This chapter discusses psychological disorders. It begins by conceptualizing abnormality and how it has been defined, including statistical deviance, cultural norms, distress and dysfunction. It then discusses the medical model and problems with diagnostic labeling. The chapter outlines the DSM classification system and describes several common disorders like anxiety, mood, dissociative, somatoform, and personality disorders. It concludes by examining biological, genetic, cognitive and environmental factors that may contribute to psychological disorders.
The document discusses psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder, providing details about traits such as lack of empathy, prolific lying, early signs of violence, and inability to maintain relationships. It examines subtypes like distempered and charismatic psychopaths and possible genetic and environmental causes. Statistics are presented about prevalence in the US population and prison systems. Therapies aimed at easing tension and setting short-term goals are discussed, as are limited medication options to decrease impulsivity.
Impact of culture on mental illness/ Transcultural Psychiatry Dr. Amit Chougule
This document discusses the impact of culture on mental illness and psychiatry. It begins by defining culture and the components of culture. It then discusses how culture shapes psychopathology in various ways such as pathogenic, pathoplastic, and pathofacilitative effects. Culture also impacts psychodynamics through variables like dependency versus autonomy, linguistic competence, cognitive styles, and social support systems. Overall, the document examines how culture influences the expression and experience of mental illness as well as psychiatric diagnosis and treatment across different cultures.
The document discusses psychopathy, defining it as a personality disorder characterized by lack of empathy and amoral behavior. It notes that psychopaths make up about 2% of the population but only 10,000 have been detected by justice systems, leaving an estimated 990,000 undetected psychopaths living among normal people. These "integrated psychopaths" could be parents, bosses, spouses or politicians and are hard to identify because they appear outwardly normal but are internally amoral and lack empathy or remorse. The document suggests psychopaths are well-suited to succeed in organizations and businesses through manipulation and deception.
This document discusses psychological disorders and abnormal behavior. It defines abnormal behavior as patterns of emotion, thought, and action that are considered pathological due to statistical rarity, interference with normal functioning, personal distress, or deviance from social norms. Four models of psychological disorders are described: the medical model, which views abnormal behavior as illnesses; the psychodynamic model, which involves unconscious conflicts; the behavioral model, which involves conditioning and modeling; and the cognitive model, which involves how our thoughts influence behavior. Diagnosis and classification of disorders is also discussed.
This document outlines five approaches to understanding behavior: the cognitive approach, which focuses on internal mental processes like memory and perception; the social approach, which examines how people influence each other's behavior; the learning approach, which looks at how behavior is learned through experience and observation; the biological approach, which considers the roles of neurochemistry, genetics, and evolution; and the computer analogy assumption of the cognitive approach, which compares the brain to an information processor.
This document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal behavior and how it has been defined and treated throughout history. It explores statistical, social, and functional definitions of abnormality. Historically, abnormality was viewed through supernatural lenses and treated with exorcisms or torture. Later, Hippocrates and Galen proposed biological causes, like humoral imbalances. In the 19th century, psychiatry emerged treating mental illness as physical conditions, focusing on hospitalization. Treatments have included shock therapies, brain surgery, and modern psychotropic drugs.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and perspectives on defining mental disorder. It discusses defining mental disorder based on statistical deviation, dysfunction, personal discomfort, maladaptive behavior, and norm/value violation. Challenges with each perspective are outlined. The DSM-IV definition emphasizes distress, disability, or increased risk. Cross-cultural issues are also reviewed, depending on whether a biomedical or culturally-based view is taken of what constitutes disorder.
The document discusses psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder, providing details about traits such as lack of empathy, prolific lying, early signs of violence, and inability to maintain relationships. It examines subtypes like distempered and charismatic psychopaths and possible genetic and environmental causes. Statistics are presented about prevalence in the US population and prison systems. Therapies aimed at easing tension and setting short-term goals are discussed, as are limited medication options to decrease impulsivity.
Impact of culture on mental illness/ Transcultural Psychiatry Dr. Amit Chougule
This document discusses the impact of culture on mental illness and psychiatry. It begins by defining culture and the components of culture. It then discusses how culture shapes psychopathology in various ways such as pathogenic, pathoplastic, and pathofacilitative effects. Culture also impacts psychodynamics through variables like dependency versus autonomy, linguistic competence, cognitive styles, and social support systems. Overall, the document examines how culture influences the expression and experience of mental illness as well as psychiatric diagnosis and treatment across different cultures.
The document discusses psychopathy, defining it as a personality disorder characterized by lack of empathy and amoral behavior. It notes that psychopaths make up about 2% of the population but only 10,000 have been detected by justice systems, leaving an estimated 990,000 undetected psychopaths living among normal people. These "integrated psychopaths" could be parents, bosses, spouses or politicians and are hard to identify because they appear outwardly normal but are internally amoral and lack empathy or remorse. The document suggests psychopaths are well-suited to succeed in organizations and businesses through manipulation and deception.
This document discusses psychological disorders and abnormal behavior. It defines abnormal behavior as patterns of emotion, thought, and action that are considered pathological due to statistical rarity, interference with normal functioning, personal distress, or deviance from social norms. Four models of psychological disorders are described: the medical model, which views abnormal behavior as illnesses; the psychodynamic model, which involves unconscious conflicts; the behavioral model, which involves conditioning and modeling; and the cognitive model, which involves how our thoughts influence behavior. Diagnosis and classification of disorders is also discussed.
This document outlines five approaches to understanding behavior: the cognitive approach, which focuses on internal mental processes like memory and perception; the social approach, which examines how people influence each other's behavior; the learning approach, which looks at how behavior is learned through experience and observation; the biological approach, which considers the roles of neurochemistry, genetics, and evolution; and the computer analogy assumption of the cognitive approach, which compares the brain to an information processor.
This document discusses different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal behavior and how it has been defined and treated throughout history. It explores statistical, social, and functional definitions of abnormality. Historically, abnormality was viewed through supernatural lenses and treated with exorcisms or torture. Later, Hippocrates and Galen proposed biological causes, like humoral imbalances. In the 19th century, psychiatry emerged treating mental illness as physical conditions, focusing on hospitalization. Treatments have included shock therapies, brain surgery, and modern psychotropic drugs.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and perspectives on defining mental disorder. It discusses defining mental disorder based on statistical deviation, dysfunction, personal discomfort, maladaptive behavior, and norm/value violation. Challenges with each perspective are outlined. The DSM-IV definition emphasizes distress, disability, or increased risk. Cross-cultural issues are also reviewed, depending on whether a biomedical or culturally-based view is taken of what constitutes disorder.
This chapter explores causal factors and viewpoints in abnormal psychology. It discusses biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors that can influence abnormal behavior. Biologically, factors include genetics, brain chemistry, physical trauma, and deprivation. Psychosocially, early life experiences like trauma, parenting styles, and relationships can impact development. Socioculturally, one's environment and culture can influence which disorders manifest and how they are experienced. An integrated biopsychosocial model acknowledges the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social causal influences.
What is Clinical Psychology by Mostafa EweesMostafa Ewees
Clinical psychology focuses on understanding and treating abnormal behavior and emotional suffering using scientific methods. Clinical psychologists conduct research, provide psychotherapy and assessment, and work in various settings like research, teaching, and administration. Their training emphasizes science, maladjustment, and the individual, and involves graduate coursework, practicum training, and an internship.
The document discusses the biological approach to explaining psychopathology. It states that according to this approach, abnormal behavior reflects an underlying disease process or illness. It lists three main biological causes of psychopathology: 1) an imbalance in neurotransmitters like serotonin or dopamine, 2) abnormal neuroanatomy such as structural abnormalities in the brain, and 3) genetics where mental illnesses can be inherited. The document instructs the reader to read about genetic inheritance and lists questions to answer regarding defining abnormality, linking internet addiction to a psychopathology, and whether internet causes depression.
Health psychology is a field focused on understanding psychological influences on health, illness, and healthcare. It examines health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment through a biopsychosocial approach considering biological, psychological, and social factors. The field has grown in importance due to changing patterns of illness, expanded healthcare services, and recognition of the role of behavioral and social factors in health.
- Chapter 11 discusses anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and trauma-related disorders as categorized in the DSM-5. It covers disorders such as separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia.
- The chapter introduces each disorder and describes their key features and clinical picture based on the DSM-5 criteria. It discusses the historical understandings of anxiety and how modern theories have shifted to cognitive processes.
- Each anxiety disorder section provides details on the typical symptoms, presentations, and experiences of those suffering from disorders like social anxiety, specific phobias of objects or situations, and panic disorders which can involve unpredictable panic attacks.
The document discusses personality disorders, listing antisocial and borderline personality disorder. It provides descriptions of 10 recognized personality disorders grouped into 3 categories: odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful. Antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are then discussed in more detail, covering characteristics, criticisms of antisocial personality disorder diagnosis, and causes of personality disorders including behavioral, biological, and diathesis-stress models.
The document discusses the field of health psychology. It defines health psychology as focusing on how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness. Health psychology examines topics like what makes people sick, why people respond differently to illness, and how coping styles affect disease progression. The field of health psychology includes clinical, community, occupational, and public health psychology. It also examines the mind-body connection and the role of health psychologists in understanding illness, providing professional help and support, and implementing preventive measures and health behavior change.
A personality disorder is characterized by unchanging personality traits that deviate from cultural norms and cause poor functioning. They develop in childhood and become fixed by early adulthood. There are ten personality disorders divided into three clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotional/erratic, and anxious/fearful. Personality disorders are diagnosed using psychological testing and can be confused with Axis I disorders at times. Treatment varies by disorder but often involves long-term psychotherapy and sometimes medication.
This document provides an introduction to clinical psychology. It discusses that clinical psychology is devoted to studying, diagnosing, and treating mental illnesses and psychological disorders. The course will cover foundations of clinical psychology, clinical assessment, clinical interventions, and specialties. It also discusses that approximately 30% of American adults have been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. Clinical psychologists play a key role in treating these mental health problems through assessment, diagnosis, and various psychological treatments.
Clinical psychology evolved through psychologists' involvement in four areas: research, assessment, treatment, and prevention. Psychologists became involved in these areas at different times in the 20th century and for various reasons. Their role in these areas helps understand the field's past and anticipate its future. Likewise, understanding the broader social context is important. Clinical psychologists' research has grown significantly in scope since the early 1900s. Two landmark studies, on the effectiveness of psychotherapy and statistical versus clinical prediction, shaped the field by challenging assumptions and spurring better research.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
William Sheldon studied the relationship between body type and personality. He developed the theory of somatotypes, which classified people as endomorphs, mesomorphs, or ectomorphs based on their body's relative balance of certain tissues developed from the embryo's endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Each somatotype was believed to correlate with certain behavioral, intellectual, and social traits. Sheldon took nude photographs of students to analyze body types, which was controversial. His research attempted to link physique to personality, intelligence, criminality, and mental disorders.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and various psychological disorders. It begins with definitions of abnormal behavior and discusses historical views including supernatural, biological, and psychological theories. Contemporary views see abnormal behavior as having biological, psychological, and social causes. The document outlines the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and discusses various anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, dissociative disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, and more. It provides details on symptoms, causes, and characteristics for each.
DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
It is the handbook used by health care professionals as an authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
Core slides from my presentation about the new DSM diagnostic system. The full presentation has more zing but I removed some to streamline and to whet the appetite.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by apprehension, fear and repetitive behaviors that provide temporary relief from obsessions. It is the fourth most common mental disorder and is caused by brain dysfunction involving the hormone serotonin and trouble turning off impulses from the Orbitofrontal Cortex. The most common types of OCD are checking, hoarding, ordering and contamination/washing. Treatment involves both medication to suppress serotonin levels and behavioral therapy. Famous people who have been diagnosed with OCD include Charles Darwin, Leonardo DiCaprio and Donald Trump.
This document defines and describes several types of psychological disorders, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, substance use disorder, dissociative disorders, and impulse control disorder. It discusses characteristics, causes, and symptoms of these conditions. Key topics covered include types of anxiety like generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder; bipolar disorder and depressive disorders; criteria for personality disorders; positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia; and characteristics of dissociative amnesia and depersonalization disorders.
This document summarizes key information about schizophrenia. It begins by explaining the original term for the disorder, dementia praecox, and how the current term schizophrenia was coined. It then describes the four main symptoms - blunted affect, loose associations, autism, and ambivalence. The next section provides diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to the DSM-5, including characteristic symptoms, social/occupational dysfunction, duration of signs, and exclusions. The document concludes by outlining demographic factors, potential causes, symptoms, course, and treatment of schizophrenia.
This document provides an overview of various psychological disorders including: anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. It also discusses dissociative disorders, mood disorders like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and antisocial personality disorder. For each disorder, it describes symptoms, causes from various perspectives like biological, social and cognitive factors, and treatments. It emphasizes that psychological disorders are influenced by multiple biological, psychological and social factors interacting together.
The document discusses stress and health, including how stress can impact the body and lead to illness. It covers how stress can affect the heart, immune system, and susceptibility to disease. It also discusses ways to promote health, cope with stress, and modify behaviors like smoking and diet to reduce health risks.
This chapter explores causal factors and viewpoints in abnormal psychology. It discusses biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors that can influence abnormal behavior. Biologically, factors include genetics, brain chemistry, physical trauma, and deprivation. Psychosocially, early life experiences like trauma, parenting styles, and relationships can impact development. Socioculturally, one's environment and culture can influence which disorders manifest and how they are experienced. An integrated biopsychosocial model acknowledges the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social causal influences.
What is Clinical Psychology by Mostafa EweesMostafa Ewees
Clinical psychology focuses on understanding and treating abnormal behavior and emotional suffering using scientific methods. Clinical psychologists conduct research, provide psychotherapy and assessment, and work in various settings like research, teaching, and administration. Their training emphasizes science, maladjustment, and the individual, and involves graduate coursework, practicum training, and an internship.
The document discusses the biological approach to explaining psychopathology. It states that according to this approach, abnormal behavior reflects an underlying disease process or illness. It lists three main biological causes of psychopathology: 1) an imbalance in neurotransmitters like serotonin or dopamine, 2) abnormal neuroanatomy such as structural abnormalities in the brain, and 3) genetics where mental illnesses can be inherited. The document instructs the reader to read about genetic inheritance and lists questions to answer regarding defining abnormality, linking internet addiction to a psychopathology, and whether internet causes depression.
Health psychology is a field focused on understanding psychological influences on health, illness, and healthcare. It examines health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment through a biopsychosocial approach considering biological, psychological, and social factors. The field has grown in importance due to changing patterns of illness, expanded healthcare services, and recognition of the role of behavioral and social factors in health.
- Chapter 11 discusses anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and trauma-related disorders as categorized in the DSM-5. It covers disorders such as separation anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and agoraphobia.
- The chapter introduces each disorder and describes their key features and clinical picture based on the DSM-5 criteria. It discusses the historical understandings of anxiety and how modern theories have shifted to cognitive processes.
- Each anxiety disorder section provides details on the typical symptoms, presentations, and experiences of those suffering from disorders like social anxiety, specific phobias of objects or situations, and panic disorders which can involve unpredictable panic attacks.
The document discusses personality disorders, listing antisocial and borderline personality disorder. It provides descriptions of 10 recognized personality disorders grouped into 3 categories: odd/eccentric, dramatic/erratic, and anxious/fearful. Antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder are then discussed in more detail, covering characteristics, criticisms of antisocial personality disorder diagnosis, and causes of personality disorders including behavioral, biological, and diathesis-stress models.
The document discusses the field of health psychology. It defines health psychology as focusing on how biology, psychology, behavior, and social factors influence health and illness. Health psychology examines topics like what makes people sick, why people respond differently to illness, and how coping styles affect disease progression. The field of health psychology includes clinical, community, occupational, and public health psychology. It also examines the mind-body connection and the role of health psychologists in understanding illness, providing professional help and support, and implementing preventive measures and health behavior change.
A personality disorder is characterized by unchanging personality traits that deviate from cultural norms and cause poor functioning. They develop in childhood and become fixed by early adulthood. There are ten personality disorders divided into three clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotional/erratic, and anxious/fearful. Personality disorders are diagnosed using psychological testing and can be confused with Axis I disorders at times. Treatment varies by disorder but often involves long-term psychotherapy and sometimes medication.
This document provides an introduction to clinical psychology. It discusses that clinical psychology is devoted to studying, diagnosing, and treating mental illnesses and psychological disorders. The course will cover foundations of clinical psychology, clinical assessment, clinical interventions, and specialties. It also discusses that approximately 30% of American adults have been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. Clinical psychologists play a key role in treating these mental health problems through assessment, diagnosis, and various psychological treatments.
Clinical psychology evolved through psychologists' involvement in four areas: research, assessment, treatment, and prevention. Psychologists became involved in these areas at different times in the 20th century and for various reasons. Their role in these areas helps understand the field's past and anticipate its future. Likewise, understanding the broader social context is important. Clinical psychologists' research has grown significantly in scope since the early 1900s. Two landmark studies, on the effectiveness of psychotherapy and statistical versus clinical prediction, shaped the field by challenging assumptions and spurring better research.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
William Sheldon studied the relationship between body type and personality. He developed the theory of somatotypes, which classified people as endomorphs, mesomorphs, or ectomorphs based on their body's relative balance of certain tissues developed from the embryo's endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Each somatotype was believed to correlate with certain behavioral, intellectual, and social traits. Sheldon took nude photographs of students to analyze body types, which was controversial. His research attempted to link physique to personality, intelligence, criminality, and mental disorders.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology and various psychological disorders. It begins with definitions of abnormal behavior and discusses historical views including supernatural, biological, and psychological theories. Contemporary views see abnormal behavior as having biological, psychological, and social causes. The document outlines the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and discusses various anxiety disorders, mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, dissociative disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, personality disorders, and more. It provides details on symptoms, causes, and characteristics for each.
DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
It is the handbook used by health care professionals as an authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
Core slides from my presentation about the new DSM diagnostic system. The full presentation has more zing but I removed some to streamline and to whet the appetite.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by apprehension, fear and repetitive behaviors that provide temporary relief from obsessions. It is the fourth most common mental disorder and is caused by brain dysfunction involving the hormone serotonin and trouble turning off impulses from the Orbitofrontal Cortex. The most common types of OCD are checking, hoarding, ordering and contamination/washing. Treatment involves both medication to suppress serotonin levels and behavioral therapy. Famous people who have been diagnosed with OCD include Charles Darwin, Leonardo DiCaprio and Donald Trump.
This document defines and describes several types of psychological disorders, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, substance use disorder, dissociative disorders, and impulse control disorder. It discusses characteristics, causes, and symptoms of these conditions. Key topics covered include types of anxiety like generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder; bipolar disorder and depressive disorders; criteria for personality disorders; positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia; and characteristics of dissociative amnesia and depersonalization disorders.
This document summarizes key information about schizophrenia. It begins by explaining the original term for the disorder, dementia praecox, and how the current term schizophrenia was coined. It then describes the four main symptoms - blunted affect, loose associations, autism, and ambivalence. The next section provides diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to the DSM-5, including characteristic symptoms, social/occupational dysfunction, duration of signs, and exclusions. The document concludes by outlining demographic factors, potential causes, symptoms, course, and treatment of schizophrenia.
This document provides an overview of various psychological disorders including: anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. It also discusses dissociative disorders, mood disorders like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and antisocial personality disorder. For each disorder, it describes symptoms, causes from various perspectives like biological, social and cognitive factors, and treatments. It emphasizes that psychological disorders are influenced by multiple biological, psychological and social factors interacting together.
The document discusses stress and health, including how stress can impact the body and lead to illness. It covers how stress can affect the heart, immune system, and susceptibility to disease. It also discusses ways to promote health, cope with stress, and modify behaviors like smoking and diet to reduce health risks.
Burton's theory states that psychological horror films portray protagonists coming to terms with the supernatural, depicting a battle between good and evil. The theory is demonstrated in films like The Blair Witch Project where students filming in the woods go missing, The Grudge where an American nurse encounters a deadly spirit in Tokyo, and The Sixth Sense where a child psychologist helps a boy who sees dead people. These films feature protagonists isolated in scary settings like woods or abandoned buildings, creating fear of the unknown and hope that the protagonists can overcome the supernatural threats they face.
Conduct disorder (CD) is a psychological disorder, sometimes also referred to as a behavioural disorder. This disorder is often diagnosed during childhood or adolescence.
The document discusses psychopathy/antisocial personality disorder (ASD), including its classification in the DSM, assessment tools like the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI), potential causes, treatment difficulties, and prevalence in populations like prisons. The PCL-R is the most commonly used assessment, evaluating personality traits and behaviors on a scale to predict risk and rehabilitation chances. Causes may include biological factors like low serotonin levels, physical trauma, and genetics interacting with environment like abuse. Treatment is difficult due to low remorse capacity.
A psychopath is someone who interacts with others as objects to achieve their own goals without regard for others. They lack empathy and remorse. Psychopathy is characterized by behaviors like manipulation, impulsivity, aggression, recklessness, irresponsibility and failure to plan. Most psychopaths experienced abuse or neglect as children from criminal or aggressive parents. Jeffrey Dahmer was a notorious serial killer and psychopath who murdered 17 men and boys between 1978 and 1991, dismembering and sometimes cannibalizing his victims. He was diagnosed with a dangerous personality and sentenced to over 900 years in prison, where he was later beaten to death by another inmate.
This document contains information about the Rhode Island Geography Education Alliance (RIGEA) and its director Seth Dixon. It includes RIGEA's website URL and several URLs linking to maps and apps created by RIGEA on ArcGIS Online to teach geography. It also provides Dixon's Twitter accounts and email for further contact.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the PSY100 course. It summarizes the instructor's background and contact information. It outlines the course learning objectives, structure, assignments including homework, projects, assessments and grading criteria. It discusses the instructor and students' responsibilities and provides next steps for students to review the syllabus, take pre-tests and begin the first week's content.
This document provides an overview of the material covered in Unit 2 of the Psychology 100 course. The unit focuses on the biological basis of behavior, including:
1) The structure and function of neurons, neurotransmitters, and the nervous system.
2) An introduction to psychobiology and neuroscience and their focus on the biological underpinnings of behavior and mental processes.
3) An overview of the central nervous system including the brain structures like the hindbrain, midbrain, cerebral cortex, and limbic system.
4) A discussion of tools used to study the brain such as imaging techniques.
The document discusses the culture and geography of Mexico. It covers topics such as Mexico's Catholic and soccer traditions, as well as the Day of the Dead. It also discusses Mexico City as the primate city with over 20 million people, facing issues of pollution and limited capacity due to its high altitude basin location. Additionally, it summarizes Mexico's role in the regional context of North America and Latin America, and border issues with the United States such as maquiladoras, narcotics, and migration patterns.
This document discusses the key topics in motivation and emotion covered in Chapter 8, including several enduring issues and questions. It addresses whether motives and emotions are inborn or acquired, if they change over the lifespan, how individuals differ in their motivations and emotions, and how motives and emotions arise from and affect biological processes. Several theories of motivation are summarized, such as drive-reduction theory, arousal theory including the Yerkes-Dodson law, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Key motives like hunger, sex, aggression, achievement, and affiliation are explored. Theories of emotion like the James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory are compared. Gender and cultural differences in emotion are also summarized.
This document discusses how teachers can help students understand the world through a geographic lens. It recommends that teachers provide geographic information, teach geographic concepts, use data, maps and geospatial technology, and ask questions that encourage spatial thinking. Developing geographic literacy allows students to see how the global and local are interconnected and how place still matters despite distance and time. Asking the right questions about images, landscapes and locations can reveal cultural and environmental insights.
AP Human Geography: Unit 1 - Introduction to Geography: Guided NotesDaniel Eiland
These are guided notes to go along with Mr. Eiland's AP Human Geography Unit 1 Powerpoint. You can find the Powerpoint at the following link: http://www.slideshare.net/deilands/ap-human-geography-unit-1
This document discusses the Polish cultural landscape of Chicago's Avondale neighborhood. It describes how Avondale was settled primarily by Polish immigrants in the early 20th century and became known as the "Polish Village" due to its Polish churches, businesses, and cultural institutions. While Polish influence is still evident via landmarks like St. Hyacinth Basilica, the neighborhood is becoming more diverse as younger generations move out and new immigrant groups like Latinos move in, representing the changing nature of Chicago's neighborhoods over time.
NCGE Webinar: Teaching the Geography of FoodSeth Dixon
The document discusses ways to teach the geography of food by exploring various topics such as cultural geography, political geography, environmental issues, and the global food system. It provides examples of lessons and resources that use maps, data, and questions to help students understand complex relationships between places and develop geographic literacy and spatial thinking skills. Some key approaches highlighted are examining how development levels influence food concerns, questioning the industrial food production system, and making the global food network more personal and relatable to students. The overall goal is for students to gain geographic context and insight into interconnected global issues related to food.
Central Penn College PSY100 FL13 Z1
Unit 3 for week 3
Sensation and Perception
Credit is given to authors of PSY100 textbook, Morris & Maisto (2013) as well as additional resources to include Durand & Barlow (2013). Much thanks to the publishers for shared images and slide design.
PLEASE NOTE: Please refer to weekly professor guide for list of videos required in addition to this PPT presentation.
India does not have a primate city. While Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bengaluru are the largest cities, none meet the threshold of being at least twice as large as the second largest city. Historically, colonial cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi grew to be major economic centers, but India's large size, federal system of government, and regional diversity have prevented extreme primacy of one city over others. Regionalism and lack of centralized infrastructure and resources have also contributed to the absence of a single primate city dominating India's urban hierarchy.
Suburbanization in the United States greatly accelerated after World War II due to several factors: (1) the Federal Highway Act of 1956 funded the construction of an extensive interstate highway system, increasing accessibility to suburban areas; (2) large-scale developers mass-produced affordable single-family homes on cheap land in the suburbs; and (3) social trends like the postwar baby boom and preference for the suburban lifestyle drove demand for suburban housing. Transportation infrastructure and housing policies were the primary drivers of suburban growth in this period.
This chapter discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality as psychological traits that differentiate individuals and lead to consistent behaviors. Personality is studied through trait theory and can be conceptualized and measured using factor analysis and various tests. Theories of personality development include psychodynamic, humanistic, and social-cognitive approaches. The influence of both genetic and environmental factors is debated.
Chapter 15 discusses different types of psychotherapy used to treat psychological disorders. Biomedical therapies include drug therapies that treat disorders through neurotransmitters, electroconvulsive therapy that uses electric shocks, and rarely, psychosurgery that alters brain tissue. Psychotherapies treat the mind through psychoanalysis, cognitive therapies that target irrational thoughts, humanistic therapies that help clients gain self-worth, and group/family therapies. Conditioning techniques and applying rewards/punishments can treat disorders by changing the environment. Research finds most therapies effective but some work better than others depending on the problem. Common factors across therapies include support, learning, and taking action.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders, including what constitutes a disorder, different categories of disorders, and approaches to defining and diagnosing disorders. It discusses several specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and drug addiction. For each disorder type, it outlines essential features, causes, examples of specific disorders, and treatment approaches. The goal is to define normal vs. abnormal behavior and thought patterns and classify psychological disorders.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders, including their historical and modern perspectives, classifications in the DSM, and descriptions of specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. It discusses the bio-psycho-social model for understanding disorders and covers topics like genetics, environment, and brain abnormalities in relation to schizophrenia.
This document provides an overview of abnormal psychology, including definitions of normal and abnormal behavior, a review of the historical approaches to understanding abnormality, perspectives from different schools of thought on explaining abnormal behavior, issues with classifying and diagnosing mental disorders, and how society views mental illness. It discusses the medical model used to diagnose, treat and cure mental illness, outlines several major mental disorders in the DSM-IV, and criticisms of the DSM. It also distinguishes between mental illness and insanity in legal terms, and addresses why abnormal psychology is studied and the goals of leading mental health organizations.
This document discusses definitions of psychological abnormality and how it has been viewed throughout history. It notes that while there is no universally accepted definition, most involve the concepts of deviance, distress, dysfunction/disability, and danger. It then examines how abnormality was viewed in ancient times as the work of evil spirits often treated through exorcism or trephination. In Greek and Roman times, many disorders were identified and attributed to imbalances of the four humors, treated by attempts to rebalance them through methods like baths, massage, or bloodletting. The nature of defining and understanding abnormality is described as elusive and subjective, determined by societal consensus.
1. The document discusses key terms and concepts in psychiatry, including common mental disorders, combining forms, abbreviations, tests, treatments, and pharmacological agents.
2. It describes common symptoms of mental illnesses like anxiety, depression, psychosis, and others. It also explains several specific mental disorders like alcohol/substance abuse, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dissociative disorders, and others.
3. Treatments discussed include psychotherapy, behavior therapy, group therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, play therapy, hypnosis, psychoanalysis, and pharmacological treatments using different drug classes.
Depression comes in several forms including major depression, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder. It is a whole-body illness that affects mood, thoughts, and physical symptoms. Common causes include stressful life events, illness, loss, and substance abuse. Treatment involves medication, counseling, diet, exercise, and avoiding drugs/alcohol. Caregivers should understand the illness, support treatment, listen without judgment, and care for themselves. Depression affects about 1 in 10 Americans.
Abnormal Psychology and Psychological Disorders can be summarized as follows:
1. Abnormal psychology involves the study of psychological disorders, which are harmful dysfunctions that result in atypical, disturbing, or inappropriate behavior.
2. Psychological disorders are studied and treated by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals using various theoretical perspectives like psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and biomedical approaches.
3. Major classes of psychological disorders include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, dissociative disorders, somatoform disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. Each involves distressing or disabling symptoms that impair normal functioning.
This document provides an overview of psychological disorders as discussed in Chapter Fourteen of Glenn Meyer's lecture slides. It defines what constitutes a psychological disorder and describes the DSM-IV-TR manual used for diagnosis. Several specific disorders are then discussed in detail, including their symptoms, prevalence, explanations, and impact, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, PTSD, OCD, major depression, bipolar disorder, and eating disorders like anorexia nervosa.
This document provides an overview of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. It discusses Eugene Bleuler's description of schizophrenia symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, and other "accessory symptoms". It also covers Kurt Schneider's description of first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia. The document then defines different psychotic disorders according to DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and delusional disorder. It discusses symptoms of these disorders such as positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and diagnostic requirements. The causes, prevalence, types, diagnosis, and prognosis of schizophrenia are also summarized.
This chapter discusses motivation and emotion. It covers drives and instincts that activate behavior like hunger. It explores theories of motivation like Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It examines the human sexual response cycle and influences on sexual behavior and orientation. It analyzes theories of emotion, like whether there are basic emotions. It looks at the subjective experiences of emotions like anger and happiness. It compares theories of the relationship between physiological arousal and emotional experience, such as the James-Lange theory.
This document provides an overview of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma-related disorders as outlined in the DSM-5. It discusses the clinical picture and categories of these disorders, including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma and stressor-related disorders. For anxiety disorders specifically, it describes separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 on Psychological Disorders from a PowerPoint presentation. It discusses defining and classifying psychological disorders, as well as specific disorders like anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and others. For each disorder type, it examines diagnostic criteria, prevalence, causes and explanations from different perspectives like biology, learning, and culture. The goal is to understand the nature of psychological disorders and how they are diagnosed and treated.
This document discusses various perspectives on psychological disorders and classifications of mental illnesses. It provides an overview of several major psychological disorders including anxiety disorders like specific phobias, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are explained. The document also summarizes schizophrenia, dissociative disorders, personality disorders, and some common childhood disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The purpose of creating classifications and diagnoses is to allow for statistical analysis, guide treatment choices, and provide a shorthand for discussing symptoms.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to recognize what is real. It is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear thinking, hearing voices, reduced social engagement, and lack of motivation. Diagnosis is based on observed behavior and reported experiences, and involves meeting criteria in diagnostic manuals. Treatment primarily involves antipsychotic medication, which can help reduce positive symptoms within weeks but has limited impact on negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.
1. The document discusses several perspectives on personality including Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Jung's analytical psychology, Adler's individual psychology, Erikson's ego psychology, Watson's behaviorism, and Skinner and Pavlov's contributions to learning theory.
2. Key aspects of each perspective are summarized such as their views on the structure of personality, abnormal behavior, research methods used, and therapeutic approaches.
3. Their merits and demerits are also evaluated in relation to scientific evidence and cultural considerations.
Chapter 20: Mental Health and Mental IllnessMarleneDJ
This document discusses characteristics of mental health and causes of mental illness. People who are mentally healthy can get along with others, adapt to situations, care for themselves and others, give and accept love, use healthy coping mechanisms, take responsibility for their actions and decisions, and behave appropriately with impulse control. The four main causes of mental illness are physical problems, emotional trauma or a poor family environment, heredity, and stress. The document also discusses communicating respectfully with mentally ill patients, common defense mechanisms, specific mental illnesses like anxiety and depression, and treatments for mental illness.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 from the textbook Psychology, Third Edition by Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. It covers explanations of mental illness from ancient times to modern definitions. It describes the major types of psychological disorders according to the DSM-IV-TR including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. The causes and symptoms of each type of disorder are explained from biological, psychological, cognitive, and learning perspectives.
The document discusses the fact-value problem in ethics. It covers perspectives from philosophers such as Hume, Moore, Ayer, and Hare. The fact-value problem concerns whether moral values can be derived from factual statements or if there is an inherent difference between facts and values. The document also discusses metaethics and attempts to address the fact-value problem through non-cognitivist theories like emotivism and prescriptivism, as well as potential naturalist perspectives.
The document discusses the relationship between religion and morality. It examines the divine command theory, which claims morality originates with God, versus the independence thesis that morality does not depend on religion. The document also considers arguments that religion enhances morality by providing justification for moral truths, as well as counterarguments that religion has been used to justify immoral acts and threatens autonomy. In the end, the document concludes morality has independent validity whether God exists or not, but religion may still enhance morality by providing motivating reasons to be moral.
The document discusses virtue theory and compares it to action-based ethics. Virtue theory focuses on having good moral character and acting from virtue rather than duty. It argues virtues and moral character are just as or more important than following rules of right action. The document also presents a pluralistic view that both virtues and rules are necessary and complementary parts of morality.
The document discusses research on morality in animals and how it relates to human morality. It describes experiments that show animals displaying behaviors related to cooperation, fairness, and empathy. However, it notes we must be careful not to anthropomorphize animal behavior as truly moral. The document also discusses theories of how human morality may have evolved through natural selection as a way to promote cooperative social behaviors among early humans. There is an ongoing debate around whether morality is solely a product of evolution and social instincts or involves additional non-scientific philosophical factors.
The document discusses different perspectives on gender and ethics throughout history. Aristotle viewed women as naturally subservient, while Rousseau saw women as objects of sexual desire for men. Wollstonecraft argued for a gender-neutral morality. More recently, Gilligan proposed an "ethics of care" perspective focused on relationships, in contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective. There are debates around whether gender differences are innate or socially constructed. The document concludes that both male and female approaches to ethics are needed, balancing care for others with moral rules against unjust conduct.
This chapter discusses Kant and deontological moral theories. It provides an overview of Kant's moral philosophy and the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative states that moral rules and duties must be universal and exceptionless. However, critics argue that this absolutism is problematic. The chapter then discusses Ross's theory of prima facie duties as a potential solution that allows for exceptions when duties conflict. In conclusion, it notes attempts to reconcile deontological and utilitarian approaches to ethics.
Utilitarianism is a moral theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. It holds that an action is right if it maximizes happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people. The document discusses the classic formulations of utilitarianism by philosophers like Bentham, Mill, and others. It also analyzes two versions - act and rule utilitarianism. While utilitarianism provides a systematic approach, it is subject to criticisms around the difficulty of measuring consequences and its apparent justification of normally impermissible means to achieve good ends.
The document discusses ethical egoism and arguments for and against it. It examines two types of egoism - psychological egoism, which claims we always act in self-interest, and ethical egoism, which claims one ought to always act in self-interest. It outlines arguments that have been made in favor of ethical egoism, such as from self-satisfaction, self-deception, Hobbes, Smith, and Rand. However, it also discusses several arguments that have been made against ethical egoism, such as the inconsistent outcomes argument, publicity argument, paradox of ethical egoism, counterintuitive consequences argument, and problem of future generations. In conclusion, it states that ethical egoism embraces self-ex
The document summarizes key points from Chapter Five of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong". It discusses social contract theory and why individuals are motivated to be moral. Specifically, it covers how Thomas Hobbes believed people act in self-interest, which leads to conflict without rules, and that rational individuals accept rules and morality via a social contract to achieve order. It also examines why society needs moral rules to function and why individuals should be moral, even if sometimes disadvantaged, for long-term self-interest and advantage.
The document discusses different views on values and the good life. It outlines eight categories of basic values including material, economic, moral and aesthetic values. It also discusses whether values are intrinsic or instrumental and whether they are objective or subjective. The document explores different theories of happiness, including hedonism and Aristotle's view that true happiness comes from living a virtuous life. It analyzes the happiness machine thought experiment and concludes some key ingredients for a happy life are action, freedom, character and relationships.
The document discusses moral objectivism and different versions of this view. It examines Thomas Aquinas' view of natural law theory, which holds that objective moral principles can be discovered through human reason and nature. Aquinas was a moral absolutist who developed the doctrine of double effect. The document also discusses moderate objectivism and the idea of a universal core morality based on principles necessary for human flourishing. While moral principles may be objective, morality is also situational in how principles are applied.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter Two of the book "Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong" including ethical relativism, subjectivism, conventionalism, and criticisms of relativist positions. It discusses the diversity thesis that moral rules differ between societies and the dependency thesis that morality depends on cultural acceptance. While relativism acknowledges cultural diversity, it is criticized for undermining important values and for failing to allow for moral criticism and reform.
The document is an excerpt from an ethics textbook that discusses the murder of Kitty Genovese and introduces some key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the study of morality and moral philosophy. It discusses descriptive morality, moral philosophy, applied ethics and the differences between morality, religion, law and etiquette. The document also outlines some traits of moral principles like prescriptivity, universalizability, overridingness, publicity and practicability. It concludes by noting the practical benefits of studying ethics.
This document provides an overview of marketing and advertising strategies. It discusses identifying target markets and consumer preferences through marketing research approaches like surveys, observation, and experimentation. After research, businesses develop strategic plans and use models like SWOT analysis to identify their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The document also covers evaluating advertising claims and the influence of advertising on consumer behavior.
This chapter aims to help students learn to identify and evaluate the foundations of the American legal and political system. It discusses social contract theory and how it influenced the development of the US political system. In particular, it examines how social contract theory holds that people accept a government's authority in exchange for protection of their natural rights like freedom of speech. The chapter also outlines the three branches of government established by the US Constitution: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and their various powers and functions.
This chapter aims to help the reader learn to identify and evaluate scientific methods and assumptions. It discusses what science is, including that it uses empirical evidence and testing of explanations. It outlines key assumptions of science like empiricism, objectivity, and predictability. It also discusses limitations of science and examines scientific paradigms and how new theories can replace existing ones. The overall goal is to help readers think critically about science.
The document discusses mass media and provides tips for evaluating information from different media sources critically. It notes that Americans spend around 9 hours per day consuming mass media and are more influenced by media messages than they realize. As a result, it is important to learn how to think critically about what we see, hear and read from various media. The document outlines questions we should ask to thoughtfully evaluate news reports, scientific findings reported in media, social media posts, and other media messages. Developing media literacy skills like experience, interpretation and analysis can help us discern bias, reasoning, effects and other perspectives.
This chapter discusses ethics and moral decision making. It aims to help readers identify and employ ethical approaches to morality and reasoning. The chapter examines different moral theories including utilitarianism which evaluates actions based on their consequences, deontology which focuses on duties and rules, natural rights ethics which considers individual rights, and virtue ethics which emphasizes good character. It also explores moral sentiments, stages of moral development, and debates around cultural relativism versus universal ethics.
This document discusses deductive arguments and provides examples. It begins by stating the aim is to help recognize, analyze, and evaluate deductive arguments. It then provides definitions and examples of deductive arguments including syllogisms. The document examines different types of deductive arguments such as hypothetical and categorical syllogisms using diagrams and examples. It concludes by stating knowledge of deductive arguments is essential to function effectively and evaluate arguments critically.
This document provides an overview of inductive arguments. It discusses the three main types of inductive arguments: generalizations, analogies, and causal arguments. It explains that inductive arguments claim their conclusions probably follow from the premises rather than being absolutely true or false. It also provides guidance on evaluating each type of inductive argument.
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The cats, Sunny and Rishi, are brothers who live with their sister, Jessica, and their grandmother, Susie. They work as cleaners but wish to seek other kinds of employment that are better than their current jobs. New career adventures await Sunny and Rishi!
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Leonardo DiCaprio Super Bowl: Hollywood Meets America’s Favorite Gamegreendigital
Introduction
Leonardo DiCaprio is synonymous with Hollywood stardom and acclaimed performances. has a unique connection with one of America's most beloved sports events—the Super Bowl. The "Leonardo DiCaprio Super Bowl" phenomenon combines the worlds of cinema and sports. drawing attention from fans of both domains. This article delves into the multifaceted relationship between DiCaprio and the Super Bowl. exploring his appearances at the event, His involvement in Super Bowl advertisements. and his cultural impact that bridges the gap between these two massive entertainment industries.
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Leonardo DiCaprio: The Hollywood Icon
Early Life and Career Beginnings
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles, California, on November 11, 1974. His journey to stardom began at a young age with roles in television commercials and educational programs. DiCaprio's breakthrough came with his portrayal of Luke Brower in the sitcom "Growing Pains" and later as Tobias Wolff in "This Boy's Life" (1993). where he starred alongside Robert De Niro.
Rise to Stardom
DiCaprio's career skyrocketed with his performance in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993). earning him his first Academy Award nomination. He continued to gain acclaim with roles in "Romeo + Juliet" (1996) and "Titanic" (1997). the latter of which cemented his status as a global superstar. Over the years, DiCaprio has showcased his versatility in films like "The Aviator" (2004). "Start" (2010), and "The Revenant" (2015), for which he finally won an Academy Award for Best Actor.
Environmental Activism
Beyond his film career, DiCaprio is also renowned for his environmental activism. He established the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation in 1998, focusing on global conservation efforts. His commitment to ecological issues often intersects with his public appearances. including those related to the Super Bowl.
The Super Bowl: An American Institution
History and Significance
The Super Bowl is the National Football League (NFL) championship game. is one of the most-watched sporting events in the world. First played in 1967, the Super Bowl has evolved into a cultural phenomenon. featuring high-profile halftime shows, memorable advertisements, and significant media coverage. The event attracts a diverse audience, from avid sports fans to casual viewers. making it a prime platform for celebrities to appear.
Entertainment and Advertisements
The Super Bowl is not only about football but also about entertainment. The halftime show features performances by some of the biggest names in the music industry. while the commercials are often as anticipated as the game itself. Companies invest millions in Super Bowl ads. creating iconic and sometimes controversial commercials that capture public attention.
Leonardo DiCaprio's Super Bowl Appearances
A Celebrity Among the Fans
Leonardo DiCaprio's presence at the Super Bowl has noted several times. As a high-profile celebrity. DiCaprio attracts
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Tom Cruise is one of Hollywood's most iconic figures, known for his versatility, charisma, and dedication to his craft. Over the decades, his appearance has been almost as dynamic as his filmography, with one aspect often drawing significant attention: his hair. In particular, Tom Cruise long hair has become a defining feature in various phases of his career. symbolizing different roles and adding layers to his on-screen characters. This article delves into the evolution of Tom Cruise long hair, its impact on his roles. and its influence on popular culture.
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Introduction
Tom Cruise long hair has often been more than a style choice. it has been a significant element of his persona both on and off the screen. From the tousled locks of the rebellious Maverick in "Top Gun" to the sleek, sophisticated mane in "Mission: Impossible II." Cruise's hair has played a pivotal role in shaping his image and the characters he portrays. This article explores the various stages of Tom Cruise long hair. Examining how this iconic look has evolved and influenced his career and broader fashion trends.
Early Days: The Emergence of a Style Icon
The 1980s: The Birth of a Star
In the early stages of his career during the 1980s, Tom Cruise sported a range of hairstyles. but in "Top Gun" (1986), his hair began to gain significant attention. Though not long by later standards, his hair in this film was longer than the military crew cuts associated with fighter pilots. adding a rebellious edge to his character, Pete "Maverick" Mitchell.
Risky Business: The Transition Begins
In "Risky Business" (1983). Tom Cruise's hair was short but longer than the clean-cut styles dominant at the time. This look complemented his role as a high school student stepping into adulthood. embodying a sense of youthful freedom and experimentation. It was a precursor to the more dramatic hair transformations in his career.
The 1990s: Experimentation and Iconic Roles
Far and Away: Embracing Length
One of the first films in which Tom Cruise embraced long hair was "Far and Away" (1992). Playing the role of Joseph. an Irish immigrant in 1890s America, Cruise's long, hair added authenticity to his character's rugged and determined persona. This look was a stark departure from his earlier. more polished styles and marked the beginning of a more adventurous phase in his hairstyle choices.
Interview with the Vampire: Gothic Elegance
In "Interview with the Vampire" (1994). Tom Cruise long hair reached new lengths of sophistication and elegance. Portraying the vampire Lestat. Cruise's flowing blonde locks were integral to the character's ethereal and timeless allure. This hairstyle not only suited the gothic aesthetic of the film but also showcased Cruise's ability to transform his appearance for a role.
Mission: Impossible II: The Pinnacle of Long Hair
One of the most memorable instances of Tom Cruise long hair came in "Mission: Impossible II" (2000). His character, Ethan
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2. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
What’s It For? Psychological Disorders
• Conceptualizing Abnormality
• Classifying Psychological Disorders
• Understanding Psychological Disorders
3. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Conceptualizing Abnormality: Learning
Goals
1. Evaluate the various criteria that have been
used to define abnormality.
2. Discuss the legal definition of insanity.
3. Explain how the medical model classifies
and categorizes abnormality.
4. Discuss the effects of diagnostic labeling.
4. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Characteristics of Abnormal Behavior
• Behavior must fit at least several of the
following criteria to be labeled abnormal:
– Statistical deviance -- infrequency
– Cultural deviance -- violates norms
– Emotional distress -- unhappiness, torment
– Dysfunction -- difficulties with daily living
• “Abnormal” behavior not a rigid category
6. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
The Concept of Insanity
• Insanity: A legal term defined as inability to
understand that certain actions are wrong at
the time of a crime
– Under this definition, people with disorders
may be judged legally sane
• Famous cases in which the insanity defense
succeeded: John Hinckley Jr., Jeffrey
Dahmer
• Used in < 1% of criminal felony cases
7. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Abnormality as a Disease: The Medical
Model
• View that abnormal behavior is symptomatic
of underlying “disease” that can be “cured”
with appropriate therapy
– Draws an analogy between mental and
physical illness
• A widely held view, but some question it
– Causes of mental illness often unclear
– Social, cultural context of symptoms is
important, more so than for physical illness
8. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Problems Associated With Labeling
• Diagnostic labeling effects: Labels for
psychological problems can become self-
fulfilling prophecies
– Make it difficult to recognize normal
behavior when it occurs
– May increase likelihood of abnormal
behavior
• Rosenhan (1973): Participants faked
disorders to enter psychiatric ward
– Other patients saw through the deception,
but staff did not
9. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Classifying Psychological Disorders:
Learning Goals
1. Describe the DSM-IV-TR.
2. Describe the common anxiety disorders.
3. Describe the somatoform disorders.
4. Describe the common dissociative
disorders.
5. Describe the common mood disorders.
6. Describe the characteristics of
schizophrenia.
7. Describe the common personality disorders.
10. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
What Is the DSM-IV-TR?
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision
– Published by the American Psychiatric
Association
• Used for the diagnosis and classification of
psychological disorders
– Intended to give objective, measurable
criteria for diagnosing disorders
– Does not suggest therapies or treatments
– Does not discuss possible causes
11. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
The Five Axes of the DSM-IV-TR
• “Axis” = Rating dimension
• Axis I: Major clinical disorders
– Examples: Schizophrenia; substance
abuse
• Axis II: Personality disorders
– Example: Paranoid personality disorder
12. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
The Five Axes, continued…
• Axis III: General medical conditions
– Example: Diseases of the circulatory
system
• Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental
problems
– Example: Homelessness
• Axis V: Global assessment of functioning
scale
13. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Anxiety Disorders
• Marked by excessive apprehension, worry
that impairs normal functioning
• Generalized anxiety disorder: “Free-floating”
anxiety, chronic worrying lasting over 6
months
• Panic disorder: Recurrent discrete episodes
or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread
– Many physical symptoms such as chest
pains
– May be associated with agoraphobia (fear
of public places)
14. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Anxiety Disorders, continued…
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Persistent,
uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) or compelling
need to perform repetitive acts (compulsions)
– Examples: Excessive cleaning, checking
• Phobic disorders: Highly focused, irrational fear of a
specific object or situation (e.g., snakes)
• Social anxiety disorder: Extreme anxiety in everyday
social situations, often accompanied by physical
symptoms
16. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Anxiety Disorders: Gender and Culture
• Women are more likely to suffer from anxiety
disorders than are men
– Explanations focus on socialization
differences between men and women
• Anxiety disorders occur in all cultures, but the
focus of the anxiety can differ
17. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Somatoform Disorders
• Psychological disorders that focus on the
physical body
• Hypochondriasis: Long-lasting preoccupation
with idea that one has a serious disease,
based on misinterpretation of normal body
reactions
• Somatization disorder: Long-lasting
preoccupation with body symptoms that have
no physical cause
• Conversion disorder: Real physical problems
that seem to have no physical cause
18. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Somatoform Disorders: Gender and Culture
• Somatization and conversion disorders occur
somewhat more frequently in women than in
men
• Hypochondriasis occurs equally often in men
and women
• Somatoform disorders occur cross-culturally
but with some culturally specific expressions
– e.g., koro -- Asian men
– e.g., dhat -- men in India
19. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Dissociative Disorders
• Characterized by separation, or dissociation,
of conscious awareness from previous
thoughts or memories
• Dissociative amnesia: Inability to remember
important personal information
– Generally psychological in origin
• Dissociative fugue: Loss of personal identity,
often accompanied by a flight from home
20. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Individual alternates between what appear to
be two or more distinct identities or
personalities
– Also known as multiple personality disorder
• Recognized by DSM-IV-TR, but not all
clinicians believe in it
– Some symptoms can be faked; others,
such as optical changes, less easy to fake
– Some clinicians view it as role-playing
22. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Mood Disorders
• Prolonged, disabling disruptions in emotional
state
• Two types:
– Depressive disorders: Individual suffers
mainly from depression
– Bipolar disorders: Mood swings between
depression and extreme highs called
manic states
23. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Major Depressive Episode
• Five or more of these symptoms for at least 2
weeks:
– Depressed mood for most of the day
– Loss of interest in normal daily activities
– Significant weight change
– Change in activity level
– Daily fatigue or loss of energy
– Negative self-concept
– Trouble concentrating or making decisions
– Suicidal thoughts
24. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Suicide
• One possible consequence of mood
disorders, including bipolar disorder
– Third leading cause of death among
adolescents, eighth leading among all ages
– Risk factors besides mood disorders
include alcohol use, stressful events
• Another major predictor: Prior suicide
attempts and thoughts
– Suicidal thoughts are a serious warning
sign
25. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Bipolar Disorder: Mania
• Manic state: Person becomes hyperactive,
talkative, decreased need for sleep
• Manic state must last at least a week to be
classified as such, but may last for months
• Note that functioning is often severely
impaired
26. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Mood Disorders: Gender and Culture
• Around the world, women more likely than
men to suffer from major depression
• Women more likely than men to attempt
suicide; men more likely to succeed
• No gender difference for bipolar disorder
• Symptoms of depression are similar across
cultures, though content of depressive
thoughts varies somewhat
27. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Schizophrenia
• Involves fundamental disturbances in thought
processes, emotion, and/or behavior
• Complex disorder that may be expressed in a
variety of ways
– Diagnosis comes from a variety of
symptoms
28. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Schizophrenia
• Positive symptoms: Observable expressions
of abnormal behavior
– Hallucinations
– Delusions
– Disorganized speech
• Negative symptoms: Elimination or reduction
of normal behavior
– Flat affect: Little or no emotional reaction to
events
– Refusing to take care of self
29. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Schizophrenia: Gender and Culture
• Men at slightly greater risk than women for
schizophrenia
• Men tend to develop schizophrenia earlier in
life than do women
• Schizophrenia occurs worldwide, but there
are some racial differences in diagnosis rates
in the U.S.
30. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Personality Disorders
• Chronic, enduring patterns of behavior
leading to significant impairment in social
functioning
– Tendency to act inflexibly
• Examples:
– Paranoid personality disorder
– Dependent personality disorder
– Antisocial personality disorder
• Some clinicians view these as extremes of
personality rather than disorders per se
31. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Understanding Psychological Disorders:
Learning Goals
1. Explain how biological and genetic factors
can contribute to psychological disorders.
2. Discuss how maladaptive thoughts can
contribute to psychological disorders.
3. Explain how environmental factors can
contribute to psychological disorders.
32. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Biological Factors
• Include physical problems with the body,
brain, as well as genetic influences
• Neurotransmitter imbalances:
– Dopamine excess in schizophrenia
– Serotonin involved in mood disorders, but
exactly how is less clear
• Structural problems in the brain:
– Schizophrenia associated with enlarged
ventricles
33. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Genetic Contributions
• Do some people inherit predispositions
toward developing disorders?
• Genetic component of schizophrenia:
– Likelihood of having it increases with
closeness of a relative who also has it
– Highest likelihood for identical twin
(chances are 1 in 2)
• Similar pattern for depression, bipolar
disorder
35. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Cognitive Factors
• Maladaptive thought patterns may contribute
• Maladaptive attributions
– Internal, stable, global attributions for
negative experiences may play a role in
depression
• Learned helplessness: Acquired when people
repeatedly fail in attempts to control
environment
– May also contribute to depression
37. Psychology, Fifth Edition, James S. Nairne
Chapter 14
Environmental Factors
• Do people learn to act abnormally?
• Role of culture
– A culture that emphasizes thinness may
predispose you to anorexia nervosa
– Cultural background may influence the
kinds of delusions seen in schizophrenia
• Conditioning may play a role as well
– Specific phobias may be acquired through
classical conditioning or observational
learning
Editor's Notes
Chapter 14 slides are relevant to APA Outcomes 4.2b ( identifying the application of psychology to the origin and treatment of abnormal behavior ) and 1.2a(2). Specific slides are additionally relevant to other outcomes as noted on the notes page associated with the relevant slide.
The mention of cultural deviance on this slide recalls the issue of the sociocultural context of abnormality, relevant to Outcomes 1.2d(6) and 8.2.
Figure 14.1. “Abnormal” and “normal” are not fixed categories, but endpoints on a continuum. To a certain degree, everyone has acted unusually, suffered from emotional distress, or failed to follow an adaptive strategy.
The Medical Model may be seen as exemplifying a general perspective in psychology, Outcome 1.4.
The treatment of the DSM-IV-TR on this and the following 2 slides is relevant to psychological assessment, Outcome 4.2c.
Figure 14.4. Each bar shows the percentage of individuals in a sample of more than 8,000 participants who reported suffering from the listed psychological disorder during the previous 12 months or earlier. Note : A given individual might have reported suffering from more than one of these disorders concurrently. (Data from Kessler et al., 1994.)
The Gender and Culture discussions following this and the descriptions of the of the other major clinical disorders are relevant to Outcomes 1.2d(6) and 8.2.
The Gender and Culture discussions following this and the descriptions of the of the other major clinical disorders are relevant to Outcomes 1.2d(6) and 8.2.
Figure 14.6. Individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder were asked to undergo ophthalmological (eye) exams while “inhabited” by three different personalities in turn. Significant differences were found in optical functioning across personalities, more so than occurred for normal control subjects who were asked to fake different personalities during each exam. (Data from Miller, 1989.)
The Gender and Culture discussions following this and the descriptions of the of the other major clinical disorders are relevant to Outcomes 1.2d(6) and 8.2.
The discussion of the biological and genetic contributions to abnormality is relevant to the nature/nurture issue, Outcome 1.2d(1).
Figure 14.7. Each bar shows the risk of developing schizophrenia when one or more relatives have been diagnosed with the disorder. In general, the closer an individual is genetically to the person with schizophrenia, the more likely he or she is to develop the disorder. (Based on Gottesman, 1991.)
Figure 14.8. Depressed individuals tend to attribute failure to internal, stable, and global conditions.