PSY285 Chapter 12
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This PowerPoint presentation summarizes the key points from Chapter 12 on the nature of substance dependence and abuse. The chapter discusses substance dependence and substance abuse, including dependence on alcohol and nicotine as well as other psychoactive drugs. It also examines various theoretical perspectives on and therapeutic approaches to treating substance dependence.
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Fear is defined as an excessive or unreasonable response to a specific object or situation that almost always provokes anxiety or panic. Phobias are learned through psychoanalytic, learning, and cognitive theories. Phobias are classified including agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobias of animals, natural environments, medical procedures, and situations. Diagnosis is based on history and symptoms of anxiety when exposed. Treatment includes antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and psychotherapies like behavior therapy and cognitive therapy.
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1. Anxiety disorders are abnormal states characterized by mental and physical symptoms of anxiety that are not caused by organic disease or other psychiatric disorders.
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1) Phobias are irrational fears that cause avoidance of feared situations/objects and distress, even though the fear is excessive. They are divided into specific phobias (of objects/situations like heights or animals) and social phobia.
2) Causes may include behavioral conditioning, genetic factors, and neurochemical changes. Specific phobias are often learned through pairing, modeling, or information transfer.
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This document provides information about phobias. It defines phobias and describes their epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic criteria according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV, and treatment options including psychotherapy, behavior therapy, pharmacotherapy, and nursing management. The key points are:
Phobias are irrational fears caused by classical conditioning or genetic factors. They involve disproportionate fear and avoidance of specific stimuli. Social phobia is the most common phobia. Treatment involves exposure therapy, skills training, medication, and helping patients cope with fears and social isolation. Nurses assess phobias and support patients by teaching coping strategies and gradually exposing them to feared stimuli.
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This document discusses different types of phobias, including agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. It describes the characteristics of each type of phobia and provides examples. Specific phobias are further broken down into subtypes like situational phobias, blood-injection-injury phobias, natural environment phobias, and animal phobias. The document also discusses the onset, prevalence, and potential causes of phobias from psychoanalytic, behavioral, and biological perspectives. Methods of diagnosis and treatment of phobias including psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and pharmacology are outlined.
Phobia.
A phobia is an unrelenting fear that causes one to avoid certain situations, activities or things. Phobias affect over 6 million Americans and are twice as common in women than men. There are several types of phobias including social phobias around embarrassment in social situations, agoraphobia which is a fear of situations that are difficult to escape from, and claustrophobia which is a fear of closed spaces. Other common phobias include fears of clowns, animals, heights, flying, medical procedures involving blood or injections, school, and the number 13.
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Dwight finds an anxiety pill at work and becomes concerned about the "madman in their midst." He displays common misconceptions about mental illness, assuming the person is crazy and dangerous. Dwight also exhibits symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, such as constant worry without provocation. Nelly explains to Dwight that having a mental illness and seeking treatment is normal and can help alleviate anxiety through medication. The clip connects to psychological theory by portraying both the misrepresentation of mental illness and the reality of anxiety disorders.
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Phobias are classified into four main types: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, and situational. While fears can stem from genuine threats, phobias involve excessive, unreasonable, and paralyzing fears of objects or situations that are generally harmless. Symptoms of phobias include dread, panic, terror, difficulty breathing, and increased heart rate. The three main types of phobias are specific phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Treatment involves consulting a physician, seeing a mental health professional, and undergoing long-term therapy.
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A phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational and intense fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. Phobias are usually the result of early unpleasant experiences and may arise from unconsciously displacing a conflict onto a symbolically related object. There are several main types of phobias including agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobias. Phobias can be caused by learning experiences, cognitive distortions, and traumatic life events. Signs of a phobia include withdrawal, high anxiety, inability to function, and avoidance behaviors. Nursing diagnoses for phobias include anxiety, impaired coping, communication issues, and low self-esteem. A common treatment is systematic desensitization, which
Anxiety disorder
The document discusses Faith, a 7-year-old girl diagnosed with anxiety disorder who struggles with self-regulation. It provides information on the causes, signs, and types of anxiety disorders in children. It also offers strategies for parents, educators, and mental health professionals to help meet the needs of children with anxiety disorders.
Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder where sufferers fear having panic attacks in any place like work or while eating out, not just crowded situations as commonly believed. Symptoms include fear of crowds, public transport, restriction to home or neighborhood, social isolation, inability to leave home alone, and panic attacks. Potential causes include asthma, divorce, personality disorders, and performance anxiety or shyness. Treatment options are psychotherapy like behavioral therapy and real-life exposure, medications, and cognitive therapy.
Psych101ONLINE
This document summarizes social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder. It describes the key characteristics of social phobia as a fear of public humiliation or embarrassment that causes people to avoid social situations. Common symptoms include self-consciousness, anxiety around others, blushing, sweating or trembling in social settings. The document outlines cognitive behavioral therapy and medication as common treatment options and notes that social phobia can develop in youth and last a lifetime if not treated.
Specific phobia
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Comorbidity
Assessment
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This document discusses the nature and causes of fear. It defines fear as an emotional and physiological response to perceived threats or dangers. The document explores the types of fears people experience, including innate fears hardwired at birth and acquired fears developed through life experiences. Common fears like public speaking, heights, insects, and financial problems are examined. The document also looks at gender differences in fears and provides tips for overcoming fears and phobias.
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This document discusses various anxiety disorders including their features, epidemiology, causes, prevention, assessment, and treatment. It provides information on prevalence rates for different anxiety disorders. It also outlines some of the brain regions and neurochemicals involved in anxiety disorders. The document describes biological and environmental factors that can contribute to anxiety disorders. It lists pharmacological and psychotherapy treatment options.
Trauma
This document discusses trauma and its impact on recovery. It defines trauma as an unexpected threat to one's well-being that elicits feelings of helplessness, terror, and isolation. Potential traumatic events include abuse, violence, loss, medical issues, poverty, racism, and family substance use. The brain responds to trauma through fight, flight or freeze responses. Trauma gets stored in "capsules" and can resurface when triggered. Signs of trauma include flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, numbness, and substance abuse. The principles of trauma-informed care emphasize safety, trustworthiness, peer support, collaboration, empowerment, and addressing cultural factors.
Common Psychological Phobias
Affecting over ten percent of Americans, mostly women, phobias are the single most common mental disorder.
Defence mechanisms
This document discusses defense mechanisms, which are unconscious psychological mechanisms that help reduce anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or impulses. It defines defense mechanisms and provides examples of common ones such as rationalization, regression, sublimation, withdrawal, displacement, denial, fantasy, compensation, repression, reaction formation, projection, and intellectualization. The document emphasizes that defense mechanisms can be adaptive in moderating anxiety but using them excessively can become maladaptive. It also notes the importance of nurses understanding patients' defense mechanisms and helping discourage maladaptive ones in favor of adaptive coping strategies.
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- 1. 1 A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D. John H. Riskind, Ph.D. Margaret B. Manos Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D. McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2005. This McGraw-Hill multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission over any network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
- 2. 2 Chapter 12 The Nature of Substance Dependence and Abuse
- 3. 3 Chapter Main Points Substance Dependence Substance Abuse Alcohol Dependence Nicotine Dependence Other Psychoactive Drugs Substance Dependence: Theory and Therapy
- 4. 4 Nature of Substance Dependence and Abuse Substance Dependence: Preoccupation with the drug Unintentional overuse Tolerance Withdrawal
- 5. 5 Nature of Substance Dependence and Abuse Substance Dependence: Persistent desire or efforts to control drug use The abandonment of important social, occupational, or recreational activities for the sake of drug use Continued drug use despite serious drug-related problems
- 6. 6 Nature of Substance Dependence and Abuse Substance Abuse: Recurrent, drug-related failure to fulfill major role obligations Recurrent drug use in physically dangerous situations Drug-related legal problems Continued drug use despite social or interpersonal problems
- 8. 8 Alcohol Dependence The Personal Cost of Alcohol Problems: Immediate effects of alcohol Long-term effects of alcohol abuse
- 9. 9 Alcohol Dependence Groups at Risk for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: Gender Race, ethnicity, and religion Age
- 10. 10 Treatment of Alcohol Dependence Medical Detoxification: Getting alcohol out of the person’s system and seeing him or her through the withdrawal symptoms
- 11. 11 Treatment of Alcohol Dependence Multimodal treatments Support groups: Alcoholics Anonymous Outpatient and brief treatments Motivational interviewing Relapse prevention Matching
- 13. 13 Nicotine Dependence The Antismoking Movement Legal Remedies Learning or Addiction? Treatment
- 14. 14 Other Psychoactive Drugs
- 15. 15 Other Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: Opiates and Opioids: Induce relaxation and reverie Provide relief from anxiety and pain Opium, Morphine, Heroin, Methadone
- 16. 16 Other Psychoactive Drugs Depressants: Barbiturates: Powerful sedative drugs Alleviate tension and bring about relaxation and sleep Tranquilizers and Nonbarbiturate Sedatives: Used in treatment of anxiety disorders and stress-related physical disorders
- 17. 17 Other Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants: Amphetamines: A group of synthetic stimulants which reduce feelings of boredom or weariness Users find themselves alert, confident, full of energy, and generally ready to take on the world
- 18. 18 Cocaine
- 19. 19 Other Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens: LSD: Interfere with the processing of information in the nervous system, causing hallucinations PCP: Cheap, easily available, and often mixed with other substances Behavioral toxicity
- 20. 20 Other Psychoactive Drugs Marijuana and Hashish: Similar, but milder, effects as other hallucinogens Is Marijuana Dangerous? Marijuana as a Medical Treatment
- 21. 21 Substance Dependence: Theory and Therapy The Psychodynamic Perspective: Drugs and conflict Acquiring self-care The Behavioral Perspective: Psychological and biochemical rewards Learning not to abuse drugs
- 22. 22 Substance Dependence: Theory and Therapy The Family Systems Perspective: Behavioral couple therapy Family therapy The Cognitive Perspective: Thinking about drugs Cognitive-behavior therapy
- 23. 23 Substance Dependence: Theory and Therapy The Neuroscience Perspective: Genetic studies Biochemical studies Endorphins Dopamine Drug treatment for drug dependence
- 24. 24 Substance Dependence: Theory and Therapy The Sociocultural Perspective: Drugs and poverty Harm reduction
- 25. 25 Recapping the Main Points Substance Dependence Substance Abuse Alcohol Dependence Nicotine Dependence Other Psychoactive Drugs Substance Dependence: Theory and Therapy
- 26. 26 End of Chapter 12 The Nature of Substance Dependence and Abuse