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Chapter 9

Social
Cognitive
Theory
Overview
• Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and How They
Affect Learning
• Helping Students Become Self-Regulated
Learners
• What Research Says About Social Cognitive
Theory
• Using Technology to Promote Self-Regulated
Learning

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|2
Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and How
They Affect Learning
• Social cognitive theory assumes:

 People are the main cause of their own
behavior (personal agency)
 Personal agency due to self-regulation
and self-efficacy

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|3
Self-Regulation
• Self-Regulation
 Altering behavior in consistent and
appropriate ways to various task
demands without being directed to do
so
– When applied to classroom learning,
it means using the right set of
learning techniques for a particular
task

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|4
The Role of Self-Efficacy in SelfRegulation
• The Role of Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulation
 Self-efficacy beliefs affect many aspects of selfregulation
–
–
–
–

Optimistic or pessimistic thoughts
Approach or avoid tasks
High or low motivation
Persevere for long or short periods when tasks are
difficult
– Use of more effective or less effective learning skills
– Motivated or demoralized by failure
 Students with high self-efficacy more likely to use selfregulating learning skills than students low in self-efficacy

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|5
The Role of Self-Efficacy in SelfRegulation Cont.
• The Role of Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulation
 Factors That Affect Self-Efficacy
– Performance Accomplishments
– Verbal Persuasion
– Emotional Arousal
– Vicarious Experience

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|6
The Role of Self-Efficacy in SelfRegulation Part 3
• The Role of Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulation
 Types of Behaviors Affected by Self-Efficacy
– Selection Processes
– Cognitive Processes
– Motivational Processes
– Affective Processes

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|7
The Components of a Self-Regulatory
System
• The Components of a Self-Regulatory System
 Forethought Phase
– Planning
 set goals
 formulate a strategy to achieve those goals
– Self-motivational beliefs
 self-efficacy beliefs
 outcome expectations
 intrinsic interest
 goal orientation
 epistemological beliefs

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|8
The Components of a Self-Regulatory
System – Performance Phase
• The Components of a Self-Regulatory System
 Performance Phase
– Self-control
 focus on task, ignore distractions
 think about the steps involved in
completing a task
– Self-observation (self-monitoring)
 track performance
 try different approaches to learning
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9|9
The Components of a Self-Regulatory
System – Self Reflection Phase
• The Components of a Self-Regulatory System
 Self-Reflection Phase
– Was the result acceptable?
 evaluate performance in one of four ways:
mastery of teacher’s objectives, comparison with
past performance, comparison with classmates,
contribution to group effort
 attribute outcomes to effort, ability, task difficulty,
luck
– Decide whether and how to improve
 See Online Video Case “Performance Assessment: Student
Presentations in a High School English Class”
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 10
Helping Students Become
Self-Regulated Learners
• How Well Prepared Are Students to Be SelfRegulated Learners?
 Many, perhaps most, do not self-regulate
systematically or consistently
 Rote rehearsal, simple organizational
schemes, and various cueing devices
account for tactics most use
 Most students will require several years of
systematic instruction to become proficient
self-regulated learners
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 11
The Nature of Learning Tactics and
Strategies
• The Nature of Learning Tactics and Strategies
 Learning Strategy
– A general plan that a learner formulates for
achieving a somewhat distant academic
goal
 Learning Tactic
– A specific technique that a learner uses to
accomplish an immediate learning objective

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 12
Helping Students Become
Self-Regulated Learners – Types of Tactics
• Types of Tactics
 Memory-Directed Tactics
– Techniques that help produce accurate
storage and retrieval of information
 Comprehension-Directed Tactics
– Techniques that aid in understanding the
meaning of ideas and their interrelationships

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 13
Helping Students Become
Self-Regulated Learners – Memory-Directed
Tactics
• Memory-Directed Tactics
 Rehearsal
– Rote rehearsal
– Cumulative rehearsal
 Mnemonic Devices
– Rhyme
– Acronym
– Acrostic
– Method of Loci
– Keyword
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 14
Why Mnemonic Devices are
Effective
• Why Mnemonic Devices are Effective
 They make information easier to
encode and retrieve because they. . .
– provide a context in which items can be
organized
– allow familiar and more meaningful items
to be associated with new items
– provide retrieval cues
– force the learner to be an active participant
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 15
Why You Should Teach Students
How to Use Mnemonic Devices
• Why You Should Teach Students How to Use
Mnemonic Devices
 They reduce the amount of time spent looking
up facts
 Effective problem solving requires ready
access to an organized and meaningful
knowledge base
 Students learn that the ability to store and
recall large amounts of information is an
acquired capability that anyone can acquire
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 16
Comprehension-Directed Tactics
• Comprehension-Directed Tactics
 Self-Questioning and Peer-Questioning
– Question stems help students ask appropriate
questions about ideas and their
interrelationships.
 Concept Mapping
– A technique for identifying, visually
organizing, and representing the relationships
among a set of ideas

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 17
Self-Questioning Stems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

What is a new example of …?
How would you use … to …?
What would happen if …?
What are the strengths and
weaknesses of …?
What do we already know
about …?
How does … tie in with what
we learned before?
Explain why…
Explain how…
How does … affect …?

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

• What is the meaning of …?
• Why is … important?
• What is the difference between
… and …?
• How are … and … similar?
• What is the best …, and why?
• What are some possible
solutions to the problem of …?
• Compare … and … with regard
to …?
• How does … cause …?
• What do you think causes…?

9 | 18
Conclusions Regarding Learning
Tactics
• Conclusions Regarding Learning Tactics
 Students will not learn about tactics and
become skilled at using them on their own--they need to be systematically taught.
 Tactics should not be taught in isolation, but
as part of a broad learning strategy.

 See Online Video Case “Metacognition: Helping Students
Become Strategic Learners”

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 19
Supporting Students’ Strategy Use
• Supporting Students’ Strategy Use
 Remind students to formulate new strategies
whenever the task situation changes (for example,
type of information, teaching method, exams, and
motivation level)
 Give students feedback about the nature of the
strategies they create and how well they work
 Tell students that they are capable of becoming selfregulated learners
 Give students all the task information they need to
become strategic learners

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 20
What Research Says About
Social Cognitive Theory
• Most results are positive and consistent with what the theory
predicts. For example . . .
 Self-efficacy, epistemological beliefs, and self-regulation are
positively related to each other and to higher levels of achievement
 Letting students watch classmates solve math problems, produces
higher scores on a test of similar problems and higher levels of selfefficacy for math problem solving than letting students watch an
adult or follow written instructions
 Learning about and watching a classmate use a self-regulating
strategy for writing leads to higher quality essays than normal
writing instruction
 A reciprocal teaching strategy produces better reading
comprehension than standard reading instruction
 See Online Video Case “Modeling: Social Cognitive Theory in a High School
Chemistry Lesson”
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 21
Using Technology to Promote
Self-Regulated Learning
• Modeling
 Characters in a computerized simulation can serve as
effective problem solving models

• Providing Cognitive and Metacognitive Feedback
 Computer programs can help students improve their
summarizing and problem solving skills by providing
opportunities for practice and feedback

• Providing Scaffolded Instruction
 Computer programs can provide students with the
supports they need to acquire and refine new skills

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

9 | 22

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PSY 263 401 Chapter 9 SLIDES

  • 2. Overview • Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and How They Affect Learning • Helping Students Become Self-Regulated Learners • What Research Says About Social Cognitive Theory • Using Technology to Promote Self-Regulated Learning © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|2
  • 3. Self-Regulation, Self-Efficacy, and How They Affect Learning • Social cognitive theory assumes:  People are the main cause of their own behavior (personal agency)  Personal agency due to self-regulation and self-efficacy © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|3
  • 4. Self-Regulation • Self-Regulation  Altering behavior in consistent and appropriate ways to various task demands without being directed to do so – When applied to classroom learning, it means using the right set of learning techniques for a particular task © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|4
  • 5. The Role of Self-Efficacy in SelfRegulation • The Role of Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulation  Self-efficacy beliefs affect many aspects of selfregulation – – – – Optimistic or pessimistic thoughts Approach or avoid tasks High or low motivation Persevere for long or short periods when tasks are difficult – Use of more effective or less effective learning skills – Motivated or demoralized by failure  Students with high self-efficacy more likely to use selfregulating learning skills than students low in self-efficacy © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|5
  • 6. The Role of Self-Efficacy in SelfRegulation Cont. • The Role of Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulation  Factors That Affect Self-Efficacy – Performance Accomplishments – Verbal Persuasion – Emotional Arousal – Vicarious Experience © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|6
  • 7. The Role of Self-Efficacy in SelfRegulation Part 3 • The Role of Self-Efficacy in Self-Regulation  Types of Behaviors Affected by Self-Efficacy – Selection Processes – Cognitive Processes – Motivational Processes – Affective Processes © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|7
  • 8. The Components of a Self-Regulatory System • The Components of a Self-Regulatory System  Forethought Phase – Planning  set goals  formulate a strategy to achieve those goals – Self-motivational beliefs  self-efficacy beliefs  outcome expectations  intrinsic interest  goal orientation  epistemological beliefs © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|8
  • 9. The Components of a Self-Regulatory System – Performance Phase • The Components of a Self-Regulatory System  Performance Phase – Self-control  focus on task, ignore distractions  think about the steps involved in completing a task – Self-observation (self-monitoring)  track performance  try different approaches to learning © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9|9
  • 10. The Components of a Self-Regulatory System – Self Reflection Phase • The Components of a Self-Regulatory System  Self-Reflection Phase – Was the result acceptable?  evaluate performance in one of four ways: mastery of teacher’s objectives, comparison with past performance, comparison with classmates, contribution to group effort  attribute outcomes to effort, ability, task difficulty, luck – Decide whether and how to improve  See Online Video Case “Performance Assessment: Student Presentations in a High School English Class” © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 10
  • 11. Helping Students Become Self-Regulated Learners • How Well Prepared Are Students to Be SelfRegulated Learners?  Many, perhaps most, do not self-regulate systematically or consistently  Rote rehearsal, simple organizational schemes, and various cueing devices account for tactics most use  Most students will require several years of systematic instruction to become proficient self-regulated learners © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 11
  • 12. The Nature of Learning Tactics and Strategies • The Nature of Learning Tactics and Strategies  Learning Strategy – A general plan that a learner formulates for achieving a somewhat distant academic goal  Learning Tactic – A specific technique that a learner uses to accomplish an immediate learning objective © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 12
  • 13. Helping Students Become Self-Regulated Learners – Types of Tactics • Types of Tactics  Memory-Directed Tactics – Techniques that help produce accurate storage and retrieval of information  Comprehension-Directed Tactics – Techniques that aid in understanding the meaning of ideas and their interrelationships © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 13
  • 14. Helping Students Become Self-Regulated Learners – Memory-Directed Tactics • Memory-Directed Tactics  Rehearsal – Rote rehearsal – Cumulative rehearsal  Mnemonic Devices – Rhyme – Acronym – Acrostic – Method of Loci – Keyword © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 14
  • 15. Why Mnemonic Devices are Effective • Why Mnemonic Devices are Effective  They make information easier to encode and retrieve because they. . . – provide a context in which items can be organized – allow familiar and more meaningful items to be associated with new items – provide retrieval cues – force the learner to be an active participant © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 15
  • 16. Why You Should Teach Students How to Use Mnemonic Devices • Why You Should Teach Students How to Use Mnemonic Devices  They reduce the amount of time spent looking up facts  Effective problem solving requires ready access to an organized and meaningful knowledge base  Students learn that the ability to store and recall large amounts of information is an acquired capability that anyone can acquire © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 16
  • 17. Comprehension-Directed Tactics • Comprehension-Directed Tactics  Self-Questioning and Peer-Questioning – Question stems help students ask appropriate questions about ideas and their interrelationships.  Concept Mapping – A technique for identifying, visually organizing, and representing the relationships among a set of ideas © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 17
  • 18. Self-Questioning Stems • • • • • • • • • What is a new example of …? How would you use … to …? What would happen if …? What are the strengths and weaknesses of …? What do we already know about …? How does … tie in with what we learned before? Explain why… Explain how… How does … affect …? © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. • What is the meaning of …? • Why is … important? • What is the difference between … and …? • How are … and … similar? • What is the best …, and why? • What are some possible solutions to the problem of …? • Compare … and … with regard to …? • How does … cause …? • What do you think causes…? 9 | 18
  • 19. Conclusions Regarding Learning Tactics • Conclusions Regarding Learning Tactics  Students will not learn about tactics and become skilled at using them on their own--they need to be systematically taught.  Tactics should not be taught in isolation, but as part of a broad learning strategy.  See Online Video Case “Metacognition: Helping Students Become Strategic Learners” © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 19
  • 20. Supporting Students’ Strategy Use • Supporting Students’ Strategy Use  Remind students to formulate new strategies whenever the task situation changes (for example, type of information, teaching method, exams, and motivation level)  Give students feedback about the nature of the strategies they create and how well they work  Tell students that they are capable of becoming selfregulated learners  Give students all the task information they need to become strategic learners © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 20
  • 21. What Research Says About Social Cognitive Theory • Most results are positive and consistent with what the theory predicts. For example . . .  Self-efficacy, epistemological beliefs, and self-regulation are positively related to each other and to higher levels of achievement  Letting students watch classmates solve math problems, produces higher scores on a test of similar problems and higher levels of selfefficacy for math problem solving than letting students watch an adult or follow written instructions  Learning about and watching a classmate use a self-regulating strategy for writing leads to higher quality essays than normal writing instruction  A reciprocal teaching strategy produces better reading comprehension than standard reading instruction  See Online Video Case “Modeling: Social Cognitive Theory in a High School Chemistry Lesson” © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 21
  • 22. Using Technology to Promote Self-Regulated Learning • Modeling  Characters in a computerized simulation can serve as effective problem solving models • Providing Cognitive and Metacognitive Feedback  Computer programs can help students improve their summarizing and problem solving skills by providing opportunities for practice and feedback • Providing Scaffolded Instruction  Computer programs can provide students with the supports they need to acquire and refine new skills © 2013 Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 9 | 22