It discuss on what is mental retardation, what is mental retardation, Causes for Mental Retardation, Medical Classification, Educational Classification, Psychological Classification(IQ basis), Causes of MR, PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION, Provisions and Educational Facilities for Persons Suffering from MR, Teaching-Learning Materials (TLM) for Persons with MR

1. Types of Disabilities - MENTAL
RETARDATION
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO),
NET, Ph.D (Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34

2. MENTAL RETARDATION
• According to the Persons with Disabilities (Equal
Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full
Participation) Act, 1995, mental retardation has
been defined as ‘condition of arrested or
incomplete development of mind of a person
which is specially characterized by sub-
normality of intelligence’.
• Fortunately, today mental retardation is
comprehensively termed as ‘intellectual
disability’
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
4/14/2022 2

3. Characteristics of MR
• Sub-Average intelligence
• Less Academic Achievement
• Lack of Motivation
• Delayed Language and speech
• Slow Physical Development
• Difficulty in Generalization
• Limitations in Adaptive skills
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
4/14/2022 3

4. Different methods of Classification of MR
Medical
Psychological
Educational
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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5. Causes for Mental Retardation
Genetic
Causes
Metabolic
Cranial
malformations
Prenatal
Intranatal &
Postnatal
Abnormal genes from parents
(chromosomal abnormalities)
Phenylketonuria,
Wilson’s disease and
Galactosomia
Microcephaly
and hydrocephaly
Infection Eg.
Rubella
Birth
asphyxia
Environmental And Socio – Cultural Causes: Low socio
economic status, cultural deprivations.
Infections, Accidents,
Lead poisoning 5

6. Medical Classification
 Infections and Intoxications
 Trauma or Physical agent
 Metabolism or Nutrition
 Grossbrain disease (post natal)
 Unknown prenatal influence
 Chromosomal abnormality
 Gestational disorder
 Psychiatric disorder
 Environmental influence
 Other influences
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DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI

7. Educational Classification
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
Educable
Trainable
Custodial
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8. Psychological Classification(IQ basis)
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
S.NO TYPES IQ RANGE
1 Mild 50-70
2 Moderate 35-50
3 Severe 20-35
4 Profound Less than 20
IQ Calculation (Interlligent Quotient)
IQ = Mental Age (MA)/ Chronological
Age (CA) × 100
For example: If 8 year old child has 4
year of mental age , it would be
considered as 4 years of mental age.
Calculate as follow: IQ =4/8 × 100=50
(Mental age is calculated by
psychiatrist and chronological age is
the actual age from birth)
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9. Mild Mental Retardation
A person with mild MR will demonstrate the following characteristics: Will
have anIQ between50-70
 Such a person doesnot appear
(physically) disabledin anyway
 Takesa slightlylonger time in
performing all tasks
 Starts to speakand communicate
later than an average child
 Is capable of independently taking
care of oneself
 Is capableof acquiringpractical
abilities
 Hasa limited knowledge of reading
or writing
 Canacquire mathematicalskills only
up to class6
 Canhandle socialinteractionswell
 Is able to communicate, and adapts
socially
 Is capable of functioning in society
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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10. Moderate Mental Retardation
May or may not have any unusual physical indications
Is prominently picking up aspects like talking, reading, and writing
Is able to comprehend simple communicative skills
Is able to grasp simple health, self-care, and safety skills
Is able to carry out simple activities and work under supervision
Is able to travel to familiar places without anyone accompanying
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
Will have an IQ
between 35-49
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11. Severe Mental Retardation
Motor
capabilities
are
prominently
impaired is
considerably
delayed in
starting simple
physical
activities like
walking
Has slight or
completely no
communicative
skills, but does
not lack
complete
ability to
comprehend
speech
Is able to
exhibit
limited
responses
Can be
taught daily
with
repetitive
activities
May be
trained to
manage
simple self-
care
activities
Needs
control and
instructions
in social
settings
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
Will have an IQ between 20-34
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12. Profound Mental Retardation
Is ominously sluggish and delayed in all facets
Congenital abnormalities are overtly evident
Needs close supervision
Cannot function without an attendant
May show positive response to bodily and social activities, if made to undergo
regular practice
Is not able to perform self-care activities
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
Will have an IQ lesserthan
20
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13. Causes of MR
Environmental
factors
Genetic and
Chromosomal
factors
Causes of
MR
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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14. Genetic and Chromosomal Factors
Genetic disorders
are those that are
inherited from
parents
Fragile ‘X’
syndrome:
damaged , mild
facial deformities ,
enlarged ears and
forehead.
Phenylketonuria
(PKU): metabolic
disorder caused due
to defective genes.
Down Syndrome:
chromosomal
abnormality
occurring due to
problems in cell
division.
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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15. Environmental Factors
i) Factors during Pregnancy
• Illness or Infection during Pregnancy
• Self medication without Doctor’s Advice
• Attempted Abortion
• Threatened Abortion
• Poor Nutrition
• Alcohol/Smoking
• Radiation
• Rh Incompatibility
• Multiple Pregnancy(More than two babies at one
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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16. Environmental Factors
ii) Factors
during Birth
Premature
Delivery
Difficult
/Delayed
Labor & other
Birth
Complications
Delayed Birth
Poor Medical
Attention
during Delivery
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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17. Environmental Factors
Abnormal
color of the
child
(Blue/Yellow)
Low Birth
Weight
Fits
Very high
Fever,
Infection or
Brain Fever
Accidents
Unknown
causes
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
ii) Factors After Birth
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18. CHIEF CAUSES OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Genetic
causes
Toxins
Low
birth
weight
Child
abuse
and
neglect
Discriminatio
n and bias
Childhood
illnesses and
injuries
Environmental
factors
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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19. PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
FOR PREGNANT WOMEN FOR CHILDREN FOR SOCIETY
Obtain early prenatal medical
care
Guarantee universal infant
screening
Eliminate the risk of child
poverty
Seek genetic counselling Ensure proper nutrition Make early intervention
programme
Maintain good health Place house hold chemicals out
of reach
Provide parent education and
support
Avoid alcohol, drugs and tobacco Use automatic safety belts,
helmets, safety seats
Protect children from abuse and
neglect
Obtain good nutrition Provide immunizations Remove environmental toxins
Prevent premature births Prevent or treat infections Provide family planning service
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20. PREVENTION OF MENTAL RETARDATION
FOR PREGNANT WOMEN FOR CHILDREN FOR SOCIETY
Take precautions against injuries
and accidents
Have quick and easy access to
health care
Provide prevention technique to
public and basic first aid
Prevent or immediately treat
infections
Prevent lead poisoning Have universal access to health
care
Avoid sexually transmitted
diseases
Guarantee proper medical care
for all children
Vaccinate all children
Provide early intervention
programme to all children
Eliminate child abuse and neglect
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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21. Provisions and Educational Facilities
for Persons Suffering from MR
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
• The MontessoriMethod
• The Project Method–John Dewey(Activity)
• Play Way Method– Henry Caldwell Cook
• Behavioural Approach(cooperative learning, peer
tutoring, computer aided learning (CAL), multi-sensory
teaching and clinical- diagnostic teaching.)
• Procedure of Individualised Programme Plan
(IPP)(setting goals and objectives)
• Behavioural Technology(MDPS, NIMH assessment
schedule)
• Assessment/Evaluation of Learning
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22. Teaching-Learning Materials (TLM) for
Persons with MR
• While preparing the teaching-learning materials for mentally retarded
learners,followingpointsmustbekeptin mindthat:
 The teaching-learning materials being put into use should
be easily accessible, made from locally available
material, cost- effective, eye-catching and vibrant.
 The teacher should be well versed with the process of
concept development, e.g., the concept of colour is
taught in the stages of matching, identification and
naming. Similarly, the concept of counting meaningfully
cannot be taught without teaching one-to- one
correspondence.
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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23. Teaching-Learning Materials (TLM) for
Persons with MR
 Concept teaching should be
transformed into a series of joyful
games, e.g., Ludo, Bingo, Treasure
Hunt, etc.
 Much repetition with variations is
required.
 Different ways to use the same teaching-
learning material in the form of
activities and games must be thought of.
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
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24. 4/14/2022 Dr. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 24
References
“Inclusive Education”
• TNTEU – Study Material
• Ram Publications
• Sri Krishna Publications
• Samyukdha Publications
• Google Images