Psychology is the scientific study of mind, behavior, and thought processes. The document provides an introduction to psychology including definitions, history and origins, schools of thought, scope, branches, methods, relevance to nursing, and applications. Key points include that psychology assists in understanding human and animal behavior, its origins in the late 19th century laboratories of Wundt and others, major perspectives like psychoanalysis and behaviorism, broad scope across various fields, and use of methods like introspection, observation, experimentation and surveys.
The document provides a history of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing. It discusses the evolution of beliefs about mental illness from ancient times through developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. Key events included Philip Pinel removing chains from mentally ill patients in the 18th century, the introduction of new treatments like ECT and lithium in the 20th century, and the establishment of training programs for psychiatric nurses in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It also outlines milestones in the development of modern psychiatric nursing as a specialized field.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terms and the structural organization of the human body. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Anatomy is the study of the body's structure, while physiology is the study of its functions. The human body is composed of chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels of organization. The main body cavities are the dorsal cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity housing the internal organs and divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
Body mind relationship by s.lakshmanan psychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Body and mind are inseparable and influence each other. The health of the body depends on the health of the mind and vice versa. Any abnormalities in the physical body can impact mental functioning, and mental states can also affect the physical body. Maintaining a healthy body and active mind can help avoid illness, while mental health problems can exacerbate physical ailments. The modulation process between body and mind plays a decisive role in health and illness.
Community mental health in India has developed over 5 phases since the colonial period:
1) Establishment of lunatic asylums
2) Establishment of mental hospitals in the 1950s
3) Growth of general hospital psychiatry units in the 1960s
4) Extension of care from hospitals to primary health centers and communities in the 1970s
5) Increases in funding and improvements to mental hospitals in the 1990s.
Community mental health aims to promote mental health and reduce mental illness prevalence through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention activities. Nurses play important roles in providing education, screening, early treatment and rehabilitation in the community. Facilities like halfway homes, day treatment programs and self-
The document discusses definitions and concepts related to mental health. It defines mental health according to WHO as a state of well-being where an individual can cope with life stresses and realize their potential. Mental hygiene aims to promote mental health and prevent/treat mental illness. The document also discusses characteristics of positive mental health including self-awareness, emotional maturity, and social adjustment. It outlines strategies for maintaining mental health such as self-acceptance, balancing aspirations, and adjusting to work and social environments.
Role of nurse in developmental psychology, unit 4, psychology B.sc Nursing.Sumity Arora
Unit 4, psychology ,
Developmental psychology
Physical, psychosocial and cognitive
development across life span – Prenatal
through early childhood, middle to late
childhood through adolescence, early and
mid-adulthood, late adulthood, death and
dying
Role of nurse in supporting normal growth
and development across the life span
Psychological needs of various groups in
health and sickness – Infancy, childhood,
adolescence, adulthood and older adult
Introduction to child psychology and role of
nurse in meeting the psychological needs of children
This PPT is of the first chapter in Psychology for B.Sc.Nursing students, named "Introduction to Psychology". Contents are according to the INC syllabus 2022-23.
Made by students of Government college of Nursing, Bengaluru.
Concept of normal and abnormal behaviour 1amitsunrise
Normal behavior is defined as when an individual is able to function adequately and perform daily activities efficiently while feeling satisfied. Abnormal behavior is defined as disturbances in thinking, emotions, and motor activity that express mental distress. Normal behavior is characterized by an accurate perception of reality and the ability to cope with stress and adapt to situations, while abnormal behavior involves changes in thinking and perception, reduced work efficiency, inability to cope, and lack of respect for oneself or others.
The document provides a history of psychiatry and psychiatric nursing. It discusses the evolution of beliefs about mental illness from ancient times through developments in the 19th and 20th centuries. Key events included Philip Pinel removing chains from mentally ill patients in the 18th century, the introduction of new treatments like ECT and lithium in the 20th century, and the establishment of training programs for psychiatric nurses in the late 19th/early 20th centuries. It also outlines milestones in the development of modern psychiatric nursing as a specialized field.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terms and the structural organization of the human body. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Anatomy is the study of the body's structure, while physiology is the study of its functions. The human body is composed of chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels of organization. The main body cavities are the dorsal cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity housing the internal organs and divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
Body mind relationship by s.lakshmanan psychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Body and mind are inseparable and influence each other. The health of the body depends on the health of the mind and vice versa. Any abnormalities in the physical body can impact mental functioning, and mental states can also affect the physical body. Maintaining a healthy body and active mind can help avoid illness, while mental health problems can exacerbate physical ailments. The modulation process between body and mind plays a decisive role in health and illness.
Community mental health in India has developed over 5 phases since the colonial period:
1) Establishment of lunatic asylums
2) Establishment of mental hospitals in the 1950s
3) Growth of general hospital psychiatry units in the 1960s
4) Extension of care from hospitals to primary health centers and communities in the 1970s
5) Increases in funding and improvements to mental hospitals in the 1990s.
Community mental health aims to promote mental health and reduce mental illness prevalence through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention activities. Nurses play important roles in providing education, screening, early treatment and rehabilitation in the community. Facilities like halfway homes, day treatment programs and self-
The document discusses definitions and concepts related to mental health. It defines mental health according to WHO as a state of well-being where an individual can cope with life stresses and realize their potential. Mental hygiene aims to promote mental health and prevent/treat mental illness. The document also discusses characteristics of positive mental health including self-awareness, emotional maturity, and social adjustment. It outlines strategies for maintaining mental health such as self-acceptance, balancing aspirations, and adjusting to work and social environments.
Role of nurse in developmental psychology, unit 4, psychology B.sc Nursing.Sumity Arora
Unit 4, psychology ,
Developmental psychology
Physical, psychosocial and cognitive
development across life span – Prenatal
through early childhood, middle to late
childhood through adolescence, early and
mid-adulthood, late adulthood, death and
dying
Role of nurse in supporting normal growth
and development across the life span
Psychological needs of various groups in
health and sickness – Infancy, childhood,
adolescence, adulthood and older adult
Introduction to child psychology and role of
nurse in meeting the psychological needs of children
This PPT is of the first chapter in Psychology for B.Sc.Nursing students, named "Introduction to Psychology". Contents are according to the INC syllabus 2022-23.
Made by students of Government college of Nursing, Bengaluru.
Concept of normal and abnormal behaviour 1amitsunrise
Normal behavior is defined as when an individual is able to function adequately and perform daily activities efficiently while feeling satisfied. Abnormal behavior is defined as disturbances in thinking, emotions, and motor activity that express mental distress. Normal behavior is characterized by an accurate perception of reality and the ability to cope with stress and adapt to situations, while abnormal behavior involves changes in thinking and perception, reduced work efficiency, inability to cope, and lack of respect for oneself or others.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document discusses the National Mental Health Policy and National Health Policy of India. The National Mental Health Policy was first drafted in 2001 and implemented in 2003, with the goal of improving mental health services and reducing the burden of mental illness. It aims to strengthen services at various levels, integrate school and dementia programs, promote research and training, and reduce stigma through public awareness campaigns. The National Health Policy also addresses mental health, recognizing disorders are underreported but impact quality of life. It aims to upgrade infrastructure and establish a decentralized network of mental health services. Both policies work to address deficiencies in infrastructure and workforce to improve access to mental healthcare.
This document discusses concepts related to mental health and hygiene. It defines mental hygiene as dealing with promoting mental health and preventing/treating mental illness. Mental health is defined as a state of well-being where individuals can cope with stress and be productive. The document outlines strategies for maintaining good mental health, such as forgiving others, accepting yourself, and finding meaningful activities. It also discusses warning signs of poor mental health like mood changes, sadness, and substance abuse. Finally, it proposes strategies for adjusting to oneself and one's environment like understanding others, satisfying needs, and maintaining physical health.
This document discusses human development and psychology across the lifespan from infancy to late adulthood. It covers key stages of development from 0-5 years, 6-12 years, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. For each stage, it describes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional characteristics. The document also discusses theories of Erik Erikson on psychosocial development and the psychology of vulnerable groups like the sick/ailing, women, and challenged individuals.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the field of psychology. It begins by defining psychology as the study of behavior and mental processes. It then outlines several key definitions of psychology and discusses the scope of psychology, including different specializations like clinical, developmental, health, and social psychology. The document also covers various methods in psychology like introspection, observation, and experimentation. Finally, it discusses the relevance of psychology to the field of nursing.
this presentation tells us about the Terminal illness. the stages in grieving both of the patient and their family is explained in it. This presentation also gives us tips to cope up with grief. this presentation is from the perspective of a counselor and tells us how counselling helps the terminally ill person to recover.
Sociological strategies for developing services, clinical sociology, unit 7, ...Sumity Arora
Clinical sociologists can play an important role in developing community services to address abuse. They can use sociological data and principles to increase awareness of abuse and help victims recognize their situation. Clinical sociologists should also involve community members in planning services to prevent and reduce abuse. Some key services that can be developed include early childhood programs, education, health services, housing assistance, respite care, services for children with disabilities, home visiting, parent education, support groups, family resource centers, and parenting resources.
This document discusses the relationship between the body and mind. It notes that the mind and body influence each other bidirectionally - mental processes like thoughts and emotions affect physical health and body states like health conditions affect mental health. Examples are given of how stress responses and lifestyle factors can impact conditions like heart disease. The document suggests mind-body exercises like yoga, tai chi, and meditation can help manage stress, anxiety, and pain while also improving mood and happiness.
This document provides an overview of tic disorders, including Tourette's syndrome and chronic motor or vocal tic disorder. It defines tics and describes the DSM-IV criteria for different tic disorders. Potential etiologies include genetic and neurochemical factors. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy with antipsychotics or clonidine, as well as behavioral therapy such as habit reversal training. Prognosis is generally good, though comorbid conditions can worsen outcomes. The DSM-V made changes including reclassifying tic disorders as motor disorders and revising diagnostic criteria.
7. role of nurse in psychological assessment S.Lakshmanan PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Nurses should become familiar with standardized psychological tests to enhance nursing assessments and care. These tests can provide baseline measures of a patient's symptoms, like depression scales, and confirm diagnoses. Nurses must understand psychological tests to clarify any doubts patients have about procedures and reassure them that tests are safe and confidential. Test results give nurses additional data to plan effective care for patients.
This document discusses grief and theories of the grieving process. It defines different types of grief such as uncomplicated, dysfunctional, anticipatory, and complicated grief. It also summarizes several theories of grieving including Lindemann's theory, Engle's theory, Rando's six R's of grieving, Bowlby's attachment theory, and the dual process model. Finally, it outlines factors that affect loss and grief and nursing care approaches for grieving clients including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The document discusses the relationship between the body and mind. It states that the body and mind cannot act independently, as they influence each other in an integrated response. A healthy mind exists in a healthy body and vice versa. The body is composed of organs and organ systems that have specific functions, while the mind refers to mental processes like thinking and reasoning, rather than the brain itself. The mind functions at different levels including conscious and unconscious levels. Both the mind and body can act upon each other - negative emotions produced by the mind can cause illness, while malfunctions of the body can affect mental functioning.
The document discusses the classification of mental disorders according to two major systems - ICD-10 and DSM-IV. ICD-10 is the World Health Organization's classification system that codes psychiatric disorders from F00 to F99. DSM-IV is the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that uses a multi-axial system with five axes to evaluate patients. Some key differences between the two systems are that ICD-10 is intended for clinical work, research, and primary care globally while DSM-IV is in English only and includes social consequences in its diagnostic criteria.
This document discusses health promotion and maintaining health. It defines health promotion as helping people change their lifestyles to achieve optimal health. The goals of health promotion are to create environments where people can access needed services and equip people with skills to determine their own health needs. Key strategies discussed include proper health systems, safe environments, public participation, information/education, research, and lifestyle programs. Specific interventions mentioned are health education, environmental modifications, nutrition interventions, and lifestyle/behavioral changes.
Group therapy involves two or more clients interacting with each other and a therapist to address psychological issues. It has roots in the early 1900s for treating tuberculosis patients, and was later used for soldiers in WWII and those seeking personal growth. The main goals are to help clients identify maladaptive behaviors, address emotional difficulties through feedback, and provide a supportive environment. Types include psychoeducational, counseling, and psychotherapy groups. Key therapeutic factors include universality, altruism, and developing social skills. Group therapy can benefit those struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression, and OCD.
This document discusses relaxation therapy techniques that can help reduce stress and anxiety. It defines relaxation therapy as techniques that promote stress reduction and eliminate tension in the body and mind. Some key techniques discussed include progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, meditation, biofeedback, exercise, deep breathing, music, visualization, hypnosis, massage, and yoga. The purpose of relaxation therapy is to calm the body and induce the relaxation response to provide a natural cure for stress and anxiety symptoms. Relaxation therapy aims to quiet the mind and allow for restful relaxation. Precautions are discussed for certain relaxation techniques depending on individual health conditions. The role of nurses is to assess clients and provide diagnoses to help implement appropriate relaxation therapies.
This document discusses personal disorganization and its causes and consequences. It defines personal disorganization as behavior that deviates from social norms. It identifies four factors that can disturb an individual's life pattern: biological, environmental, insecurity of status/role, and social crises. There are typically three stages of personal disorganization - initially trying to find a solution, then potential instability, and finally potential permanent maladjustment. Types of personal disorganization include sex offenses, prostitution, alcoholism/drug addiction, and juvenile delinquency. Consequences include conflicts within one's personality, impacts on family roles/dynamics, potential insanity or mental illness, and in extreme cases, suicide.
5. promotive and preventive mental health strategies and service by S.Lakshma...LAKSHMANAN S
The document outlines various strategies for promoting positive mental health, including strategies for adjusting to oneself and one's environment. Strategies for adjusting to oneself include knowing one's strengths and limitations, accepting oneself, balancing aspirations with abilities, and integrating different aspects of oneself. Strategies for adjusting to one's environment involve understanding others, accepting individual differences, socializing, balancing development, managing emotions, having a positive attitude towards work, bearing life's stresses, maintaining physical health, and having faith.
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
Intro of psychology GNM 1st yr_1.pptx GNM first yearroy456393
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It involves understanding how people think, feel, and interact. The document discusses several key aspects of psychology including its definition, nature, scope, branches of pure and applied psychology, and relevance to nursing. Specifically, it notes that psychology can help nurses understand themselves, patients, abnormal behavior, and provide quality care through understanding human behavior and helping with patient adjustment.
This document provides an introduction to psychology, including definitions of psychology, the development of psychology as a field, the scope and branches of psychology, and methods used in psychology. It defines psychology as the study of the mind and human behavior. It discusses the emergence of psychology as a science in the late 19th century and describes some of its major subfields like clinical, developmental, social, and abnormal psychology. It also outlines several research methods used in psychology like observation, experimentation, introspection, testing, and clinical methods.
the all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
This document discusses the National Mental Health Policy and National Health Policy of India. The National Mental Health Policy was first drafted in 2001 and implemented in 2003, with the goal of improving mental health services and reducing the burden of mental illness. It aims to strengthen services at various levels, integrate school and dementia programs, promote research and training, and reduce stigma through public awareness campaigns. The National Health Policy also addresses mental health, recognizing disorders are underreported but impact quality of life. It aims to upgrade infrastructure and establish a decentralized network of mental health services. Both policies work to address deficiencies in infrastructure and workforce to improve access to mental healthcare.
This document discusses concepts related to mental health and hygiene. It defines mental hygiene as dealing with promoting mental health and preventing/treating mental illness. Mental health is defined as a state of well-being where individuals can cope with stress and be productive. The document outlines strategies for maintaining good mental health, such as forgiving others, accepting yourself, and finding meaningful activities. It also discusses warning signs of poor mental health like mood changes, sadness, and substance abuse. Finally, it proposes strategies for adjusting to oneself and one's environment like understanding others, satisfying needs, and maintaining physical health.
This document discusses human development and psychology across the lifespan from infancy to late adulthood. It covers key stages of development from 0-5 years, 6-12 years, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. For each stage, it describes physical, cognitive, social, and emotional characteristics. The document also discusses theories of Erik Erikson on psychosocial development and the psychology of vulnerable groups like the sick/ailing, women, and challenged individuals.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the field of psychology. It begins by defining psychology as the study of behavior and mental processes. It then outlines several key definitions of psychology and discusses the scope of psychology, including different specializations like clinical, developmental, health, and social psychology. The document also covers various methods in psychology like introspection, observation, and experimentation. Finally, it discusses the relevance of psychology to the field of nursing.
this presentation tells us about the Terminal illness. the stages in grieving both of the patient and their family is explained in it. This presentation also gives us tips to cope up with grief. this presentation is from the perspective of a counselor and tells us how counselling helps the terminally ill person to recover.
Sociological strategies for developing services, clinical sociology, unit 7, ...Sumity Arora
Clinical sociologists can play an important role in developing community services to address abuse. They can use sociological data and principles to increase awareness of abuse and help victims recognize their situation. Clinical sociologists should also involve community members in planning services to prevent and reduce abuse. Some key services that can be developed include early childhood programs, education, health services, housing assistance, respite care, services for children with disabilities, home visiting, parent education, support groups, family resource centers, and parenting resources.
This document discusses the relationship between the body and mind. It notes that the mind and body influence each other bidirectionally - mental processes like thoughts and emotions affect physical health and body states like health conditions affect mental health. Examples are given of how stress responses and lifestyle factors can impact conditions like heart disease. The document suggests mind-body exercises like yoga, tai chi, and meditation can help manage stress, anxiety, and pain while also improving mood and happiness.
This document provides an overview of tic disorders, including Tourette's syndrome and chronic motor or vocal tic disorder. It defines tics and describes the DSM-IV criteria for different tic disorders. Potential etiologies include genetic and neurochemical factors. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy with antipsychotics or clonidine, as well as behavioral therapy such as habit reversal training. Prognosis is generally good, though comorbid conditions can worsen outcomes. The DSM-V made changes including reclassifying tic disorders as motor disorders and revising diagnostic criteria.
7. role of nurse in psychological assessment S.Lakshmanan PsychologistLAKSHMANAN S
Nurses should become familiar with standardized psychological tests to enhance nursing assessments and care. These tests can provide baseline measures of a patient's symptoms, like depression scales, and confirm diagnoses. Nurses must understand psychological tests to clarify any doubts patients have about procedures and reassure them that tests are safe and confidential. Test results give nurses additional data to plan effective care for patients.
This document discusses grief and theories of the grieving process. It defines different types of grief such as uncomplicated, dysfunctional, anticipatory, and complicated grief. It also summarizes several theories of grieving including Lindemann's theory, Engle's theory, Rando's six R's of grieving, Bowlby's attachment theory, and the dual process model. Finally, it outlines factors that affect loss and grief and nursing care approaches for grieving clients including assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
The document discusses the relationship between the body and mind. It states that the body and mind cannot act independently, as they influence each other in an integrated response. A healthy mind exists in a healthy body and vice versa. The body is composed of organs and organ systems that have specific functions, while the mind refers to mental processes like thinking and reasoning, rather than the brain itself. The mind functions at different levels including conscious and unconscious levels. Both the mind and body can act upon each other - negative emotions produced by the mind can cause illness, while malfunctions of the body can affect mental functioning.
The document discusses the classification of mental disorders according to two major systems - ICD-10 and DSM-IV. ICD-10 is the World Health Organization's classification system that codes psychiatric disorders from F00 to F99. DSM-IV is the diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association that uses a multi-axial system with five axes to evaluate patients. Some key differences between the two systems are that ICD-10 is intended for clinical work, research, and primary care globally while DSM-IV is in English only and includes social consequences in its diagnostic criteria.
This document discusses health promotion and maintaining health. It defines health promotion as helping people change their lifestyles to achieve optimal health. The goals of health promotion are to create environments where people can access needed services and equip people with skills to determine their own health needs. Key strategies discussed include proper health systems, safe environments, public participation, information/education, research, and lifestyle programs. Specific interventions mentioned are health education, environmental modifications, nutrition interventions, and lifestyle/behavioral changes.
Group therapy involves two or more clients interacting with each other and a therapist to address psychological issues. It has roots in the early 1900s for treating tuberculosis patients, and was later used for soldiers in WWII and those seeking personal growth. The main goals are to help clients identify maladaptive behaviors, address emotional difficulties through feedback, and provide a supportive environment. Types include psychoeducational, counseling, and psychotherapy groups. Key therapeutic factors include universality, altruism, and developing social skills. Group therapy can benefit those struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression, and OCD.
This document discusses relaxation therapy techniques that can help reduce stress and anxiety. It defines relaxation therapy as techniques that promote stress reduction and eliminate tension in the body and mind. Some key techniques discussed include progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, meditation, biofeedback, exercise, deep breathing, music, visualization, hypnosis, massage, and yoga. The purpose of relaxation therapy is to calm the body and induce the relaxation response to provide a natural cure for stress and anxiety symptoms. Relaxation therapy aims to quiet the mind and allow for restful relaxation. Precautions are discussed for certain relaxation techniques depending on individual health conditions. The role of nurses is to assess clients and provide diagnoses to help implement appropriate relaxation therapies.
This document discusses personal disorganization and its causes and consequences. It defines personal disorganization as behavior that deviates from social norms. It identifies four factors that can disturb an individual's life pattern: biological, environmental, insecurity of status/role, and social crises. There are typically three stages of personal disorganization - initially trying to find a solution, then potential instability, and finally potential permanent maladjustment. Types of personal disorganization include sex offenses, prostitution, alcoholism/drug addiction, and juvenile delinquency. Consequences include conflicts within one's personality, impacts on family roles/dynamics, potential insanity or mental illness, and in extreme cases, suicide.
5. promotive and preventive mental health strategies and service by S.Lakshma...LAKSHMANAN S
The document outlines various strategies for promoting positive mental health, including strategies for adjusting to oneself and one's environment. Strategies for adjusting to oneself include knowing one's strengths and limitations, accepting oneself, balancing aspirations with abilities, and integrating different aspects of oneself. Strategies for adjusting to one's environment involve understanding others, accepting individual differences, socializing, balancing development, managing emotions, having a positive attitude towards work, bearing life's stresses, maintaining physical health, and having faith.
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
Intro of psychology GNM 1st yr_1.pptx GNM first yearroy456393
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It involves understanding how people think, feel, and interact. The document discusses several key aspects of psychology including its definition, nature, scope, branches of pure and applied psychology, and relevance to nursing. Specifically, it notes that psychology can help nurses understand themselves, patients, abnormal behavior, and provide quality care through understanding human behavior and helping with patient adjustment.
This document provides an introduction to psychology, including definitions of psychology, the development of psychology as a field, the scope and branches of psychology, and methods used in psychology. It defines psychology as the study of the mind and human behavior. It discusses the emergence of psychology as a science in the late 19th century and describes some of its major subfields like clinical, developmental, social, and abnormal psychology. It also outlines several research methods used in psychology like observation, experimentation, introspection, testing, and clinical methods.
Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology. Psychology is the scientific study of the human mind and behavior. It explores various aspects of our mental life, including emotions, thoughts, motivations, and personalities, as well as the ways in which we interact with the world around us. It is also concerned with understanding how individuals develop, learn, and grow over time, and how they adapt to different types of experiences and environments. Some of the major subspecialties within psychology include clinical psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, and neuropsychology.
These are the work of Our teacher. It explains the basics of psychology as a subject. It covers basic ideas and concepts after which a student will be able to grasp the meaning of psychology as a subject.
It contains definitions from different authors and concepts like
Sensation
Perception
Learning
Behaviour
Modes of learning etc.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes in humans and animals. The goals of psychology are described as observation, description, understanding, explanation, prediction, and control of behavior and mental processes. Some popular areas of psychology discussed include clinical, industrial/organizational, health, consumer, environmental, sport, and forensic psychology. The document emphasizes that psychology uses the scientific method to study behavior and mental processes objectively and reliably.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, aiming to understand how individuals think, feel, and act in various situations. Its nature encompasses both objective observation and subjective experience, delving into areas such as cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and social interaction. Branches of psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, cognitive, social, and experimental psychology, each focusing on distinct aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Types of psychology range from applied fields like industrial-organizational and forensic psychology to theoretical areas such as neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology, collectively contributing to a comprehensive understanding of human nature and behavior.
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are several branches of psychology including clinical, counseling, school, experimental/physiological, industrial/organizational, social, developmental, community, and abnormal psychology. Some of the early schools of psychology include structuralism, gestalt psychology, functionalism, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. Modern perspectives include behavioral, biological, cognitive, social, humanistic, developmental, and psychoanalytic. Key methods in psychology include the experimental method, observation method, introspection method, inventory method, case study method, and survey method.
Research psychology covers areas like abnormal, biological, cognitive, comparative, developmental, personality, quantitative, and social psychology. Applied psychology includes clinical, counseling, educational, forensic, health, human factors, industrial/organizational, and school psychology. Clinical psychology applies psychological science to understanding and treating mental health problems using therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy. Counseling psychology focuses on normal development and stress rather than psychopathology.
Subfields in Psychology: Psychology is expanding .....TameneKeneni
This document summarizes several subfields within psychology, including clinical psychology which focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders, counseling psychology which treats emotional strains, abnormal psychology which studies atypical behaviors, developmental psychology which studies human development across the lifespan, and cognitive psychology which studies mental processes like memory and problem solving. It also discusses social psychology which examines how individuals and behaviors are influenced by social interactions, personality psychology which studies differences in personality traits, and industrial-organizational psychology which applies psychological principles to workplace settings.
Established Subfields of Psychology.pptxTameneKeneni
This document summarizes several subfields within psychology, including clinical psychology which focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders, counseling psychology which treats emotional strains, abnormal psychology which studies atypical behaviors, developmental psychology which studies human development across the lifespan, and cognitive psychology which studies mental processes like memory and problem solving. It also describes social psychology which examines how individuals and personalities are influenced by social contexts, as well as other areas like school, forensic, health, and sports psychology.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychological research. It defines psychology as the scientific study of mind and behavior. The scientific method ensures results are empirical and replicable. Psychological research progresses through forming hypotheses and theories, then designing studies to test them. Research must be conducted ethically with informed consent from human participants and oversight of animal research. Descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods are used to study variables without making causal claims, assess relationships between variables, and test cause-and-effect. Descriptive methods include surveys, observations, and case studies.
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. The earliest schools included structuralism, which focused on introspection, and functionalism, which emphasized how mental activities help adaptation. Major figures who shaped the field include Wilhelm Wundt, William James, Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Contemporary psychology includes various approaches like psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic psychology. It is divided into subfields that study social behavior, personality, mental and physical health, and industrial applications. Studying psychology develops valuable skills and provides insights into human behavior, with career applications in management, healthcare, education, research, and more.
Impacts of HIV on education, food security and health sectors MuniraMkamba
This document provides an overview of psychology and theories of personality development. It begins with defining key terms in psychology. It then discusses Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory of personality development, which proposes that basic physiological and safety needs must be met before higher-level needs for love, esteem, and self-actualization can be pursued. The document also briefly introduces humanistic and psychoanalytic theories of personality.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. There are several perspectives in psychology including psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, socio-cultural, and evolutionary. The scientific method involves identifying questions, formulating explanations through hypotheses, conducting research to test hypotheses, and communicating findings. Research methods include descriptive methods like case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation, and prediction, as well as experimental methods using variables, controls, and replication.
This document provides an overview of educational psychology. It defines educational psychology as the application of psychological principles to education. The goal is to understand teaching and learning processes and improve educational methods. Key topics covered include learning theories, teaching methods, motivation, development, and family relationships. Educational psychology aims to shape students' behavior and promote well-rounded personal growth through education.
The document provides an overview of the key concepts in psychology. It discusses that psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It outlines the four main goals of psychology as description, explanation, prediction, and control. The document also summarizes several major schools of thought in early psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and Gestalt psychology. It provides brief biographies and contributions of important figures associated with each school such as Wundt, James, Watson, Skinner, and Freud.
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Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human and animal behavior. The document discusses several key methods used in psychology including introspection, observation, experimentation, case study, survey, and genetic methods. It also covers the evolution of psychology's focus from the study of the soul to behavior. Major topics include schools of thought like structuralism, gestalt psychology and behaviorism. Applications of psychology are discussed in fields like education, medicine, business and nursing.
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This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
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2. • Health: A complete state of physical, mental and social
wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity (WHO, 1946).
• Mental Health: Is a state of emotional, psychological,
and social wellness.
• Mental Illness: Is a clinically significant behavioural or
psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an
individual and is associated with present distress
3. • Psychology: The study of mind, behaviour, emotions,
and thought processes.
• Psychology assists health professionals with
understanding their patients and themselves.
• The word of psychology made up of two Greek words –
‘psychi’ and ‘logos’. ‘Psychi’ means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’
means the ‘study of’ or ‘knowledge’—study of soul.
4. • DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
• Psychology is the science of human and animal behaviour;
it includes the application of behavioural science to human
problems.
• Psychology is the science of human behaviour. (Walter
Bowers Pillsbury—1911)
• Psychology is a science, which aims to give us better
understanding and control of the behaviour of the
organism as a whole. (William McDoughall—1949)
• Psychology is the investigation of human and animal
behavior and of the mental and physiological processes
associated with the behaviour. (Jackson—1976)
5. • HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF
( DEVELOPMENT) PSYCHOLOGY
The successes of the experimental method in the physical
sciences encouraged some philosophers to think that mind and
behavior could be studied with scientific methods.
• In 1879, the first psychological laboratory was established at the
University of Leipzig by the German philosopher and
psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920).
• Wundt was the first to measure human behavior accurately and
is known as the ‘Father of Psychology’.
6. • Ancient Time:
• 1. Aristotle (322- 384 BC)
a. All beings have souls, which animate them.
b. Human have rational souls compared to
other animals.
• 2. Rene Descardes (1596 – 1650)
a. People are born with collection of knowledge
and some ideas are inborn, such as perfection).
b. Human body is similar to a machine, so it can
be studied.
7. • 3. John Locke (1632 – 1704).
-At birth, human mind is a blank
slate, on which experiences write
knowledge.
• 4. Francis Galton (1822–1911)
a. Studied individual differences.
b. He was considered as the
“Father of Mental tests”
8. • Modern Psychology
1. Wilhelm Wundt (1832- 1920)
a. He was considered as the “Father of Modern
Psychology.
b. He noted that mental process could be
investigated with objective technique
similar to other scientific fields.
2. G. Stanley Hall (student of Wundt)
- He established the first American psychology
laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in 1883.
3. Hermann Ebbinghaus (a German psychologist)
- He reported on the first experiments on
memory in 1885.
9. • School Thoughts
1.Structuralism (Wundt and his colleagues):
The aim was to study consciousness by breaking it down into
its components – mainly perception, sensation, affection.
2. Functionalism (William James and John Dewey):
Functionalism is a theory about the nature of mental states.
mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what
they are made of.
10. 3. Behaviorism
John B. Watson:
a. Internal mental processes cannot be observed, so they should
not
be studied.
b. Psychology should focus on the study of behaviour.
c. He believed that behaviours were automatic response to stimuli
from the environment not the result of internal mental
processes.
Behaviorism
Skinner (Operant Conditioning):
Skinner set out operant condition (reinforcing )to identify the
processes, which made certain operant behaviors more or less
likely to occur.
11. 4. Gestalt theory:
• Any psychological phenomenon, from perceptual processes
to human personality, should be studied as a whole
(holistically), and should not be broken down into
components.
5. Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud):
• The unconscious is responsible for most thought and
behavior in all people and the disorders of the mentally ill.
12. 6. Humanism Perspective:
• Humanists believed humans were inherently good and
that their own mental processes played an active role in
their behavior.
7. Cognitive Perspective:
• Explains behavior by looking at a person’s particular ways
of reasoning and thinking.
13. • SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
• The scope of a subject can usually be discussed under the
following two headings:
1. The limits of its operations and applications.
2. The branches, topics and subject matter with which it deals.
The field of operation and applications of the subject
psychology is too vast.
• It studies, describes and explains the behaviour of living
organisms.
• It describes all types of life activities and experiences — whether
conative(intentional), cognitive or affective, implicit or explicit,
conscious, unconscious and subconscious of a living organism.
14. • It studies not only human behaviour, but also human
experience, language and other forms of communication.
• It employs to all the living creatures irrespective of their
species, caste, colour, age, sex, mental or physical state.
• It also studies the behaviour of the animals, insects, birds
and plant life.
• They study how individuals and society interact and how they
behave as members of small and large groups.
16. • Pure Psychology
• It provides the framework and theory.
• It deals with the formulation of psychological principles and
theories.
• It suggests various methods and techniques for the analysis,
assessment, modification and improvement of behavior.
• Applied Psychology
• The theory generated through pure psychology finds its
practical shape.
• Here we discuss ways and means of the applications of
psychological rules, principles, theories and techniques with
reference to the real practical life situations.
17. • Branches of Pure Psychology
General Psychology
• General psychology deals with the fundamental rules, principles and
theories of psychology in relation to the study of behavior of a normal
adult.
Abnormal Psychology
• Abnormal psychology deals with the behavior of individuals who
are unusual. It studies mental disorders, their causes and treatment.
Social Psychology
• Social psychology deals with the group behavior and interrelationships
of people with other people.
18. Physiological Psychology
• This branch of psychology describes and explains the biological and
physiological basis of behavior. It concerns the structure and functions
of sense organs, nervous system, muscles and glands underlying all
behavior.
Parapsychology
• Parapsychology deals with extrasensory perceptions, causes of rebirth,
telepathy and allied problems.
Geopsychology
• This branch of psychology describes and explains the relation of
physical environment particularly weather, climate and soil with
behavior.
19. Developmental Psychology
• This branch of psychology describes the processes and factors that
influence the growth and development in relation to the behavior of an
individual from birth to old age.
Experimental Psychology
• This branch of psychology studies the ways and means of carrying out
psychological experiments by using scientific methods.
• Experimental psychologists do basic research in an effort to discover
and understand the fundamental and general causes of behavior.
20. • Branches of Applied Psychology
Educational Psychology
• Educational psychology is a branch of applied psychology, which
tries to apply the psychological principles, theories and techniques to
human behavior in educational situations. (aspects of the teaching
/learning process)
Clinical Psychology
• This is the largest subfield of psychology.
• This branch of applied psychology describes the causes of mental
illness, abnormal behavior of a patient and suggests treatment and
effective adjustment of the affected person in society.
21. Industrial Psychology
• Tries to seek application of the psychological principles, theories
and techniques for the study of human behavior in relation to
industrial environment.
• Industrial psychologists apply psychological principles to assist
public and private organizations with their hiring and placement
programs.
Legal Psychology
• Tries to study the behavior of persons like clients, criminals,
witnesses, etc.
• The root cause of crime, offence, dispute or any legal case can be
properly understood through the use of this branch of psychology.
22. Military Psychology
• It is concerned with the use of psychological principles and
techniques in military science.
• How to keep the morale of the soldiers and citizens high during
war time, how to secure better recruitment of the personnel for
the fighting capacities and organizational climate and
leadership, etc.
Political Psychology
• This branch of psychology relates itself with the use of
psychological principles and techniques in studying politics and
deriving political gains.
23. • Applications of Psychology
• In the Field of Education
• Theories of learning, motivation and personality, etc. have been
responsible for shaping and designing the educational system
according to the needs and requirements of the students.
• In the Field of Medicine
• A doctor, nurse or any person who attends the patient, needs to
know the science of behavior to achieve good results.
Psychology has contributed valuable therapeutic measures like
behavior therapy, play therapy, group therapy, psychoanalysis,
etc. for the diagnosis and cure of patients suffering from
psychosomatic, as well as mental diseases.
24. • In the Field of Business and Industry
• It has highlighted the importance of knowledge of consumer’s
psychology and harmonious interpersonal relationship in the field of
commerce and industry.
• In the Field of Criminology
• It has helped in detection of crimes and in dealing with criminals.
• In the Field of Politics
• It has proved useful to the politicians and leaders to learn the qualities
of leadership for leading the masses.
25. • In the Filed of Guidance and Counseling
• It has provided valuable help in relation to guidance and counseling in
educational, personal as well as vocational areas.
• In the Field of Military Science
• Psychology helps in the selection, training, promotion and
classification of defense personnel. In fighting the enemy, the morale
of the defense personnel and of citizens must at all costs be high and
this can only be achieved by providing suggestions, insight and
confidence.
• In the Field of Human Relationship and Self-Development
• Finally it has helped human beings to learn the art of understanding
their own behavior, seeking adjustment with their self and others and
enhancing, as well as actualizing their potentialities to the utmost
possible.
26. • RELEVANCE TO NURSING
• Psychology has become necessary in every profession including
nursing today.
• This is because of increasing emphasis being laid out on the
interplay of body, mind and spirit in the health status of every
individual.
• The knowledge of psychology will help the nurse to understand
the problems and needs of patients and attend to them.
• It will help the nurses to understand such abnormal behaviors and
help the patients in the management and cure.
27. • The learning of psychology helps a nurse in the following
ways:
To Understand Her Own Self.
To Understand Patients.
To Recognize Abnormal Behavior.
To Understand Other People.
To Provide Quality Care to Patients.
Help Patients Adjust to the Situation.
28. • Why Nursing Students Study Psychology
• Assists students to understand their own behaviors and the
behaviors of others.
• Assists students to understand the reason of their behaviors.
• Develop insight on how the psychological knowledge and
procedures can be applied in the problem solving of personal and
social problems.
• Assists students to deal with different types of patients & people
in their future work.
• Helps gaining more insight in evaluating psychological
information that students read or hear about.
29. • METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
• Psychology is termed as the scientific study of human behavior.
• Special tools and procedures help us in gathering and
organizing its subject matter or the essential facts about
behavior.
• These procedures are termed as methods, which are used to
study human behavior
30. • Introspection or Self-observation Method
• This is one of the oldest methods of psychology. Introspection
means ‘to look within’. This is also known as self-observation
method.
• It is not possible to understand the inner feelings and
experiences of other persons.
• For example, a patient after an operation may be asked to report
how he feels. The patient will try to look within and recall what
happened and how he is presently feeling.
• This information will help for better treatment.
31. • Merits
• Observation and experimentation are based upon introspection.
• It gives us direct, immediate and exact knowledge of our own
mental processes.
• It enables us to fully understand the behavior of an individual.
• This method is inexpensive, easy and does not require any
apparatus or laboratory.
32. • Demerits
• This method is not applicable for children or animals or
mentally retarded people, because they cannot introspect.
• It is a purely private affair and cannot be verified by other
observers.
• In many cases, the patients may not have the insight to know
about their conditions or language to describe them accurately.
• Introspection sometimes involves attention to a mental process.
33. • Observational Method
• Observation is the objective method of studying the behavior of
individuals.
• It consists of, perception of an individual’s behavior under natural
conditions.
• Merits
• It is economical, natural, as well as flexible.
• The data, which is studied through observation can be analyzed,
measured, classified and interpreted.
• The results can be verified and relied.
• Observation method is quite suitable for observing developmental
characteristics like children’s habits and interests.
34. • Demerits
• There are chances of subjective report and also prejudices of
observer may creep in.
• Sometimes to observe the natural behavior the observer may
have to spend more time, energy and money.
• It lacks repeatability, as each natural situation can occur only
once.
• Not being able to establish a proper cause and effect
relationship.
35. • Experimental Method
• Experimental method is considered as the most scientific and
objective method of studying behavior.
• In psychology, experimental study is used to study the cause
and effect relationship regarding the nature of human behavior,
i.e. the effect of anxiety on the human behavior.
• To study the cause and effect relationship the psychologists
use objective observations under controlled conditions to
observe actions or behaviors of individuals.
• From these observations certain conclusions are drawn and
theories or principles established.
36. • Merits
• Scientific method.
• Finds out cause and effect relationship.
• Maximum control of phenomena.
• Repetition is possible.
• Demerits
• All problems of psychology cannot be studied by this method, as
we cannot perform experiments for all the problems.
• Experimental method is a costly and time consuming method.
• Handling of this method demands specialized knowledge and skill.
• Experimental method fails to study behavior in naturalistic
conditions.
37. • Clinical or Case History Method
• This method is used by clinical psychologists, psychiatrists,
psychiatric social workers in child guidance clinics or mental
hygiene clinics and the allied institutions.
• It aims at studying the cause and basis of people’s anxieties, fears
and personal maladjustments.
• A great deal of relevant data is collected by using case histories,
interviews, home visits and psychological tests to draw valid
inferences about the nature of the individual’s difficulties and
problems, the probable origin and course of development.
38. • Merits
• Case histories will give the clinician an insight into the causes
of the problem and suggest possible solutions.
• Case studies can be productive sources of ideas for further
investigation by other methods.
• Demerits
• The case history method depends largely on memory of
incidents, which may have been observed inaccurately or over
interpreted.
39. • Survey Method
• All problems in psychology cannot be studied by the
experimental and other methods. Some problems like study of
opinions, attitudes, health care needs, etc. can be studied by
means of survey method.
• It involves collection or gathering of information from a large
number of people by using questionnaires, inventories,
checklists, rating scales and interviews.
• Merit
• A large amount of data can be collected in a shorter time.
• Demerit
• The behavior is not observed directly.
40. • Genetic or Developmental Method
• Psychologists study not only the behavior of an individual at a
particular time, but also his development from birth to death, the
influence of heredity and environment in the development of the
person and conditions favorable and unfavorable for normal and
abnormal behavior.
• For example, to understand the learning behavior of an adult, the
study will start from the childhood and adolescence.
• This can be done by two ways:
• Cross-sectional study in which, the children of different age groups
will be studied simultaneously.
• Longitudinal study in which, the same child will be studied in
different stages of life.
41. • Merits
• This is a more useful method to understand the behavior from point
of view of hereditary and environmental influences.
• Demerit
• This method requires more time and energy.
42. • Applied Psychology to Solve Everyday Issues
• Psychology is not just limited to mental disorders,
counselling and therapy sessions; it is much more than
that.
• The role of psychology comes into play right from the
moment you wake up in the morning till you sleep at
night.
• From just community communicating with other to taking
lif’s toughest decisions psychology finds its applications in
almost all aspects of our early life.
43. Motivation
Health
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Sports
Relationships
Healthy eating
Leadership Skills
Politics
Decision Making and Problem Solving
Communication
Personal Growth
Finance Management
Workplace
Academics
44. • Relationship with other subjects
• The relationship between Psychology and Other Sciences;
• I) Psychology and Physical Sciences:
• Psychology is a science of experience of an individual. But
experience presupposes the duality of subject and object,
both of which are real.
• Psychology deals with mental processes such as knowing,
feeling and willing, and in order to account for them
adequately it must study the nature of physical stimuli in
relation to knowing and willing
• But there is a difference between psychology and physical
sciences in the treatment of physical objects. Physical
sciences investigate the nature of physical stimuli apart from
their relation to an individual.
45. • But psychology studies the nature of the interaction between
an individual with physical stimuli.
• Psycho-logical science is not concerned with the nature of
physical stimuli in themselves apart from their relation to an
individual.
• It is primarily concerned with behaviour of an individual,
and indirectly concerned with external stimuli.
• Physical sciences investigate the nature of physical
phenomena, and so they help psychology to explain the
experience and behaviour of the individual, which are
reactions to the physical and social stimuli
46. • II) Psychology and Biology:
• Psychology is a science of the experience and behaviour.
However experience cannot be adequately explained without
the concomitant physiological processes.
• The environment acts on the mind through the sense-organs;
and the mind reacts to the environment through the muscles.
The sense-organs and muscles are organs of the body. So
mental processes are closely related to bodily processes.
• In fact, mental processes are regarded by many psychologists
as functions of life. They are devices for better adaptation of
the psycho-physical organism to the environment.
47. • Experience and behaviour of an individual can be explained
in terms of some of the basic concepts of biological science.
• E. R. Hess has shown that there are close correlations
between psychic and neuronal processes in human
personality.
• In his view, it is quite probable that there are connections
between "psychic performances and the organization of the
brain."
• The subjective experience of an individual is closely related
to the cerebral structure and the properties of its structural
elements.
• There is a close correlation between the organization of the
brain and arrangements of the contents of consciousness.
48. • III) Psychology and Physiology: Psychology is a science of
experience. Experiences of an individual are intimately
connected with physiological processes, especially of the
nervous system. Hence, psychology studies these
physiological processes in order to adequately account for
mental processes.
• It does not study those physiological processes which are not
related to mental processes, because it is primarily concerned
with mental processes and behaviour.
• Psychology also deals with behaviour which is an expression
of experience.
•
49. • Behaviour is bodily reaction of an individual to the physical
and social environment.
• The Behaviourists seek to reduce psychology to physiology
which is a biological science. They do away with the concept
of mind or consciousness.
• Psychology deals with behaviour which is a reaction of the
whole organism to the stimulus, and not of a part of it. But
physiology studies the reactions of the different parts or
organs of the body.
50. • IV) Psychology and Logic:
• Psychology is wider in scope than Logic, because it deals with all
kinds of mental processes, viz., knowing, feeling and willing. But
Logic deals with thinking only, which is a kind of knowing. It does
not deal with feeling and willing.
• But Logic is not identical with the psychology of thinking, because
• psychology is a positive science, while Logic is a normative science.
Psychology tells us how we actually think while Logic- tells us how
we ought to think in order to arrive at truth.
• There are some differences between
• Psychology deals with the process of reasoning or mental
exploration of data whereas Logic deals with the result of mental
exploration or finding a new relationship among the data.
51. • Psychology deals with concrete mental processes, viz.,
conception, judgement and reasoning as attended with feeling
and willing, while Logic deals with the abstract mental
products, Viz., concepts, Judgements and inferences divorced
from feeling and willing.
• But Logic, is normative science, is based on Psychology
which is a positive science. In order to know how we ought to
reason, we should know how we do reason. We should know
the nature of reasoning before we can investigate the
conditions of its validity.
52. • V)Psychology and Philosophy:
• Philosophy has two parts epistemology (theory of knowledge )
and ontology (nature of being).
• Psycho-logy is related to epistemology. Psychology enquires
into the nature of knowing, feeling, and willing. It deals with
knowing as a fact, and the nature and development of
knowledge of an individual mind.
• It is concerned with the validity of knowledge. Psychology
assumes the possibility of knowledge and merely traces its
growth and development in an individual mind.
• But Epistemology enquires into the conditions under which
knowledge 1s possible, and deals with the validity of
knowledge.
53. • It seeks to answer the following questions:
1) Is knowledge of reality possible?
2) Does knowledge represent reality?
3) What is the source of true knowledge? It experience or
reason or both
4) What are the conditions of valid knowledge?
5) What is the range, extent, or limit of knowledge?
• Thus Psychology is the basis of Epistemology. It enquires into
the nature of knowing as a fact. Epistemology, on the other
hand, enquires into the validity of knowledge.
54. • Psychology is related to Ontology or Metaphysics.
• Psychology deals with knowing as a fact. Epistemology
enquires into the conditions of the validity of knowledge.
• Metaphysics or Ontology enquires into the ultimate nature of
the reality that is known.
• It assumes the reality of the mind and the external world, and
the mind's capacity to know the world.
• Metaphysics proves the reality of the self, the world, and the
knowledge of the world by the self.
• Metaphysics tests the validity of the fundamental assumptions
of psychology.
55. • VI) Psychology and Sociology:
• Psychology deals with the behaviour pattern of an individual in
relation to the environment which is physical as well as social.
• The individual mind grows and develops through interaction with
the society. He develops his personality through social intercourse.
• Sociology deals with the nature, origin, and development of society.
It investigates into manners, customs and institutions of a society
in all its stages of development from the savage to the civilized
state. Hence, psychology is intimately related to sociology.
• Sociology is primarily concerned with the study of the inter-
relationships between human personalities in social groups. Itis
concerned with the study of the bonds which inter-relate
individuals in society. The nature of inter-personal relationships
has become quite intelligible through investigations in the field of
psychology.
56. • Psychology is primarily concerned with the experience and
behaviour of an individual.
• Sociology, on the other hand, is concerned with the role that an
individual plays in society.
• Social psychology deals with the collective behaviour. It
investigates the peculiar characteristics of the individuals
which they acquire as members of groups. It studies the
behaviour of the crowd.
• It studies the psychological principles of social organisation. It
is the meeting ground of psychology and sociology.
• Psychology, sociology and social psychology are the various
branches of social science. Psychology and sociology are
concerned with the study of behaviour of individuals in social
setting. They study behaviour from different points of view.
57. • VII) Psychology and Education:
• Psychology is the science of the behaviour of the individual in
relation to the environment.
• Education is the science of unfolding the powers, of the pupil
and moulding his character and behaviour in such a manner
that he becomes a useful and well-adjusted member of the
community.
• Education is the process of developing the powers of the
individual harmoniously, and adjusting him to the social
environment by modifying his behaviour. Therefore,
educational psychology applies the general principles of
psychology to the practical needs of education. It gives a
psychological foundation to education and makes it sound.
58. • Education implies two agents-viz., the teacher and the pupil.
The teacher should know the mind of the pupil.
• There are special characteristics of the child mind which
differ according to different stages of its development.
• A teacher should utilize the principles of psychology to
develop the child's powers of observation, attention, memory,
imagination, thinking, emotion, volition, and character.
• Psychology helps an educationist by telling him of the innate
endowment of the child, of the laws of his mental
development, of the effect of the environment on his mind.
• It helps an educationist by telling him how one person acts
on another, how the group life influences the individual, and
how the corporate life of a school moulds the personality of a
child.
59. • It helps an educationist by telling him how knowledge
systems are built up, and how new knowledge is received and
assimilated into the system of knowledge already formed.
• It studies mental processes, e.g., motives, emotions, and
sentiments of the child, the adolescent and the adult.
• It studies the behaviour of the individual and the group.
Therefore, it can help the science of education which seeks to
stimulate the intellectual growth of a learner.
60. This is what happens in Psychology laboratory
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