3. In government, in education, in trade and
commerce, and in all types and kinds of
industries, research is vital and essential.
4. Definition of Research
• Good defines research as a “careful, critical,
disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and
method according to the nature and conditions of
the problem identified, directed toward the
clarification or resolution (or both) of a problem.”
• According to Manuel and Medel, research is a
process of gathering data or information to solve a
particular or specific problem in a scientific
manner.
• Treece and Treece commented that “research is
the collection of data in a rigorously controlled
5. Characteristics of Good Research
• 1. Research gathers new knowledge or data from
primary or first-hand sources.
• 2. Research is expert, systematic and accurate
investigation.
• 3. Research is logical and objective, applying
every possible test to verify the data collected
and the procedures employed.
• 4. Research endeavors to organize to organize
data in quantitative term, if possible, and express
them as numerical measures.
• 5. Research is carefully recorded and report.
6. Differences between Research and Problem-Solving
• 1. There may not be a problem, only interest in
answering a question or a query.
• 2. A research problem is more rigorous and broader in
scope.
• 3. The research problem is not necessarily defined
specifically.
• 4. All research is intended to solve some kind of problem,
but this is not the primary aim.
• 5. Research is conducted not primarily to solve a problem
but to make a contribution to general knowledge.
• 6. Research is concerned with broad problems, recurrent
phenomena, and wide application through
generalization.
8. 1. According to purpose.
• a. Predictive or prognostic research has the
purpose of determining the future
operation of the variables under
investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better.
• b. Directive research determines what
should be done based on the findings.
9. 2. According to goal.
• a. Basis or pure research is done for the
development of theories or principles.
• b. Applied research is the application of the
result of pure research. This is testing the
efficacy of theories and principles.
10. 3. According to the level of investigation.
• a. In exploratory research, the researcher
studies the variables pertinent to a specific
situation.
• b. In descriptive research, the researcher
studies the relationship of the variables.
• c. In experimental research, the experimenter
studies the effect of the variables on each
other.
11. 4. According to the type of analysis
• a. In the analytic approach, the researcher
attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation.
• b. The holistic approach begins with the
total situation, focusing attention on the
system first and then on its internal
relationship.
12. 5. According to scope.
• a. Under this category is action research.
This type of research is done on a very
limited scope to solve a particular problem
which is not so big. It is almost problem-
solving.
13. 6. According to choice of answer to problems.
• a. In evaluation research, all possible
courses of action are specified and
identified and the researcher tries to find
the most advantageous.
• b. In developmental research, the focus is
on finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been
available.
14. 7. According to statistical content. Under this type
may be mentioned quantitative research and non-
quantitative research.
• a. Quantitative or statistical research is one in
which inferential statistics are utilized to
determine the results of the study.
• b. Non-quantitative research. This is research in
which the use of quantity or statistic is practically
nil. This is especially true in anthropological
studies where description is usually used.
Descriptive data are gathered rather than
quantitative data.
15. 8. According to time element.
• a. Historical research describes what was.
• b. Descriptive research describes what is.
• c. Experimental research describes what will
be.
16. Some Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry
1. Tradition. This is accepting the customs,
beliefs, practices, and superstitions that are
true and are parts of the daily lives of men.
People have the idea that when everybody
does a thing, it is true. This belief is a
hindrance to scientific investigation.
E.g: Pregnant women having their cravings.
17. 2. Authority. This is accepting without
questions, an opinion about a certain subject
which is given by someone who is considered
an authority on the subject.
Eg. Taking medicines because someone you
trust say so.
3. Inaccurate observation. This is describing
wrongly what is actually observed.
Eg. Assuming that the child understands what
18. 4. Overgeneralization. This is establishing a
pattern out of a few instances.
Eg. Vaping has no negative effect on our body.
5. Selective observation. This is persisting to
believe an observed pattern from an
overgeneralization and ignoring other
pertinent patterns.
Eg. Believing that Baliuag City is progressing.
19. 6. Made-up information. This is making up
information to explain away confusion.
Eg. The cashier miscalculated your change, and you
already concluded that the cashier is cheater.
7. Illogical reasoning. This is attributing something to
another without any logical basis.
Eg. Someone is not agree that the administration of
Marcos Sr. implemented dictatorial type of
governement just because he did not experience it.
20. 8. Ego-involvement in understanding. This is giving an
explanation when one finds himself in an unfavorable
situation.
Eg. You did not record the data you collected from a foreigner
just because you think it's racial discrimination.
9. Mystification. This is attributing to supernatural power, the
phenomena that cannot be understood. This is accepting that
there are things which are beyond human intelligence to
understand and which are reserved only to a supernatural
being. Thus, no effort is exerted to make a scientific inquiry
about these phenomena.
Eg. Power of healing
21. 10. To err is human. When a man renders a wrong
decision or commits a, mistake, he merely leans on
the saying “To err is human”. He does not make any
effort anymore to study why he committed the error,
how he can correct his error and how to make more
sound decisions in the future.
Eg. Falsifying the collection of data.
11. Dogmatism. This is an addition. This is an
unwritten policy of certain institutions and
governments prohibiting the study of topics that are
believed to run counter to the established doctrines
of such institutions or governments.
