This document provides an overview of narcotic drugs. It begins with definitions, noting that narcotics are also known as opioids and were originally substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. The document then covers the history of narcotics, the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, common opioids like morphine, heroin, codeine and methadone, how they work in the body, their medical uses and regulation under drug schedules. Side effects of several major narcotics are also summarized.
this is the introduction of narcotics and psychotropic substances. it is useful to all who want to learn about the narcotics and psychotropic substances
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACT (NDPS), 1985 WITH RULE Sagar Savale
The Central Acts like Opium Act, 1857,the Opium Act ,1878 and the Dangerous Drugs Act,1930 were enacted a long time ago. With the changing circumstances and the developments in the field illicit drug traffic and drug abuse at national and international level ,many drawbacks have come to notice in the said Acts.
The Government of India has repealed these old Acts and passed “The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,1985’’.
These Acts established in 14 November 1985.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
Drug dependence
It is a physical or psychological condition resulting from repeated administration of mood-altering drugs.
It is a state characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its euphoriogenic effects.
If a mood-altering drug is unavailable, then the individual develops certain withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence + Psychological dependence
Drug addiction
Drug habituation
Drug abuse
Habit-forming drug
this is the introduction of narcotics and psychotropic substances. it is useful to all who want to learn about the narcotics and psychotropic substances
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACT (NDPS), 1985 WITH RULE Sagar Savale
The Central Acts like Opium Act, 1857,the Opium Act ,1878 and the Dangerous Drugs Act,1930 were enacted a long time ago. With the changing circumstances and the developments in the field illicit drug traffic and drug abuse at national and international level ,many drawbacks have come to notice in the said Acts.
The Government of India has repealed these old Acts and passed “The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act,1985’’.
These Acts established in 14 November 1985.
This ppt / lecture contains all the necessary information like Manufacturing / Source, Chemical Structures, Process of Extraction, Effects, Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms, Forensic Analsys about Narcotic Drugs like Opium, Morphine, Heroine, Cannabis, Cocaine, Mandrax, LSD, Methaqualone, Mecloqualone and Psychotropic Substances like Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines.
Drug dependence
It is a physical or psychological condition resulting from repeated administration of mood-altering drugs.
It is a state characterized by a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its euphoriogenic effects.
If a mood-altering drug is unavailable, then the individual develops certain withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence + Psychological dependence
Drug addiction
Drug habituation
Drug abuse
Habit-forming drug
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance act 1985gururaj lulkarni
This act is called ndps act 1985 and this useful. this is the first presentation for understanding the basics of the act. in presentation 2, 3, 4, 5 are giving full information about this act.
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
SEMINAR - THE NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACTRachitSharma132
Licit drugs, Illicit Drugs, Opioids, cocaine
Narcotic drugs means Coca leaf, cannabis, opium, poppy straw and all drugs manufactured from them
Psychotropic drugs means any substances natural, synthetic or salt included in the list of Psychotropic substances specified in schedule.
This presentation focusses on the offence and penalties associated with illicit activities associated with use of Narcotics and Psychotropic drugs in India
Drug Awareness Program- Say No to Drugs.NITI Aayog
The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, Government of India, organized the 2nd 'District Collectors Conference', which took place on the 6th & 7th of September in New Delhi. Over 30 district collectors participated, making presentations on best practices to overcome challenges faced in the sectors of rural development, education, urban development, law & order, and disaster management.
The Planning Commission is providing these presentations for the public to see examples of the good work being done by young IAS officers in the field, and to promote cross-learning and innovation.
heroin abuse - this ppt covers the abuse potential ,mechanisms of abuse ,withdrawal symptoms along with brief review of treatement involved both psycological & pharmacological.
Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance act 1985gururaj lulkarni
This act is called ndps act 1985 and this useful. this is the first presentation for understanding the basics of the act. in presentation 2, 3, 4, 5 are giving full information about this act.
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
SEMINAR - THE NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES ACTRachitSharma132
Licit drugs, Illicit Drugs, Opioids, cocaine
Narcotic drugs means Coca leaf, cannabis, opium, poppy straw and all drugs manufactured from them
Psychotropic drugs means any substances natural, synthetic or salt included in the list of Psychotropic substances specified in schedule.
This presentation focusses on the offence and penalties associated with illicit activities associated with use of Narcotics and Psychotropic drugs in India
Drug Awareness Program- Say No to Drugs.NITI Aayog
The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, Government of India, organized the 2nd 'District Collectors Conference', which took place on the 6th & 7th of September in New Delhi. Over 30 district collectors participated, making presentations on best practices to overcome challenges faced in the sectors of rural development, education, urban development, law & order, and disaster management.
The Planning Commission is providing these presentations for the public to see examples of the good work being done by young IAS officers in the field, and to promote cross-learning and innovation.
heroin abuse - this ppt covers the abuse potential ,mechanisms of abuse ,withdrawal symptoms along with brief review of treatement involved both psycological & pharmacological.
OPIOIDSWHAT ARE OPIOIDS• Psychoactive substances.docxLacieKlineeb
OPIOIDS
WHAT ARE
OPIOIDS
• Psychoactive substances
derived from the poppy plant,
or their synthetic analogues
• Derived from the resin that
comes from the seed pod of
the plant
• Used in medications to treat
pain
EXAMPLES OF OPIOIDS
• Prescription Opioids
• Oxycodone (Oxycontin)
• Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
• Codeine
• Morphine
• Illicit Opioids
• Heroin
• Synthetic
• Fentanyl
• Carfentanil
ALIASES, FORMS, AND METHODS OF
ABUSE
• Street Names: Big H, Black Tar, Brown Sugar, Dover's Powder, Hillbilly Heroin,
Horse, Junk, Lean or Purple Drank, MPTP (New Heroin), Mud, OC, Ox, Oxy,
Oxycotton, Paregoric, Sippin Syrup, Smack
• Forms: Tablets, capsules, skin patches, powder, chunks in varying colors (from
white to shades of brown and black), liquid form for oral use and injection,
syrups, suppositories, and lollipops
• Methods of abuse: Can be swallowed, smoked, sniffed, or injected.
OPIOID EFFECTS
• Prescribed to treat pain, suppress cough, cure diarrhea, and put people to sleep
• Effect on body
• Depends heavily on the dose, how it’s taken, and previous exposure to the drug
• Negative effects include: slowed physical activity, constriction of the pupils, flushing of
the face and neck, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and slowed breathing
OPIOID EFFECTS
• Effect on mind - Produces a general sense of well-being
• Reduces tension, anxiety, and aggression
• Unwanted effects: Drowsiness, inability to concentrate, and apathy
• Can create dependence
• Long after the physical need for the drug has passed, a person may continue to
think and talk about using drugs and feel overwhelmed coping with daily activities
OPIOID EFFECTS
• As the dose increases, both pain relief and the harmful effects become more
pronounced
• Physical dependence is a consequence of chronic opioid use, and withdrawal takes
place when drug use is discontinued
• Early withdrawal symptoms: watery eyes, runny nose, yawning, and sweating
• As withdrawal worsens, symptoms can include: restlessness, irritability, loss of
appetite, nausea, tremors, drug craving, severe depression, vomiting, increased heart
rate and blood pressure, and chills alternating with flushing and excessive sweating
• Most withdrawal physical symptoms disappear within days or weeks, depending on
the particular drug
OPIOID EFFECTS
• Overdose effects – Can be fatal
• Respiratory failure – lack of sufficient oxygen in the blood
• Vital organs like the heart and brain start to fail
• Leads to unconsciousness, coma, death
• Physical signs of opioid overdose include: Constricted (pinpoint) pupils, cold
clammy skin, confusion, convulsions, extreme drowsiness, and slowed breathing
U.S. EPIDEMIC
• In the U.S., 5,480 people initiate nonmedical use of prescription opioids on a daily basis
• Amounts to 2 million persons/year
• Reasons for increase in misuse/abuse
• Ease of access
• Prescriptions for these medications have increased dramat.
The term opioid refers to a group of compounds that includes opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Opioids exert both a sedative and an analgesic effect, and used to relieve pain, cough and treatment of diarrhea. They induce a pleasurable effect on the CNS that promotes abuse. These drugs are capable of inducing tolerance and physiological and psychological addiction.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway
Narcotic
1. NARCOTIC DRUG
A Seminar Presentation
Department of Forensic
Science
Presented By
PRIYA SINGH
1
2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• History
• Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
• Opiods
• Derivative of opiods
• How narcotic drugs work
• Morphine
• Heroin
• codeine
• methadonne
• effect of narcotic
• uses of narcotic drugs
2
3. NARCOTIC DRUG
Narcotic drug also known as “opioids,” the term “narcotic”comes
from the Greek word “to be numd” and originally referred to a
variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain.
Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs
like, codeine, morphine, methadone etc
3
4. HISTORY
• The term "narcotic" is coined by the Greek physician Galen
• who refer agents that numb or deaden, causing loss
of feeling or paralysis.
• It is based on the Greek word (narcosis),
• the term narcosis used by Hippocrates for the process of numbing or the
numbed state.
• Galen listed seeds of poppy juice (opium) as the chief examples.
• narcotic in the form of opium were first abused by china
• The leaf of poppy was chewed beginning in 1700’s for relaxation
• Beginning in 1806, morphine began to be extract from poppy flower
4
5. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
• According to Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an
international treaty
• it prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs
except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and
research.
• The principal objectives of the Convention are to limit the possession, use,
trade, distribution, import, export, manufacture and production of drugs
exclusively to medical and scientific purposes, and to address drug
trafficking through international cooperation to deter and discourage drug
traffickers
• The adoption of this Convention is regarded as a milestone in the history
of international drug law.
5
6. • The 1961 Convention seeks to control more than 116 drugs that it
classifies as narcotic. These include:
• plant-based products such as opium and its derivatives morphine, codeine
and heroin (the primary category of drug listed in the Convention);
• synthetic narcotics such as methadone and pethidine; and
• cannabis, coca and cocaine.
6
7. SHEDULE DRUG CLASSIFICATION
• Drugs, substances, depending upon the drug’s acceptable medical use and the
drug’s abuse or dependency potential.
Schedule I
• Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently
accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Ex heroin,
Schedule II
• Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high
potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical
dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous.
• Combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage
unit (Vicodin), cocaine,, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine
(Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl,
•
7
8. Schedule III
low potential for physical and psychological dependence. :
• Products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit
(Tylenol with codeine)
Schedule IV
• drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some
Schedule V
• Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with
lower potential for abuse. Schedule V drugs are generally used for
antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes. Some examples of
Schedule V drugs are:
• cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100
milliliters
8
9. OPIOID
• Opium is the dried latex obtained from
the opium poppy plant
• scientific name: Papaver somniferum.
• Approximately 12 percent of the opium
latex is made up of the analgesic alkaloid
morphine,
• which is processed chemically to
produce heroin and other synthetic opioids
for medicinal use and for illegal drug trade
• The latex also contains the closely
related opiates codeine and thebaine, and
non analgesic alkaloids such
as papaverin and noscapin
9
12. HOW NARCOTIC WORK
• Narcotic drugs work as central
nervous system (CNS)
• Specific recepter present on brain
through it bind.
• depressants by slowing down neural
activity in both the brain and the
body.
• Since narcotics effects specifically
target the CNS, once drugs enter the
brain, their effects can spread quickly
throughout the body
• and slow down overall
communications between the brain
and the body.
12
14. ABOUT MORPHINE
• Morphine are natural phenantrene alkaloids present in opium
• It derived out of 20 other remaining alkaloids from a premature poppy
capsule (Papaver somniferum).
• The content of opium in the poppy capsule is about 10% for morphine
• It provide relief from painMorphine is a use for pain medication and derive
from opiate
• It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the
feeling of pain.
• It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain.
• It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infaction and during labour
• it serf in asthma or breathing problems, a blockage in stomach or
intestines, or a bowel obstruction called paralytic ileus.
• Morphine can slow or stop your breathing, and may be habit-forming.
14
15. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injecting under
the skin,
• intravenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally.
• Maximum effect is around 20 minutes when given intravenously and
60 minutes when given by mouth, while duration of effect is 3–7 hours.
• Long-acting formulations also exist
15
16. SIDE EFFECT
• Potentially serious side effects include a decreased respiratory effort
and low blood pressure
• Morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse
• If the dose is reduced after long-term use, withdrawal may occur.
• Common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation.
• Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding , as
morphine will affect the babys low heart rate, sighing, weak or shallow
breathing;
• chest pain, fast or pounding heartbeats;
• extreme drowsiness, feeling like you might pass out; or
• low cortisol levels - nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, dizziness,
worsening tiredness or weakness.
16
18. HEROIN
• Heroin, also known as diamorphine
• It is obtained from acetylation of morphin
• most commonly used as a recreational drug for
its euphoric effects.
• Medically it is used in several countries to relieve pain or
in opioid replacement therapy
• Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein;
• however, it can also be smoked, snorted or inhaled
• Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours.
18
19. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• Heroin is typically injected,
usually into a vein;
• however, it can also be
smoked, snorted or inhaled
• Onset of effects is usually
rapid and lasts for a few hours.
• When given by injection into a
vein, heroin has two to three
times the effect as a similar
dose of morphine.
• It typically comes as a white or
brown powder.
19
20. SIDE EFFECT OF HEROIN
• Common side effects include respiratory depression (decreased
breathing),
• dry mouth, euphoria, and addiction
• Other side effects can include
infected heart valves,
blood borne infections,
constipation, and pneumonia.
• After a history of long-term use, withdrawal symptoms can begin.
• When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times
the effect as a similar dose of morphine.
• It typically comes as a white or brown powder.
20
22. CODEINE
• codeine are natural phenantrene alkaloids present in opium
• The content of opium in the poppy capsule is about 0.2% for
codeine
• Codeine is use to treat pain, as a cough medicine, and for diarrhea
• It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain.
• Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol
(acetaminophen) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
such as aspirin or ibuprofen
• In Europe it is not recommended as a cough medicine in those
under twelve years of age.
• It is generally taken by mouth. It typically starts working after half
an hour with maximum effect at two hours. The total duration of its
effects last for about four to six hours
22
23. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• It is generally taken by mouth.
• It typically starts working after half an hour with
maximum effect at two hours.
• The total duration of its effects last for about four to
six hours
23
24. SIDE EFFECT CODEINE
• Serious side effects include addiction
• Common side effects
include vomiting, constipation, itchiness, lightheadedness,
and drowsiness, may include breathing difficulties
• It is unclear if its use in pregnancy is safe. Care should be used
during breastfeeding as it may result in opiatetoxicity in the baby.
• Its use as of 2016 is not recommended in children.
• Codeine works following being broken down by the liver
into morphine How quickly this occurs depends on a person's genetics
24
25. METHADONE
• Methadone, sold under the brand name Dolophine
• among others, is an opioid used to treat pain
• and as maintenance therapy or to help with tapering in people with opioid
dependence
• Detoxification using methadone can either be done relatively rapidly in
less than a month or gradually over as long as six months.
• While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take five days
of use.
• The pain relieving effects last about six hours after a single dose,
• similar to that of morphone.
• After long term use, in people with normal liver function, effects last 8 to
36 hours.
25
26. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely
by injection into a muscle or vein
26
27. SIDE EFFECT
• Side effects are similar to those of other opioids
• Commonly these include dizziness, sleepiness, vomiting, and
sweating.
• Serious risks include opioid abuse and a decreased effort to
breathe ,Abnormal heart rhythms
• The number of deaths in the United States involving
methadone poisoning declined from 4,418 in 2011to 3,300 in
2015.
• Risks are greater with higher doses.Methadone is made
by chemical synthesis and acts on opioid receptors
27
28. TRADE NAME OF SOME NARCOTIC
MORPHINE OXYCODON HRDROCODON METHADON
Astramorph PF Dazidox Zohydro ER Methadose Sugar-
Free
Roxanol Oxyfast Hysingla ER Methadose
Roxanol-T Roxicodone
Intensol
Vantrela ER Dolophine
Infumorph Roxicodone Methadone Diskets
MorphaBond ER OxyContin
28
29. EFFECT OF NARCOTIC
.
• Euphoria
• Sedation
• Sleepiness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Constricted pupils
• Reduced pain
• Inability to feel pain or an extreme reduction in the sense of pain
• Labored breathing
• Reduced heart rate
• Narcotics overdose can lead to complications include coma, brain damage and
death. If you suspect that someone has overdosed on narcotics, seek immediate
medical attention to prevent possible long term, life threatening side effects.
29
30. USES
• In the past, narcotic analgesics have been used for all types of pain, which
may explain why there are so many people addicted to them today.
• The most appropriate use of narcotic analgesics is for the relief of short-
term, intense pain, such as that occurring immediately after surgeryor due
to a medical condition.
• Narcotic analgesics are also appropriate for the relief of pain due
to cancer, or for palliative care or end-of life care. However, they should
only be considered to treat other types of chronic pain under strict
conditions and with close monitoring.
30
31. FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF NARCOTIC DRUG
• Methods of Analysis and identification Categories of Analytical Techniques
The requires the use of multiple independent identification techniques.
• Infrared Spectroscopy
• Capillary Electrophoresis
• Color Tests,
• Fluorescence Spectroscopy
• Mass Spectrometry Gas Chromatography
• Immunoassay
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Ion Mobility Spectrometry
• Raman Spectroscopy
• Liquid Chromatography
• Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
• Thin Layer Chromatography
31