This document discusses democratization and different perspectives on democracy. It examines Geddes' work on democratization after 20 years and definitions of democracy from scholars like Schumpeter focusing on competitive elections and broad participation. Trends are discussed like wealthier countries being more democratic and economic crises increasing breakdowns. The document also explores the variety of authoritarian regimes, limited multi-party systems as stepping stones to democracy, and why the regime type matters for democratization processes according to studies like Hadenius and Teorell from 2007.

1. What do we know about democratization after 20 years?Geddes (1999)

4. Politics The process by which the actions of government are determinedVirtually every country is unique

6. What is democracy?Joseph Schumpeter (1950) “institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which the individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote”

7. What is DemocracyDictionary.com: “a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system”

8. Who can Vote?Lebanon – Compulsory for men; optional for women (must have elementary education)

9. Bhutan – one vote per house

10. Leichtenstein – women’s suffrage in 1984

11. Saudi Arabia – local elections only, women cannot vote or run for office

12. Qatar – Women originally rejected the right to vote, but now canWhat is Democracy?Voting is only one of many characteristics of a democracy

13. What is Democracy?

14. What is Democracy?Certain basic principles are necessary in any modern definition of democracy.Free and fair electionsMajority ruleFreedom of expressionFreedom of assembly and the right to protestMuch more emphasis on liberal norms, pluralismBroad participation, equality, human rights

15. Huntington (1991): 3rd Wave of Democratization

16. Another look…

17. Democracy in the World

18. Why does it matter?

19. Trends…maybeWealthy countries are more democraticPoor economic performance increases breakdown“there is no transition whose beginning is not the consequence…of important divisions within the authoritarian regime itself”“Elite Pacts” are good for democracyStrong “outgoing” elites are better off later

20. Why the inconsistency?“Authoritarian” regimes come in MANY formsPersonalistMilitarySingle-Party“Amalgams”Let’s add “Multi-Party”

21. The stepping stone to Democracy

22. Limited MultipartyNot true democracies, but possess many features of them“Anocracies”Electoral DemocracyElectoral AuthoritarianPseudo-democracy Illiberal democracySemi-democracyEtcEtc

24. Why does regime type matter for democratization?