The document discusses different aspects of democracy including its origins and definitions. It outlines Robert Dahl's characteristics of democracy and Arend Lijphart's models of majoritarian and consensus democracy. It also examines conditions essential for democracy, such as control of the military by elected officials and measures used to evaluate countries' levels of democracy. Finally, it explores perspectives on democratization processes and factors that influence a country's transition to democracy.

1. POL 252-01
Fall 2015

5.  “Democracy” is from Greek “Demokratia”
 “Rule of the People”
 “Demos” = “People”
 “Kratos” = “Power”
The Parthenon in Athens, Greece

7. ROBERT DAHL CHARACTERISTICS
 Effective Participation
 Voting Equality
 Enlightened
Understanding
 Control of the Agenda
 Inclusion of Adults

8. AREND LIJPHART MODELS OF DEMOCRACY
 Majoritarian Model
 Consensus Model

10.  Consolidation of power in hands of majority
 Characterized by:
 Exclusiveness
 Competititveness
 Adversarial Nature
 What are the model’s traditional features?

12.  Sharing of power for broader participation
and agreement in govt.
 Characterized by:
 Inclusiveness
 Bargaining
 Compromise
 What are the model’s traditional features?

14. ON DEMOCRACY BASIC CONDITIONS
 Essential
 Favorable

16.  Control of Military & Police by Elected Officials
 Impact on Internal Sovereignty
Many governments in this region
gained power by military coups
and other non-democratic means.
Costa Rica = Democracy

17.  Control of Military & Police by ElectedOfficials
 Democratic Beliefs and Political Culture
 Citizen preference of democracy
 Occurs through socialization
Reciting the Pledge of Allegiance
in elementary school is an early
form of political socialization.

18.  Control of Military and Police by ElectedOfficials
 Democratic Beliefs and PoliticalCulture
 No Foreign Control Hostile to Democracy
 Country cannot be influenced by non-democratic or
authoritarian entity

19.  Limited or No Cultural Conflict
 “Us” vs. “Them”
 Democratic Institutions amid Cultural Diversity?
▪ Assimilation
▪ Decision by Consensus
▪ Electoral Systems
▪ Separation
 Modern Market Economy and Society

21.  Democracy-Dictatorship Measure
 POLITY Measure
 Freedom House Measure

22.  Democracy-Dictatorship Measure
 Governmental Offices
▪ Chief Executive and Legislature are ELECTED
 Contestation
▪ Uncertainty – Outcome NOT known beforehand
▪ Irreversibility –Winner of election actually takes office
▪ Repeatability – Elections occur at regular intervals

24.  Democracy-Dictatorship Measure
 POLITY Measure
 Competitiveness and Openness of Executive
Recruitment
▪ Can anyone run for president? (Restrictions in U.S.)
 Regulation and Competitiveness of Political
Participation
▪ How many political parties exist?

25.  Democracy-Dictatorship Measure
 POLITY Measure
 Freedom House Measure
 Political Rights
▪ Electoral Process, Participation, Functioning of Govt.
 Civil Rights
▪ Freedom of Expression, Rule of Law, Personal Autonomy

27. We can argue that the U.S. became a democracy at different historical points.

30. “BOTTOM-UP” PROCESS
Popular Uprising
Overthrow of
Authoritarian
Regime
Democratization
“TOP-DOWN” PROCESS
Introduction of
Reforms by Elite
Increasing
Reforms
Democratization

32.  Discusses
democratization via
three periods or “waves”Samuel Huntington

33. Roots in
Revolutions
• American
• French
Expansion of
Franchise
• U.S.
• Europe
Receded by
1930s
• Military Coups
• Fascism

34. Origins inWorld
War II
• Democracy in
Europe
• Independence
Movements
Receded by
1960s
• Military Coups and
Dictatorships
• ColdWar Politics

35. Democratic
Governments
• Latin America
• Asia
Democracy in
Europe
• Fall of BerlinWall
Former Soviet
Nations Declare
Independence
• Lithuania
• Belarus
• Armenia

39.  Structural vs.
Contingent Approach
 International vs.
Domestic Approach
 Economic vs.
Political Approach

41. POLITICAL
 Political Institutions
 Globalization
ECONOMIC
 Shocks and Crises
 Composition of Wealth
 Inter-Group Inequality

42. SOCIAL
 Middle Class
CULTURAL
 Civil Society