The document discusses theories of democracy, including traditional democratic theory which outlines five criteria for an ideal democracy: equality in voting, effective participation, enlightened understanding, citizen control of the agenda, and inclusion. It also discusses fundamental democratic principles like majority rule and minority rights. Contemporary theories of who governs are explored, including pluralism where interest groups influence policy, elite/class theory where the wealthy elite hold power, and hyperpluralism where groups weaken government.
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on interest groups for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Congress: Organization and Powers (See description for updated versions)Matthew Caggia
Overview of the organization, powers, and work of Congress (updated 09/15)
See newest update https://www.slideshare.net/mcaggia/how-congress-is-organized-200149905
The following topics will be discussed in the presentation:
1. Politics
2. Governance
3. Types of Governance
4. Requirements for Good Governance
5. Forms of Government
6.
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on interest groups for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Congress: Organization and Powers (See description for updated versions)Matthew Caggia
Overview of the organization, powers, and work of Congress (updated 09/15)
See newest update https://www.slideshare.net/mcaggia/how-congress-is-organized-200149905
The following topics will be discussed in the presentation:
1. Politics
2. Governance
3. Types of Governance
4. Requirements for Good Governance
5. Forms of Government
6.
SCLY3 – power and politics: defining powerCharlotte Rout
Topic 1 of power and politics: includes Weber and power, Functionalism and power, Marxism and power, Postmodernism and power, gender and power, sources of power
Democratic Theory and American Political CultureChristopher Rice
PowerPoint for Democratic Theory and American Political Culture lecture series for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Democratic Theory and American Political Culture for PS 101 American Government (Fall 2007) at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Liberal DemocracyCH 6 Riemer, Simon, & RomancePolit.docxsmile790243
Liberal Democracy
CH 6: Riemer, Simon, & Romance
Political Ideologies
Political ideologies are the beliefs and practices that guide political actors in political communities;
Ideologies reflect the underlying vision of political actors;
Major ideologies that have traditionally dominated contemporary politics are liberal democracy, democratic socialism, and communism;
Ideologies help explain the purposes, principles, and rules of politics; allow us to examine what political actors say they ought to do and what they actually do;
Central question of Chapter 6 is, “What are the strengths and weaknesses of liberal democracy?”
Definition of Liberal Democracy
Traditional definition of liberal democracy is a constitutional government characterized by popular rule, protection of basic rights, and political and economic competition.
Liberal democracy embodies two ideals:
(1) Liberal parts of definition include constitutionalism, protection of basic rights, political and economic competition, and free choice at the ballot box and the marketplace.
(2) Democratic parts of the definition include popular rule, freedom, and equality.
Liberalism in the United States today is a political ideology that favors government intervention in the interest of public welfare, social justice, and fair play.
Historically, had taken a laissez-faire economic approach which demanded minimal government interference in the economy.
Liberalism has always recognized a common good; what has been at issue is the meaning of that common good and the means to achieve it.
Combining the ideals of liberalism and democracy helps us comprehend the guiding liberal democratic vision which calls for the freest and fullest possible realization of individual freedom within the framework of the common good.
Liberty can be understood as the right of an individual to act uncoerced by government and to be free from government imposed unlawful or arbitrary control.
Liberal democratic vision is a pluralistic approach providing for justice as well as order and for the general welfare as well as liberty; because many persons, groups, and interests seek fulfillment, a balance must be struck in a highly diverse political community;
Most influential school of liberal democratic thought in contemporary America is pluralism; balance can be achieved through a constitutional system of representative democracy, with the help of skillful leaders and resourceful political parties, with the recognition that a rough approximation of the public interest emerges from the clash of contending interests, and in accord with policies that advance the general welfare.
The Ideals of Liberal Democracy
Liberal democrats want their political ideals to be reflected in actual political practice and they endorse pluralism because society includes many interests seeking to protect and advance them.
The struggles of contending issues constitute the raw materials of politics and are inevitabl ...
Oligarchy rules democracy: Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Int...Sadanand Patwardhan
Each of four theoretical traditions in the study of American politics – which can be characterized as theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy, Economic Elite Domination, and two types of interest group pluralism, Majoritarian Pluralism and Biased Pluralism – offers different predictions about which sets of actors have how much influence over public policy: average citizens; economic elites; and organized interest groups, mass-based or business-oriented. A great deal of empirical research speaks to the policy influence of one or another set of actors, but until recently it has not been possible to test these contrasting theoretical predictions against each other within a single statistical model. This paper reports on an effort to do so, using a unique data set that includes measures of the key variables for 1,779 policy issues. Multivariate analysis indicates that economic elites and organized groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on U.S. government policy, while average citizens and mass-based interest groups have little or no independent influence. The results provide substantial support for theories of Economic Elite Domination and for theories of Biased Pluralism, but not for theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy or Majoritarian Pluralism. The study is by Martin Gilens, Princeton University and Benjamin I. Page, Northwestern University.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
Democracy theories v2
1. Democracy
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
2. Democracy
Basic Definition:
System of selecting policymakers
and of organizing government
so that policy represents and responds
to the public’s preferences
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
3. Democracy
Famous Quote about America:
Government of the people,
by the people,
and for the people
From?
Gettysburg Address
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
4. Traditional Democratic Theory
Key principles
that specify how governmental decisions
are made in a Democracy
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
5. Traditional Democratic Theory
According to political scientist
Robert Dahl (Yale)
The ideal democratic process
should satisfy 5 criteria
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
6. Traditional Theory ~ 5 Criteria
(1) Equality in Voting
“ One person, One vote”
Does not have to be . . .
Universal
But must be . . .
Representative
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
7. Traditional Theory ~ 5 Criteria
(2) Effective Participation
Citizens must have
Adequate and Equal opportunities
to express their preferences
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
8. Traditional Theory ~ 5 Criteria
(3) Enlightened Understanding
If one group monopolizes
Marketplace of ideas
and distorts information,
Freedom of Speech Citizens cannot truly
& Press understand
are essential
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
9. Traditional Theory ~ 5 Criteria
(4) Citizen Control of the Agenda
Collective right to control the government’s
Policy Agenda
the issues that attract the attention
of public officials and other people
involved in politics at any given time
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
10. Traditional Theory ~ 5 Criteria
(4) Citizen Control of the Agenda
Problem:
If one group has influence
beyond its numbers (of people represented)
Citizen control of the Agenda
will be distorted
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
11. Traditional Theory ~ 5 Criteria
(5) Inclusion
Government must include
and extend rights to All.
Citizenship must be open to all within a nation
if it is to call itself Democratic.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
12. Fundamental Principles
MAJORITY RULE
When choosing among alternative policies
The desires of the Majority
should be respected
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
13. Fundamental Principles
MINORITY RIGHTS
The Majority should not be able to do
ANYTHING it wants
Especially if what it wants to do
seriously infringes on the rights of the Minority
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
14. Fundamental Principles
REPRESENTATION
In a LARGE SOCIETY
Direct political involvement by all is impossible.
Solution?
Use of people to represent others
in governmental decision making.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
15. Contemporary Theories
An Important & Basic Question
WHO REALLY GOVERNS?
3 Contemporary Theories . . .
* Pluralist
* Elite & Class
* Hyperpluralism
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
16. Pluralist Theory
Groups with shared interests
influence public policy by pushing for decisions
that respond to their concerns.
Essentially optimistic that the “public interest”
will eventually prevail through a process
of bargaining and compromise.
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
17. Pluralist Theory
“all active and legitimate groups in the
population can make themselves heard
at some crucial stage in the process”
We are a “nation of joiners”
Robert Dahl
Alexis de Tocqueville
1830’s
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
18. Pluralist Theory
Have Americans reduced this tendency
to be “joiners” & members of groups?
Robert Putnam (Harvard)
2000
Technology has isolated people.
We are more involved in
self-defined ways instead of in groups
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
19. Elite & Class Theory
Society is divided along class lines
Upper class elite will hold significant power
Wealth is the basis of this power
The wealthy can afford to
finance election campaigns
& control key institutions such as corporations
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
20. Elite & Class Theory
“The people who own the country
ought to govern it”
John Jay
1st Chief Justice
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
21. Elite & Class Theory
“Many of our rich men have not been content
with equal protection and equal benefits,
but have besought us to make them richer
by act of Congress”
Andrew Jackson
7th President
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
22. Elite & Class Theory
“The 1980’s were the triumph of upper
America – an ostentatious celebration of
wealth, the political ascendancy of the
richest third of the population, and a
glorification of capitalism, free markets and
finance”.
Kevin Phillips
Nixon strategist
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
23. Hyperpluralism
Groups are so strong that
Government is weakened
Resulting in an extreme form of Pluralism
In a sense, groups treat government as
their servant
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
24. Hyperpluralism
Groups push for their own policies
at whichever level and branch of government
may result in policies they favor
Create “battlegrounds” at
National, State & Local levels
in Executive, Legislative, & Judicial branches
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
25. Hyperpluralism
Governments respond to all groups
Creating policies that are
confusing, contradictory & muddled . . .
The “public interest” is rarely well served
AP U.S. GOVERNMENT & POLITICS – Democracy
