACE inhibitors- Captopril-Enalapril-Lisinopril
- 17. ANTIBIOTICS,SULFA DRUGS, NSAIDS-STEVEN JOHNSON SYNDROME(SJ
- 26. The most common cause is certain medications such as lamotrigine, carbamazepine, allopurinol, sulfonamide antibiotics, and nevirapine
- 27. TYPES OF DRUGS Prescription A doctor’s prescription is required to legally use/obtain Over-the-counter (OTC) can be purchased at stores Recreational Drugs that contain chemicals used to help people relax or socialize Alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, and chocolate
- 28. TYPES OF DRUGS Herbal Preparations Herbal teas and other products of plants that are believed to have medicinal properties Illicit (illegal) Generally recognized as harmful All of them are psychoactive Commercial Preparations Commonly used chemical substances, including cosmetics, household cleaning products and industrial by-products.
- 29. WHY PEOPLE ABUSE THE DRUGS…………..
- 31. DRUGS HIJACK THE BRAIN’S Dopamine produces a feeling of pleasure Serotonin produces a feeling of well being Immediate effect of drug use is an increase in dopamine reward
- 32. MISUSING AND ABUSING DRUGS Drug Misuse The use of a drug for a purpose for which it was not intended. Drug Abuse The excessive use of any drug
- 33. TAKING DRUGS Ingestion most common but slowest route (eating) Produces effects within 20 minutes to 1 hour mucosal absorption (chewing tobacco, cocaine) Injection Intramuscular – into muscle tissue Subcutaneous – into fat directly beneath skin Intravenous - into vein Produces effects within 3 minutes
- 34. TAKING DRUGS Inhalation Through the nostrils Only small amounts can be absorbed and metabolized in the lungs Effects are often frequent, but do not last long Mucosal absorption Absorbing the drug through the mucous membrane (i.e. chewing tobacco or snorting cocaine) Topical administration Through the skin (nicotine patch)
- 35. USE>ABUSE>ADDICTION Why do people take drugs: -to feel good -to feel better -to do better -curiosity -imitation -love of risk Why do people CONTINUE to take drugs: -not to feel sick -to feel ‘normal’ -loss of control -habit Why do people become ADDICTED: -physical changes in the brain -loss of judgment -compulsive behavior
- 36. SIGNS OF TROUBLE change in appetite or weight unusual behaviour sudden secretiveness persistent lying sudden violent temper mood swings relationship with family and friends is bad loss of interest in hobbies lack of grooming stealing.
- 37. EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE
- 42. CATEGORIES OF DRUGS OF ABUSE Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Narcotics
- 44. NARCOTICS Used “commonly” to control moderate- severe acute pain. Can cause physiological tolerance (more to get same effect). Can cause physical dependence (discomfort if abruptly stopped)
- 45. Hallucinogens, or psychedelic drugs, are drugs that alter the way you see, hear, or feel things. They can cause people to hallucinate or see stuff that isn’t there. Under the influence of hallucinogens, people see images, hear sounds, and feel sensations that seem real but do not exist.
- 48. LSD- lysergic acid diethylamide 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA) Phencyclidine (PCP) PEYOTE Primarily Psychologically Addicting
- 49. HARMFUL EFFECTS Physical: Increased energy and heart rate, Nausea Nervous system: impairs memory, difficulty in judgment Cardiovascular system: Abnormal heart rate, heart attacks Digestive system: Inflammation of pancreas Respiratory system: slow breathing, bronchitis Emotional: mood swings, panic attacks, loss of senses, depression Social: Loss of family, friends, and loved ones Legal Consequences: Jail time and large fines
- 50. CLUB DRUGS Ecstasy (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutyrate) Rohypnol (Flunitrazepam – related to Valium, Xanax) Ketamine ( anesthetic for humans and animals, injected, smoked) Methamphetamine LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 25)
- 51. CLUB DRUGS Methylene dioxymethamphetamine- Deve. In 1900 as appetite suppressant. Has effects of Stimulant and Hallucinogen, effects last approx 3-6hrs. Usual side effects (confusion, depression, sleep problems, anxiety, paranoia, dehydration, hypertension and heart or kidney failure) can last up to 1 mo. Significant increase in BP, heart rate, increased sense of alertness and energy. GHB-(Gamma-hydroxybutyrate) Sometimes used as Muscle Builder, and to enhance sexual performance. GHB is a central nervous system depressant that can relax or sedate the body. At higher doses it can slow breathing and heart rate to dangerous levels. Its intoxicating effects begin 10 to 20 minutes after the drug is taken. GHB is cleared from the body relatively quickly, so it is sometimes difficult to detect in emergency rooms and other tx. facilities.
- 52. CLUB DRUGS Rohypnol -Rohypnol is commonly referred to as a "date rape drug,“- In the benzodiazepine family (valium, xanax). Is tasteless and odorless, dissolves easily in carbonated beverages. Effects are aggravated by concurrent use of alcohol. “Even without alcohol, a dose of Rohypnol can impair a victim for 8 to 12 hours.”. The drug causes profound “anterograde amnesia”;, individuals may not remember events experienced while under the influence. One of the “street names” is the “forget-me-pill”, and has/is used in many reported/unreported sexual assaults. Ketamine Actually classified as an anesthetic (animal). Popularized in the 1980’s. High doses produced effects similar to PCP (dream-like states and hallucinations. (smoked-usually in marijuana, snorted, injected)
- 54. DEPRESSANTS BARBITURATES SECONAL TUNIAL PHENOBARBITUAL TRANQUILIZERS Valium Librium Xanax Ativan Primarily Physically Addicting
- 55. ALCOHOL 55
- 56. ALCOHOL: BASIC FACTS (1) Description: Alcohol or ethylalcohol (ethanol) is present in varying amounts in beer, wine, and liquors Route of administration: Oral Acute Effects: Sedation, euphoria, lower heart rate and respiration, slowed reaction time, impaired coordination, coma, death 56
- 57. ALCOHOL: BASIC FACTS (2) Withdrawal Symptoms: Tremors, chills Cramps Hallucinations Convulsions Delirium tremens Death 57
- 58. LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL USE Decrease in blood cells leading to anemia, slow-healing wounds and other diseases Brain damage, loss of memory, blackouts, poor vision, slurred speech, and decreased motor control Increased risk of high blood pressure, hardening of arteries, and heart disease Liver cirrhosis, jaundice, and diabetes Immune system dysfunction Stomach ulcers, hemorrhaging, and gastritis Thiamine (and other) deficiencies Testicular and ovarian atrophy Harm to a fetus during pregnancy 58
- 59. TOBACCO 59
- 60. TOBACCO: BASIC FACTS (1) Description: Tobacco products contain nicotine plus more than 4,000 chemicals and a dozen gases (mainly carbon monoxide) Route of administration: Smoking, chewing Acute Effects: Pleasure; relaxation; increased concentration; release of glucose; increased blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate 60
- 61. TOBACCO: BASIC FACTS (2) Withdrawal Symptoms: Cognitive / attention deficits Sleep disturbance Increased appetite Hostility Irritability Low energy Headaches 61
- 62. LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TOBACCO USE Aneurysm Cataracts Cancer (lung and other types) Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Asthma symptoms Obstructive pulmonary diseases Heart disease (stroke, heart attack) Vascular disease Harm to a fetus during pregnancy, low weight at birth Death 62
- 64. CANNABIS: BASIC FACTS (1) Description: The active ingredient in cannabis is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Marijuana: tops and leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa Hashish: more concentrated resinous form of the plant Route of administration: Smoked as a cigarette or in a pipe Oral, brewed as a tea or mixed with food 64
- 65. INHALANTS SOLVENTS (polish & paint removers, lighter fluid, gas) AEROSOLS (paint sprays, hair sprays) ADHESIVES (airplane glue, rubber cement) CLEANING AGENTS (spot removers, dry cleaning fluid) ROOM DEODORIZERS (glade, etc) NITROUS OXIDE (whipped cream, laughing gas) Primarily Psychologically addicting “One of the most dangerous”
- 66. DETECTION OF DRUGS IN URINE SAMPLES Amphet/Meth 2 days (1 use) Barbiturates 2 Days Benzodiazepines 2 Days (1 use) Marijuana 2 Days (1use) 7-28 Days (prolonged) Cocaine/Metabolite 2 Days (1 use) 4 Days (daily) Methadone 2-3 Days Narcotics 2 Days PCP 7 days (1 use) “Hair Test can detect presence for up to 90 Days “
- 67. MEDICATIONS ARE AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF TREATMENT. Methadone Naltrexone Buprenorphine