A psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is characterized by clinically significant behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life and cause distress. Psychological disorders involve disturbances in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflect dysfunction in mental processes. Common types of psychological disorders include anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. Psychological disorders have biological, psychological, and social causes and are usually diagnosed and treated based on evaluations of behaviors and symptoms.

1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO), NET, Ph.D (Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34

2. • A psychological disorder, also known
as a mental disorder, is a pattern of
behavioral or psychological
symptoms that impact multiple life
areas and create distress for the
person experiencing these
symptoms.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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3. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
• A syndrome characterized by clinically
significant disturbance in an individual's
cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that
reflects a dysfunction in the psychological,
biological, or developmental process underlying
mental functioning.
• Mental disorders are usually associated with
significant distress in social, occupational or
other important activities.
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4. Psychological Disorders
• Psychological Disorder
• A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior
is judged to be:
Atypical- not enough in itself
Disturbing- varies with time and culture
Maladaptive- harmful
Unjustifiable- sometimes there’s good
reason
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5. Historical Perspective
Perceived Causes
• Movements of sun or moon
• Lunacy—full moon
• Evil spirits
Ancient Treatments
Exorcism , caged like animals , beaten,
burned , castrated , mutilated, blood
replaced with animal’s blood
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DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

6. Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective
• Assumes that biological ,
sociocultural , and
psychological factors
combine and interact to
produce psychological
disorders.
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7. causes of mental
illness
• Genetics
• Environment
• Childhood trauma
• Stressful events: like losing a loved one, or
being in a car accident or any other accident
• Negative thoughts
• Unhealthy habits: like not getting enough sleep,
or not eating.
• Drugs and alcohol: Abusing drugs and alcohol
can trigger a mental illness
• Brain chemistry
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8. common TYPES ARE…
• Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder,
obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias.
• Depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood
disorders.
• Eating disorders.
• Personality disorders.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.
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11. NEURO DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Typically diagnosed during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. It includes
Intellectual disability (or Intellectual Developmental Disorder) was
formerly referred to as mental retardation.This type of developmental
disorder originates prior to the age of 18 and is characterized by limitations in
both intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors.
Global developmental delay is a diagnosis for developmental disabilities in
children who are under the age of five. Such delays relate to cognition,
social functioning, speech, language, and motor skills. It is generally
seen as a temporary diagnosis applying to kids who are still too young to
take standardized IQ tests. Once children reach the age where they are
able to take a standardized intelligence test, they may be diagnosed with
intellectual disability.
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12. BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS
• Its characterized by shifts in mood as well as changes in activity and energy levels. The
disorder often involves experiencing shifts between elevated moods and periods of depression.
Such elevated moods can be pronounced and are referred to either as mania or hypomania.
• Mania is characterized by feeling overly excited and even hyper.Periods of mania are
sometimes marked by feelings of distraction, irritability and excessive confidence. People
experiencing mania are also more prone to engage in activities that might have negative long-
term consequences such as gambling and shopping sprees.
• Depressive episodes are characterized by feelings of intense sadness, guilt, fatigue, and
irritability. During a depressive period, people with bipolar disorder may lose interest in
activities that they previously enjoyed, experience sleeping difficulties, and even have
thoughts of suicide.
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13. Anxiety Disorders
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14. What Are Anxiety Disorders?
• Anxiety is a normal emotion. It’s your brain’s way
of reacting to stress and alerting you of potential
danger ahead.
• Everyone feels anxious now and then. For
example, you may worry when faced with a
problem at work, before taking a test, or before
making an important decision.
• Anxiety Disorders are different. They’re a
group of mental illnesses that cause constant
and overwhelming anxiety and fear.
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15. Anxiety Disorder Symptoms
• excessive fear or worry
• hard to breathe, sleep,
stay still, and concentrate
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16. TYPES OF Anxiety Disorder
TYPES OF ANXIETY DISORDER
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
2. Panic Disorder
3. Phobia
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
5. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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17. 1.Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Person is tense ,
apprehensive, and
in a state of
autonomic
nervous system
arousal
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18. 2. Panic Disorder
• Marked by a minutes-long
episode of intense dread in
which a person experiences
terror and accompanying chest
pain, choking, or other
frightening sensation
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19. 3.Phobia
• Persistent , irrational
fear of a specific object
or situation
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20. 4.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Unwanted repetitive
thoughts(obsessions)
and/or
actions(compulsions)
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21. 5.Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
 Haunting memories , nightmares , social
withdrawal , jumpy anxiety, and /or insomnia
that linger for 4 weeks or more after a
traumatic experience
 Combat veterans
 Accident/disaster survivors
 Violent assaults
 Sexual assaults
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22. ANXIETY DISORDERS-Learning Perspective
• A. Fear Conditioning
• B . Observational Learning
• A. Fear Conditioning
 Stimulus generalization
 Reinforcement
 Escaping the feared situation
reduces anxiety
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23. ANXIETY DISORDERS-Biological Perspective
Natural Selection
a. Genes: Influence level of
neurotransmitters
b. Brain: an over-arousal of brain
areas involved in impulse control
and habitual behaviours
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25. Definition
• Persons with multiple disabilities
have a combination of two or more
serious disabilities (e.g. Cognitive,
movement, sensory),such as mental
retardation with cerebral palsy.
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26. Causes
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Developmental disorders of the brain
• Metabolic disorders and
• Negative prenatal environmental
influences
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27. Primary Measured used to diagnose
• Early Assessment of:
• Movement limitations
• Muscle tone and flexibility
• Seizure activity
• Breathing control
• Sucking and swallowing
• Vision and hearing
• Individual intelligence tests & Testsof
adaptive behavior
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28. CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIPLE DISABILITIES
• Two or more disabilities & Additional disabilities
• Due to combined loss of two or more disabilities, the rate and speed
of learning is very low.
• Communication is most significantly affected in children
with multiple disabilities.
• Some children with multiple disabilities have difficulty in body
movements.
• Most children with multiple disabilities show strange behaviours that
are called self stimulating behaviours
• Deaf, blind children show disturbed sleep patterns.
• Most multi disabled children also suffer from other medical
conditions,such as frequent eye and ear infections, respiratory
disorders, muscular degeneration, and so on.
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29. chARAcTERiSTicS……
 People with multiple disabilities have a combination
of various disabilities that may include:
 Speech, Physical mobility
 Learning, Mental retardation
 Visual, Hearing
 Brain injury and
 Possibly others
They may also have sensory losses and
behavior and /or social problems.
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References
“Inclusive Education”
• TNTEU – Study Material
• Ram Publications
• Sri Krishna Publications
• Samyukdha Publications
• Google Images