Democracy first emerged in ancient Greek city-states like Athens in 508 BC, where male citizens voted directly on laws. Modern democracy began taking shape in the 17th-18th centuries through events like the English Glorious Revolution, which established the rule of law, and the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy and declared liberty and equality for all. Today, a country is considered democratic if it holds free and fair elections, protects civil liberties, and enforces the rule of law.
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Voting and Elections for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Created by María Jesús Campos, teacher of Geography and History at a bilingual section in Alcorcon (Madrid)
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
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Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Voting and Elections for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Created by María Jesús Campos, teacher of Geography and History at a bilingual section in Alcorcon (Madrid)
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
Organization of American Political PartiesMatthew Caggia
Demonstrating a wide range of concepts, this slideshow describes the structure of political parties from the national organization down to the grassroots, as well as explaining the primary process
Electoral Democracy, Liberal Democracy and the Global Recession of Democracy pastiche_project
Презентація до лекції Ларрі Даймонда "Визначення демократії: виборча, ліберальна демократія, якість демократії", що відбулася в НаУКМА 9 вересня 2013 року у співпраці з Українською школою політичних студій. Ларрі Даймонд розглядає різницю між виборчою та ліберальною демократією та визначає показники оцінки якості демократії. Він також аналізує світові тенденції виборчої і ліберальної демократії та пояснює, чому якість демократії тісно пов'язана зі стабільністю та консолідацією демократії. Ларрі Даймонд є професором Стенфордського університету та старшим науковцем Інституту Гувера. Також він працював в якості радника численних урядових і міжнародних організацій, в тому числі Державного департаменту США, ООН, Світового банку.
An interest or pressure group is an organized association that aims to influence the policies or actions of government. Sectional groups advance or protect the (usually material) interests of their members, while promotional ones are concerned with shared values, ideals or principles. Whereas insider groups enjoy privileged access to policy formulation, outsider groups lack access to government and so are forced to 'go public'.
Group politics has been understood in a number of ways. Pluralism emphasizes the dispersal of power and the ability of groups to guarantee democratic accountability. Corporatism highlights the privileged position that certain groups enjoy in relation to government. The New Right draws attention to the threat that groups pose in terms of over-government and economic inefficiency.
Organized groups benefit the political system by strengthening representation, promoting debate and discussion, broadening political participation and acting as a check on government power. They may, nevertheless, pose a threat, in that they en trench political inequality, are socially and politically divisive, exercise non-legitimate and unaccountable power, and make the policy process more closed and secretive.
Interest groups exert influence through a variety of channels, including the bureaucracy, the assembly, the courts, the mass media, the parties and international bodies. The level of influence that groups have in a particular system, however, relates to how accommodating that system is to group activity in general, and to what access points it offers groups in terms of the distribution of policy-making power.
Democracy , the Government of the people,by the people,for the peopleSabiha Afrin
The purpose of the government is to make the United States a better place for those who live here. Because democratic governments exist by the people, all genuine democracies have free, fair, and competitive elections.
Organization of American Political PartiesMatthew Caggia
Demonstrating a wide range of concepts, this slideshow describes the structure of political parties from the national organization down to the grassroots, as well as explaining the primary process
Electoral Democracy, Liberal Democracy and the Global Recession of Democracy pastiche_project
Презентація до лекції Ларрі Даймонда "Визначення демократії: виборча, ліберальна демократія, якість демократії", що відбулася в НаУКМА 9 вересня 2013 року у співпраці з Українською школою політичних студій. Ларрі Даймонд розглядає різницю між виборчою та ліберальною демократією та визначає показники оцінки якості демократії. Він також аналізує світові тенденції виборчої і ліберальної демократії та пояснює, чому якість демократії тісно пов'язана зі стабільністю та консолідацією демократії. Ларрі Даймонд є професором Стенфордського університету та старшим науковцем Інституту Гувера. Також він працював в якості радника численних урядових і міжнародних організацій, в тому числі Державного департаменту США, ООН, Світового банку.
An interest or pressure group is an organized association that aims to influence the policies or actions of government. Sectional groups advance or protect the (usually material) interests of their members, while promotional ones are concerned with shared values, ideals or principles. Whereas insider groups enjoy privileged access to policy formulation, outsider groups lack access to government and so are forced to 'go public'.
Group politics has been understood in a number of ways. Pluralism emphasizes the dispersal of power and the ability of groups to guarantee democratic accountability. Corporatism highlights the privileged position that certain groups enjoy in relation to government. The New Right draws attention to the threat that groups pose in terms of over-government and economic inefficiency.
Organized groups benefit the political system by strengthening representation, promoting debate and discussion, broadening political participation and acting as a check on government power. They may, nevertheless, pose a threat, in that they en trench political inequality, are socially and politically divisive, exercise non-legitimate and unaccountable power, and make the policy process more closed and secretive.
Interest groups exert influence through a variety of channels, including the bureaucracy, the assembly, the courts, the mass media, the parties and international bodies. The level of influence that groups have in a particular system, however, relates to how accommodating that system is to group activity in general, and to what access points it offers groups in terms of the distribution of policy-making power.
Democracy , the Government of the people,by the people,for the peopleSabiha Afrin
The purpose of the government is to make the United States a better place for those who live here. Because democratic governments exist by the people, all genuine democracies have free, fair, and competitive elections.
Evolution of Democracy by Samruddhi Chepe.pptxSamruddhi Chepe
Phase OneAssembly Democracy
Starting around 2,500 BCE, in lands now within the territories of Iran, Iraq and Syria
“During the first phase of democracy the seeds of its basic institution – self-government through an assembly of equals – were scattered across many different soils and climes, ranging from the Indian subcontinent and the prosperous Phoenician empire to the western shores of provincial Europe.
These popular assemblies took root, accompanied by various ancillary institutional rules and customs, like written constitutions, the payment of jurors and elected officials, the freedom to speak in public, voting machines, voting by lot and trial before elected or selected juries. There were efforts as well to stop bossy leaders in their tracks, using such methods as the mandatory election of kings…” (The Life and Death of Democracy, p.xvi)
Best-known example – Athens, 5th century BCE
Athenian Democracy
Direct democracy: citizens (about 10% of the population) participated directly in initiating, deliberating, and passing of, the legislation. The Assembly, no less than 6,000 strong (out of 22,000 citizens of Athens), convened about every 10 days. Supreme power to decide on every issue of state policy
Citizen juries: justice is responsibility of citizens (juries composed of 501-1001 citizens)
Appointment of citizens to political office by lot
Citizen-soldiers: every citizen had a duty to serve in the army
Ostracism: a bad politician could be kicked out of office by the people
Phase TwoRepresentative Democracy
Started around 10th-12th centuries in Western Europe with the invention of parliamentary assemblies
Reaches its classic forms in the 18th century. Officially regarded as normative today.
Marquis d’Argenson, Foreign Minister of French King Louis XV, 1765.
Phase Two
The Glorious revolution laid the foundation of the first democratic principles of the Rule of Law.
Earlier it was believed that the king was the ‘representative of the God’ and that the King’s wishes were the law.
The people strongly protested the idea and dethroned King James II of England.
They passed the Bill Of Rights which firmly stated that the country should be governed by the laws passed by the people and not by the whims of the king.
The French Revolution took place between 1789 and 1851.
In the revolution King Louis XVI was executed .
It was decided that the country should be ruled by the laws passed by the people.
It laid down the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’ which highlighted that liberty, Equality etc. were important in a Democracy.
In 1792, France became a Republic.
Phase Three Monitory Democracy
(term coined by John Keane)- After World War II
Increase citizen ability to control the state which is organized on the basis of representative democracy
Public integrity commissionsJudicial activismLocal courtsWorkplace tribunalsCitizens assembliesThink tanksThe InternetEtc.
How much power do they have? And whose interests do they serve?
Key
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Chapter - 1, Democracy in Contemporary World, Democratic Politics/Civics, Social Science, Class 9
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES
TWO TALES OF DEMOCRACY
RESTORATION OF DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY IN POLAND :
END OF COLONIALISM
INDIA AND NEIGHBOURS
DEMOCRACY PROMOTION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
2. DEMOCRACY A CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
• While some of the Greek city states had regimes
that had Democratic aspects, Modern Democracy
only dates from the late 18th century.
• Democratization is one of the most important
concepts and trends in Modern Political Science.
• To be considered Democratic, a country must
choose its leaders through fair and competitive
elections, ensure basic civil liberties, and respect
the rule of law.
3. • The opinion and choice of the people is paramount
in a Democracy.
• Thus it was rightly stated by Abraham Lincoln that
‘No man is good enough to govern another man
without his consent.’
• Jonathan swift also said ‘All government without
the consent of the governed is the very definition of
slavery.’
• According to Abraham Lincoln, ‘Democracy is seen
as a form of government by the people, for the
people and of the people.’
4. • There are many other countries like Libya, Cuba,
North Korea, Saudi Arabia, China etc. that do not
have Democracy in their country. Many of the Non-
Democratic countries witness Pro-Democracy rallies
and movements.
• Hence, it becomes important for us to understand
the meaning of the term “Democracy”.
• To understand the meaning of Democracy we need
to look into the definition of Democracy as given
by Abraham Lincoln .
• He defined it as the ‘Government of the people, by
the people and for the people’.
• In a Democracy the supreme power is retained
and exercised by the people.
5.
6. • The word Democracy comes from a Greek word
‘Demokratia’.
• In Greek ‘demos’ means people and ‘kratia’ means
rule.
• In simple terms, Democracy is rule by the people.
• It is a government by the people in which the
supreme power is vested in the people and
exercised directly by them or by their elected
representatives chosen after a free and fair
election.
• Democracy is thus, a form of government where
people have an equal say in the decisions that affect
their lives.
7. • DEFINITIONS
• Democracy is the “Rule by the people” where ‘the people’
includes all adult citizens and ‘Rule’ means that public
policies are determined either directly by vote of the
electorate or indirectly by officials freely elected at reasonably
frequent intervals and by a process in which the value of each
vote is the same. –Pennock
• “Democracy is a state where the people are sovereign and
guided by laws of its own making, and where the people do
by themselves everything that is possible to do, and through
delegates, everything that is not.” -Robespierre
• “Democracy is governance by leaders whose authority is
based on a limited mandate from universal electorate that
selects among genuine alternatives and has some rights to
political participation and opposition.” -Danziger
8.
9. • The definition of Democracy helps us to separate it
from other forms of government.
• For example, in Myanmar there is military rule
(Dictatorship) and these army rulers are not elected
by the people.
• Similarly, the rulers of Saudi Arabia rule over the
people because they happen to be born in a royal
family (Monarchy).
• On the contrary, Democracy is characterized by
formal equality of rights and privileges.
13. EMERGENCE AND EXPANSION OF
DEMOCRACY
• Democracy in the Greek city states
• The term Democracy first appeared in the Greek
political and philosophical thought.
• The Greek city state of Athens established the first
Democracy in 508 BC.
• The ancient Greeks referred to themselves as
citizens of their hometown - their city-state.
• Each city-state (polis) had its own goals, laws and
customs.
• Ancient Greeks were very loyal to their city-state.
14.
15. • In Athens, every year 500 names were drawn from
all the citizens of Athens who were to serve as law
makers for a year.
• All the citizens of Athens were required to vote on
any new law that this body of 500 citizens created.
One man, one vote, majority ruled.
• Women, children, and slaves were not considered
citizens, and thus could not vote.
16.
17. The story of Modern Democracy
• The stories of Modern democracy began at least
three centuries ago.
• The emergence of Modern Democracy is linked
with Europe.
• The two revolutions that contributed to the
development of Democracy are the Glorious
revolution of the 17th century in England and the
French Revolution of the 18th century in France.
18. • The Glorious revolution laid the foundation of the
first democratic principles of the Rule of Law.
• Earlier it was believed that the king was the
‘representative of the God’ and that the King’s
wishes were the law.
• The people strongly protested the idea and
dethroned King James II of England.
• They passed the Bill Of Rights which firmly stated
that the country should be governed by the laws
passed by the people and not by the whims of the
king.
19.
20. • The French Revolution took place between 1789
and 1851.
• In the revolution King Louis XVI was executed .
• It was decided that the country should be ruled by
the laws passed by the people.
• It laid down the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’
which highlighted that liberty, Equality etc. were
important in a Democracy.
• In 1792, France became a Republic.