2. 2 Chapter 4 The Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Perspectives
3. 3 Chapter Main Points The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective
4. 4 Behavioral Perspectives Behavioral Perspective: Views behavior as the result of environmental experience Learning: The process whereby behavior changes in response to the environment
5. 5 Background of Behaviorism Pavlov: Conditioned Reflex If a neutral stimulus is paired with a non-neutral stimulus, the organism will eventually respond to the neutral stimulus as it does to the non-neutral stimulus Watson: Began the Foundation of American Behaviorism
6. 6 Background of Behaviorism E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect Responses that lead to “satisfying” consequences are more likely to be repeated than responses that lead to “unsatisfying” consequences B.F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism Everything a person does, says, and feels constitutes behavior and can be subject to experimental analysis
7. 7 Assumptions of Behavioral Psychology The task of psychology is the study of behavior Behavior can and must be both observable and measurable The goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior The real causes of behavior may be found outside rather than inside the organism
9. 9 Basic Mechanisms of Learning Operant Conditioning: The likelihood of a response is increased or decreased by virtue of its consequences Contingency: The association between action and consequences
10. 10 Basic Mechanisms of Learning Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement: The process by which events in the environment increase the probability of the behavior that precede it Primary reinforcers Conditioned reinforcers
11. 11 Basic Mechanisms of Learning Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement response followed by a consequence in the environment Negative reinforcement avoidance or removal of an aversive stimulus Punishment suppression of behavior by introduction of aversive consequences
12. 12 Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning Extinction: The elimination of a response by withdrawing whatever reinforcer was maintaining it Generalization: An organism responds to stimuli that are similar to a previously learned stimulus
13. 13 Other Mechanisms Associated with Learning Discrimination Learning: Learning to distinguish among similar stimuli and to respond only to the appropriate one Shaping: The reinforcement of “successive approximations” of a desired response
14. 14 Behavioral Approach to Therapy Respondent Conditioning and Extinction: Systematic Desensitization Exposure Therapy Operant Conditioning: contingency management
15. 15 Evaluating Behaviorism Criticisms of Behaviorism: Oversimplification Determinism The issue of “control”
16. 16 The Cognitive Perspective Cognitive Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of mental functioning Cognition: The mental processing of stimuli
17. 17 The Cognitive Perspective Cognitive-Behaviorism: Albert Ellis, Ph.D. - irrational belief’s Aaron T. Beck, M.D. - cognitive distortions Cognitive Appraisal: Attributions
18. 18 The Cognitive Perspective Cognitive Variables Affecting Behavior: competence encoding strategies expectancies values plans and goals
19. 19 The Cognitive Perspective Self-reinforcement Information Processing Attention Organizing Structures: schemas beliefs
20. 20 The Cognitive Perspective: Approach to Therapy Cognitive Restructuring Self-instructional Training Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Strategies: Hypothesis testing Reattribution training Decatastrophizing
21. 21 The Sociocultural Perspective Sociocultural Perspective: Views abnormal behavior as the product of broad social forces
22. 22 The Sociocultural Perspective Mental illness and social ills Mental illness and labeling Class, race, and diagnosis Prevention as a social issue Primary prevention Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention
23. 23 Recapping the Main Points The Behavioral Perspective The Cognitive Perspective The Sociocultural Perspective
24. 24 End of Chapter 4 The Behavioral, Cognitive and Sociocultural Perspectives
