This document proposes a model for harnessing wind energy from trains to power electrical components. It involves mounting horizontal axis wind turbines on the rooftops of train cars. The turbines would charge batteries that power lights, fans, and other devices inside the train. Mathematical models are presented to calculate the expected power output from turbines on a train moving at 60 km/hr. It is estimated that 27 turbines installed on one car could generate 483 Watts, enough to power all interior lights and still have 123 Watts remaining to power additional items like fans or mobile chargers. Harnessing wind energy in this way could provide an auxiliary power source to complement existing battery systems.
Analysis and Comparisons of Different Type of WCES- A Literature Reviewpaperpublications3
Abstract: With very rapid development of wind power technologies and significant growth of wind power capacity installed worldwide, various wind turbine concepts have been developed. The wind energy conversion system is required to be more cost-competitive, so that comparisons of different wind generator systems are necessary. A literature review of different types wind energy conversion systems is presented. First, the modern wind turbines are described with respect to both their control features and drive train types, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Then, the quantitative comparison and market penetration of different wind generator systems are presented. The promising permanent magnet generator types are also investigated. After that the ongoing trends of wind generator systems and related comparison criteria are discussed.
Airfoil linear wind generator (alwg) as a novel wind energy extraction approachijmech
Linear wind generator (LWG) is a sufficient way of wind energy harnessing process. However, complicated
LWG energy extraction mechanism such as complex system for transferring linear motion to rotational
motion and problems related to changing the angle of attack is resulted to energy dissipation. In the other
hand the linear generator that delivers ocean wave energy to electricity has been developed as a new renewable energy extraction method. Some of the problems associated with this technology are corrosion,
high cost of manufacturing, high requirement for installation and construction, economical consideration,etc. In the most recent works, low dissipation energy in mechanism, low cost, simplicity and high performance are highly regarded as environmentally friendly methods for wind energy extraction mechanisms. In the current study, we would like to introduce a new and efficient method to extract wind energy using airfoil linear wind generator(ALWG). ALWG is a new method that produces liner reciprocating motion via attached airfoils to a mover in a magnetic field in order to generate electricity.The most important advantage of ALWG is its simplicity and its compatibility to all wind situations that can be more controllable relative to ocean-based and also relative to LWG that become challengeable problem.
Wind Turbines: Will they ever become economically feasible? Jeffrey Funk
The cost electricity from wind turbines is still too for most situations and the cost of electricity has fallen very slowly over the last 30 years (about 2% a year). Even worse, the costs have risen over the last two years. These slides show that the falling costs of electricity from wind turbines are primarily from increases in the scale of wind turbines and that the recent increases are probably from increasing the scale of the rotor diameter too much. Increases in the rotor diameter and the height of towers have directly and indirectly led to reductions in the cost of electricity from wind turbines. They have directly led to reductions in cost because the output of a wind turbine is a function of diameter squared and they indirectly led to reductions in cost because output is a function of wind speed cubed and larger wind turbines can handle higher wind speeds. The major challenge for further increasing the scale of wind turbines is finding materials for the turbine blades that have higher strength to weight ratios. Finally, several new wind turbine designs may also lead to lower costs of electricity from wind turbines.
Design of PVC Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed RegionIJERA Editor
The Project is aimed at designing a wind turbine that can be able to build by Laypersons, using readily available material which is feasible & affordable to provide much needed electricity. Since most of the high wind power density regions in the zone of high wind speed are already being tapped by large scale wind turbine and so it required creating a large scope for the development of low wind speed turbines. Our study focuses primarily on designing the blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have major influence on aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. This can be achieved by comparing the effectiveness of a crude blade fashioned from a different Size, Material & standard of PVC drainage pipe which are easily available in market. It can be evaluated by performing experimental analysis, data collection & its evaluation on different type & size of PVC Pipe & preparing an analytical tool for best Design.
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
Analysis and Comparisons of Different Type of WCES- A Literature Reviewpaperpublications3
Abstract: With very rapid development of wind power technologies and significant growth of wind power capacity installed worldwide, various wind turbine concepts have been developed. The wind energy conversion system is required to be more cost-competitive, so that comparisons of different wind generator systems are necessary. A literature review of different types wind energy conversion systems is presented. First, the modern wind turbines are described with respect to both their control features and drive train types, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Then, the quantitative comparison and market penetration of different wind generator systems are presented. The promising permanent magnet generator types are also investigated. After that the ongoing trends of wind generator systems and related comparison criteria are discussed.
Airfoil linear wind generator (alwg) as a novel wind energy extraction approachijmech
Linear wind generator (LWG) is a sufficient way of wind energy harnessing process. However, complicated
LWG energy extraction mechanism such as complex system for transferring linear motion to rotational
motion and problems related to changing the angle of attack is resulted to energy dissipation. In the other
hand the linear generator that delivers ocean wave energy to electricity has been developed as a new renewable energy extraction method. Some of the problems associated with this technology are corrosion,
high cost of manufacturing, high requirement for installation and construction, economical consideration,etc. In the most recent works, low dissipation energy in mechanism, low cost, simplicity and high performance are highly regarded as environmentally friendly methods for wind energy extraction mechanisms. In the current study, we would like to introduce a new and efficient method to extract wind energy using airfoil linear wind generator(ALWG). ALWG is a new method that produces liner reciprocating motion via attached airfoils to a mover in a magnetic field in order to generate electricity.The most important advantage of ALWG is its simplicity and its compatibility to all wind situations that can be more controllable relative to ocean-based and also relative to LWG that become challengeable problem.
Wind Turbines: Will they ever become economically feasible? Jeffrey Funk
The cost electricity from wind turbines is still too for most situations and the cost of electricity has fallen very slowly over the last 30 years (about 2% a year). Even worse, the costs have risen over the last two years. These slides show that the falling costs of electricity from wind turbines are primarily from increases in the scale of wind turbines and that the recent increases are probably from increasing the scale of the rotor diameter too much. Increases in the rotor diameter and the height of towers have directly and indirectly led to reductions in the cost of electricity from wind turbines. They have directly led to reductions in cost because the output of a wind turbine is a function of diameter squared and they indirectly led to reductions in cost because output is a function of wind speed cubed and larger wind turbines can handle higher wind speeds. The major challenge for further increasing the scale of wind turbines is finding materials for the turbine blades that have higher strength to weight ratios. Finally, several new wind turbine designs may also lead to lower costs of electricity from wind turbines.
Design of PVC Bladed Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speed RegionIJERA Editor
The Project is aimed at designing a wind turbine that can be able to build by Laypersons, using readily available material which is feasible & affordable to provide much needed electricity. Since most of the high wind power density regions in the zone of high wind speed are already being tapped by large scale wind turbine and so it required creating a large scope for the development of low wind speed turbines. Our study focuses primarily on designing the blade for tapping power in the regions of low wind power density. The aerodynamic profiles of wind turbine blades have major influence on aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine. This can be achieved by comparing the effectiveness of a crude blade fashioned from a different Size, Material & standard of PVC drainage pipe which are easily available in market. It can be evaluated by performing experimental analysis, data collection & its evaluation on different type & size of PVC Pipe & preparing an analytical tool for best Design.
Renewable energy is generally electricity supplied from sources, such as wind power, solar power,
geothermal energy, hydro power and various forms of biomass. The popularity of renewable energy
has experienced a significant upsurge in recent times due to the exhaustion of conventional power
generation methods and increasing realization of its adverse effects on the environment. Wind energy
has been harnessed for centuries but it has only emerged as a major part of our energy solution quite
recently and this report focus on utilizing wind energy by using vertical axis wind turbine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design Construction, Simulation and Testing of A 300W Wind-Powered Battery Ch...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
LOW EXPENSE VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE USING PERMANENT MAGNETSIAEME Publication
Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wind Turbines and their Potential for Cost ReductionsJeffrey Funk
These slides show how that long-term reductions in the cost of electricity from wind turbines have primarily come more from increasing the scale (rotor diameter and tower height) of wind turbines. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries..
Design of Lattice Wind Turbine Towers With Structural OptimizationIJERA Editor
This article aims to study the self-supporting truss towers used to support large wind turbines in areas with high altitude. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to static loads and these from common usage. With this, it is expected minimize the cost of transportation and installation of the tower and maximize the generation of electricity, respecting technical standards and restrictions of structural integrity and safety, making vibration analysis and the required static and dynamic loads, thereby preventing failures by fractures or mechanical fatigue. Practical examples of towers will be designed by the system and will be tested in structural simulation programs using the Finite Element Method. This analysis is done on the entire region coupling action of the turbine, with variable sensitivity to vibration levels. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same characteristics. At the end of this work itwas possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.
The air streams from the outlet of an air compressor can be used to generate electricity. For instance, if a micro-sized Vertical-Axis Wind-Turbine (VAWT) is installed towards the airflow, some amount of electricity can be generated before being stored in a battery bank. The research’s objectives are to design, fabricate and analyze the performance of Helical Savonius VAWT blade rotors, which is tested with and without using a wind concentrator. The Helical Savonius VAWT is tested at 0 cm without the concentrator, whereas the blade rotor is tested at concave-blade position when using the concentrator. The blade and the wind concentrator designs were based on the dimensions and the constant airflow of the air compressor. The findings suggested that the blade produced its best performance when tested using wind concentrator at concave-blade position in terms of angular speed (ω), tip speed ratio (TSR) and the generated electrical power (PE). The findings concluded that the addition of wind concentrator increases the airflow which then provided better performances on the blades.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design Construction, Simulation and Testing of A 300W Wind-Powered Battery Ch...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
LOW EXPENSE VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE USING PERMANENT MAGNETSIAEME Publication
Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind's kinetic energy into electrical power. The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid. Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Wind Turbines and their Potential for Cost ReductionsJeffrey Funk
These slides show how that long-term reductions in the cost of electricity from wind turbines have primarily come more from increasing the scale (rotor diameter and tower height) of wind turbines. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries..
Design of Lattice Wind Turbine Towers With Structural OptimizationIJERA Editor
This article aims to study the self-supporting truss towers used to support large wind turbines in areas with high altitude. The goal is to evaluate and validate numerically by finite element method the structural analysis when the lattice structures of the towers of wind turbines are subjected to static loads and these from common usage. With this, it is expected minimize the cost of transportation and installation of the tower and maximize the generation of electricity, respecting technical standards and restrictions of structural integrity and safety, making vibration analysis and the required static and dynamic loads, thereby preventing failures by fractures or mechanical fatigue. Practical examples of towers will be designed by the system and will be tested in structural simulation programs using the Finite Element Method. This analysis is done on the entire region coupling action of the turbine, with variable sensitivity to vibration levels. The results obtained for freestanding lattice tower are compared with the information of a tubular one designed to support the generator with the same characteristics. At the end of this work itwas possible to observe the feasibility of using lattice towers that proved better as its structural performance but with caveats about its dynamic performance since the appearance of several other modes natural frequency thus reducing the intervals between them in low frequency and theoretically increase the risk of resonance.
The air streams from the outlet of an air compressor can be used to generate electricity. For instance, if a micro-sized Vertical-Axis Wind-Turbine (VAWT) is installed towards the airflow, some amount of electricity can be generated before being stored in a battery bank. The research’s objectives are to design, fabricate and analyze the performance of Helical Savonius VAWT blade rotors, which is tested with and without using a wind concentrator. The Helical Savonius VAWT is tested at 0 cm without the concentrator, whereas the blade rotor is tested at concave-blade position when using the concentrator. The blade and the wind concentrator designs were based on the dimensions and the constant airflow of the air compressor. The findings suggested that the blade produced its best performance when tested using wind concentrator at concave-blade position in terms of angular speed (ω), tip speed ratio (TSR) and the generated electrical power (PE). The findings concluded that the addition of wind concentrator increases the airflow which then provided better performances on the blades.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Let's Get 'Wild': 6 Adventure Activities To Do In & Around MaharahstraPankaj Sabnani
If you stay in Maharashtra and suffer from boring weekends, it's perhaps an indication that you need some adventure in your life. This presentation talks about 6 different adventure activities you can experience all through the year!
Infographie - Repreneurs, cédants : c'est quoi la garantie d'actif et de pass...FIDAQUITAINE
La garantie d’actif ou de passif, est un engagement du vendeur à indemniser l’acheteur si l’actif diminue ou si le passif augmente après la cession, mais portant sur des événements antérieurs à cette cession.
Genesis' mystery of God creating Our Universe is explored through lens of Computer-like Universe Tools verse by verse in the Bible's Genesis 1 & 2 Accounts with thought provoking questions.
* What is the nature of time?
* Was light created when God said "Let there be light?"
* How was the earth lighted with day & night before the sun, moon, and stars were created?
* What scientific possibilities did God illustrate in the creation account?
Universe Tools Paradigm
Universe Schematic
Literal Creator Days
Thought Experiment
Challenging statements & questions & explanations
* What are Literal Creator Days?
* How does this compare to other viewpoints?
* When do science and God's Word fit together?
Learn more at http://creationopia.wordpress.com and http://bibleopia.wordpress.com
anatomy of the lower extremity veins, CVI , ambulatory venous hypertension, varicose veins , clinical examination and performance of various tests of the varicose veins
Design And Analysis Of Savonius Wind Turbine BladesIJERA Editor
There are two kinds of wind turbines according to the axis of rotation to the ground, horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). VAWTs include both a drag type configuration like
Savonius wind turbine and a lift-type configuration like Darrieus wind turbine. Savonius wind rotor has many
advantages such as low starting speeds and no need for external torque for its starting. Moreover it is cheaper in
construction and has low maintenance. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at
lower wind speeds. The experimental study conducted in this paper aims to investigate the effect of number of
blades and other criteria that can affect the performance of the model of Savonius type wind turbine. The
experiments used to compare 2, 3, and 4 blades wind turbines to show tip speed ratio, torque and power
coefficient related with wind speed. A simulation using ANSYS 13.0 software will show pressure distribution of
wind turbine. The results of study showed that number of blades influence the performance of wind turbine.
Savonius model with three blades has the best performance at high tip speed ratio.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE IAEME Publication
The principle objective of this project is Rural Electrification via hybrid system which includes wind and solar energy. Our intention is to design a wind turbine compact enough to be
installed on roof tops. So we decided to design a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). Advantages of VAWT over HAWT are compact for same electricity generation, less noise, easy for installation and maintenance and reacts to wind from all directions.
The wind turbine designed to generate electricity sufficient enough for a domestic use. The electricity generated will be stored in the battery and then given to the load. This project emphasizes on electrification of remote areas with minimum cost where load shading still has to be done to meet with demand of urban areas.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
“Design and Analysis of a Windmill Blade in Windmill Electric Generation System”IJERA Editor
Wind turbine is a standout amongst the most imperative wellsprings of renewable vitality. Wind turbine extricate active vitality from the wind. A little wind turbine cutting edge was composed and examined in this work. The power execution of little flat hub wind turbines was mimicked in detail utilizing altered blade element momentum methods (BEM). Another sharp edge was planned utilizing diverse assault points (i.e.0o , 5o , 10o ), distinctive speed (4m/s, 5m/s and 12m/s) and rotor span (0.5m and 1m). From this we discover harmony length and power yield hypothetically. Likewise, we chose material for proposed sharp edge.
Review of a Shrouded Wind Turbine for Low Wind Speedsdbpublications
The use of renewable energy is promoted
worldwide to be less dependent on fossil fuels
andnuclear energy. Therefore research in the field
is driven to increase efficiency of renewable energy
systems. This study aimed to develop a wind
turbine for low wind speeds. The extent of power
increase, or augmentation, the factors influencing
shrouded wind turbine performance, the optimal
geometry and economical benefit remained
unanswered.
The most important matter at hand when dealing
with a shrouded wind turbine is to determine if the
overall diameter or the blade diameter of the
turbine should be the point of reference. As the
wind turbine is situated in a shroud that has a larger
diameter than the turbine blades, some researchers
believe that the overall diameter should be used to
calculate the efficiency Theory was revised to
determine the available energy in the shroud after
initial calculations showed that the power
coefficients should have been higher than the open
wind turbine with the same total diameter. A new
equation was derived to predict the available
energy in a shroud.
Performance of a Wind System: Case Study of Sidi Daoud SiteIJERA Editor
This paper describes recent developments of systems for the conversion of wind energy. It presents a modeling and simulation of wind energy conversion system at the site of Sidi Daoud using the experimental results obtained by the services of the company STEG and Madee. We determined the performance of machines based on site properties and dimensional characteristics of the device.
Investigate the effect of blade tip geometry on the performance Vertical Axis...Mohamed Sabry Mohamed
Fluids always flow from high-pressure region to low pressure region, this is the principle of the
airflow around the airfoil and this can create vortices at the trailing edge which reduce the lift
and increase the induced drag and turbulence around the blade turbine. Winglets are a
different method to change the geometry of the blade tip which in turn can affect the whole
performance of the turbine by reducing the vortices or by enhancing the turbine power
coefficient. This project experimentally and numerical investigates the effect of winglets on the
aerodynamic performance of the vertical axis wind turbine (H-Rotor).
Modeling of Wind Energy on Isolated AreaIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a model of the wind turbine (WT) with permanent magnet generator (PMSG) and its associated controllers is presented. The increase of wind power penetration in power systems has meant that conventional power plants are gradually being replaced by wind farms. In fact, today wind farms are required to actively participate in power system operation in the same way as conventional power plants. In fact, power system operators have revised the grid connection requirements for wind turbines and wind farms and now demand that these installations be able to carry out more or less the same control tasks as conventional power plants. For dynamic power system simulations, the PMSG wind turbine model includes an aerodynamic rotor model, a lumped mass representation of the drive train system and generator model. In this paper we propose a model with an implementation in MATLAB / Simulink, each of the system components off-grid small wind turbines.
Wind energy is playing a critical role in the establishment of an environmentally sustainable low carbon economy. This paper presents an overview of wind turbine generator technologies and compares their advantages and drawbacks used for wind energy utilization. Traditionally, DC machines, synchronous machines and squirrel-cage induction machines have been used for small scale power generation. For medium and large wind turbines (WTs), the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the dominant technology while permanent magnet (PM), switched reluctance and high temperature superconducting generators are all extensively researched and developed over the years. In this paper, the topologies and features of these machines are discussed with special attention given to their practical considerations involved in the design, control and operation. It is hoped that this paper provides quick reference guidelines for developing wind turbine generation systems.
A Novel Approach Concerning Wind Power EnhancementWaqas Tariq
Being a tropical country, Bangladesh does have wind flow throughout the year. However, the prospect for wind energy in Bangladesh is not at satisfactory level due to low average wind velocities at different regions of the country. The field survey data indicated that the wind velocities are relatively higher from the month of May to August, whereas, it is not so for the rest of the year. Therefore, exploiting the wind energy at low wind velocities is a major predicament in creating a sustainable energy resource for a country with inauspicious forthcoming energy crisis. The scope of this paper concentrates on an innovative approach to harness wind power by installing an auxiliary unit which would only assist the primary turbine unit in case the wind velocity falls under the required value. The auxiliary unit would comprise a secondary turbine, which would be operated by a DC motor connected to a battery system that is charged by a solar panel. A specially designed conduit would encompass both the primary and auxiliary turbine units. A CFD simulation utilizing ANSYS FLOTRAN was carried out to investigate the velocity profiles for different pressure differences at different regions of the prototype conduit. A feasibility analysis of the modified system was eventually carried out for the preferred conduit design.
POWER PLANT- PORTABLE MICRO POWER GENERATIONvivatechijri
This project gives on idea of "POWER PLANT- PORTABLE MICRO POWER GENERATION". In this project we considered wind as a renewable source of energy to generate electricity with the help of aeroleaves are leaf like structure of wind turbine. Which are placed in the form of tree called Wind tree. These aeroleaves are small vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) and able to generate power. They are also silent, so they could be installed along buildings, street or even in people’s backyards. The rotation of aeroleaves depends on wind speed and wind direction. VAWT will catch wind from all directions. When wind blows, aeroleaves rotate and energy get produced .In this project , the power generated from wind tree is eco-friendly, less noise polluted and can provide electricity to remote locations.
Design and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Control of ...ijtsrd
Renewable Energy Sources are those energy sources which are not destroyed when their energy is harnessed. The model of wind turbine is based on the steady state power characteristics of the turbine. The stiffness of the drive train is infinite and the friction factor and the inertia of the turbine must be combined with those of the generator coupled to the turbine. In this paper, variable speed wind turbine driving permanent magnet synchronous generator with current controlled voltage source inverter has been proposed. Detailed modeling and control strategies of the overall system has been developed. It is found that under the proposed control strategy the system runs smoothly under randomly and quickly varying wind condition. During both symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault conditions, the system is found stable. Results shows that by using Current Source Inverter CSI stability of wind power can be achieved. By using CSI based Controller voltage source inverter or any separate storage energy system is not required. A model is used to determine the behavior of the wind turbine, induction generator and load. Arshid Mehraj | Harjit Singh | Onkar Singh "Design and Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Based Approach for Control of Wind Turbine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38107.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/38107/design-and-analysis-of-artificial-intelligence-based-approach-for-control-of-wind-turbine/arshid-mehraj
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2277-212X (Online)
An Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jls.htm
2011 Vol. 1 (1) October-December, pp.119-126/Dwivedi et al.
Research Article
119
PROPOSED MODEL FOR THE WIND ENERGY HARNESSING SYSTEM
IN TRAINS
Ravi Dwivedi1
, *Kshitiz Upadhyay2
, Ankur Kumar Singh3
and Anant Kumar4
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P),
India, 462051
2,3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute Of Technology, Bhopal
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute Of Technology, Bhopal
*Author of Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Wind Energy is a renewable source of energy. Today, the output power from wind turbines can be
utilized in two ways, either by direct use of the mechanical shaft power (through a gearing ratio) or by
letting the wind turbine power an electrical generator, and utilising the generated power as electrical
power. Recent advances in the wind energy harnessing techniques have revealed many modern
applications [Anderson, 2007]. Battery charging at remote telecommunication stations, domestic heating
and lighting, hybrid systems, where a generator is run by diesel are few common examples in the present
scenario. It is widely accepted fact that we need to switch on to the non-conventional energy sources. This
paper brings a new possibility for the utilisation of the wind generated power, for various electrical
components inside a typical railway train through the batteries charged by the wind energy harnessed by a
series of wind turbines mounted at the top of the train coaches. This paper deals with the design and
development of a wind turbine system with a concept of generation of electricity as an auxiliary source in
the train.
Key Words: Wind Energy, Wind Turbine, Railway Train
INTRODUCTION
Wind energy is basically the kinetic energy of the moving wind. It is a renewable source and thus, is
having far reaching economic value. The use of wind energy as an auxiliary source of energy is the
utmost need of the modern society. Wind energy is harnessed by wind turbines, which may be Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT).
Wind turbine technology can be grouped in three applications [Anderson, 2007]:
1. Large grid connected wind turbines.
2. Hybrid energy systems combining intermediate size wind turbines with other energy sources such as
photovoltaics, hydro and diesel and/or storage used in small remote grids or for special applications such
as water pumping, battery charging or desalination.
3. Small “stand-alone” wind turbines for water pumping, battery charging, heating etc.
In this paper, Authors present a new idea of harnessing the wind energy from the moving trains. This can
be used to run various electrical components, either simultaneously, or by charging DC batteries which
can be used later as a source of electricity. The following sections give a detailed description of this idea
along with the proposed blade profile, mathematical model with calculations, electric circuit and its
components and the turbine system‟s arrangement over the railway coach.
Wind Turbine Design
Turbine type
HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine) is used in the proposed system. Reasons for selecting HAWT
and not VAWT (Vertical Axis Wind Turbine) [Tangler, 2000]:
1. VAWT blades are constant chord type blades, which adversely affect blade efficiency and self-start
capability.
2. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2277-212X (Online)
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2011 Vol. 1 (1) October-December, pp.119-126/Dwivedi et al.
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2. Rotor wake-induced losses of the VAWTs are greater than those of HAWT‟s since VAWT‟s only operate
at optimum lift-to-drag ratio over a small azimuth of the rotation. This leads to excessive wind energy
going into rotor thrust loads rather than useful power output.
3. The highly cyclic power and thrust generated by VAWT rotors also results in higher fatigue loads.
4. VAWT tends to be a lower rpm machine that derives power more from torque than rpm, which results in
greater machine weight and cost.
Blade number
Blade number is the number of blades in a given turbine. 3 blade system is proposed for the system. Two
main parameters which play an important role in turbine design are solidity and blade number. The
solidity is defined as,
. . . (1)
More is the solidity of a turbine, more torque will be exerted on the blades, which makes the initial
starting of the blades easier at low wind speeds. At the same time, the speed of the blades is
comparatively less with high solidity design. In the system proposed, the wind speed is high enough. So
lesser solidity is desired, which speeds up the turbine blades, increasing the power output. Although it
appears that minimizing the number of blades leads to the best turbine design, still in the present day wind
turbine community, three blades is preferred to two, to minimize the adverse yaw effects [Duquette,
2003].
Tip-Speed Ratio
For any wind turbine, the Tip-Speed Ratio is defined as the ratio of the speed of the tip of the turbine
blade, to the wind speed. TSR, denoted by λ, in terms of rotational speed (ω) of the turbine blades, wind
speed (v) and the rotor radius (R) is given by,
. . . (2)
The relationship between and λ is critical and can be approximated by a quadratic equation.
Arifujjaman calculated a model for as a function of λ and generated a curve [Arifujjaman, 2006].
Statistical analysis showed that the predicted model for with the fitted coefficients was acceptable. The
resulting equation was found to be,
. . . (3)
Figure1. Power Coefficient as a function of Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) [Arifujjaman, 2006].
3. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2277-212X (Online)
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2011 Vol. 1 (1) October-December, pp.119-126/Dwivedi et al.
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Most 3 blade HAWTs operate at a TSR of 5-8.
Turbine Model
The different views of the proposed wind turbine model are shown in the diagrams below,
Figure 2. Wind Turbine - Front View.
Aerofoil Blade
(NACA4412
proposed)
Hub
3- Ф Alternator
Tower
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The wind turbine proposed is basically a gearless turbine in which the turbine shaft is directly connected
to the Alternator shaft without any gearbox in between. This type of system is generally preferred in case
of small wind turbines. The blades used are aerofoil type with blade profile of NACA44 series, NACA
4412. NACA blade profiles were developed in around 1930s and have good all-round properties, giving a
good power curve and a good stall [Stiesdal, 1999].
Fig 3. NACA44 Blade Profile. [Stiesdal, 1999]
Aerodynamic blades are always preferred over normal flat blades because of excellent aerodynamic
properties and lift-drag ratio.
Figure 4. Wind Turbine- Axonometric View
A fin is installed behind every wind turbine to give it the proper direction in case of multidirectional wind
flow, and in case, when the running direction of the train changes (when engine shifts its position). The
turbine turns about it‟s axis through the yaw mechanism provided at the turbine-tower joint.
Fin
Yaw
Mechanism
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Mathematical Model
The definitions of various variables used in the given model are:
E = Kinetic Energy (J) of the Wind m = Mass (Kg) of the Wind
v = Wind Speed (m/s) A = Swept Area (m2
)
P = Power (W) Cp = Power Coefficient
r = Radius (m) ρ = Density of Air (Kg/m3
)
t = Time (s) = Mass flow rate (Kg/s)
= Energy flow rate (J/s) x = Distance (m)
Under constant acceleration, the kinetic energy of the wind is given by,
. . . (4)
The power in the wind is given by the rate of change of energy,
At a particular point of time when wind speed is v,
. . . (5)
The mass flow rate of wind is given by,
. . . (6)
And the rate of change of distance is given by,
. . . (7)
We get,
. . . (8)
Hence, from the equation, the power can be defined as,
. . . (9)
A German physicist Albert Betz concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine can convert more than 16/27 (
59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. This is known as the
Betz Limit or Betz‟ Law [Fink, 2005]. The theoretical maximum power efficiency of any design of wind
turbine is thus 59%, i.e. no more than 59% of the energy carried by the wind can be extracted by a wind
turbine). This is called the Power Coefficient, and is defined as,
Also, the wind turbine cannot operate at this maximum limit. So,
The Cp value is unique to each turbine type and is a function of wind speed that the turbine is operating
in. Once we incorporate various engineering requirements of a wind turbine – strength and durability in
particular – the real world limit is well below the Betz limit with values of 0.35-0.45 common even in the
best turbines. Hence the extractable power of the wind is,
. . . (10)
If ƞg be the efficiency of the generator, is the efficiency of the turbine-generator system.
. . . (11)
Calculations Based on Proposed Data
For the real life running railway train, we take,
Vavg = 60 Km/hr = 16.67 m/s
r = Blade Length = 10 cm = 0.1 m
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= π× (0.1)2
= 0.0314 m2
= Air Density = 1.23 Kg/m3
at the sea level.
Taking efficiency, = 0.20, for a typical 3 blade wind turbine (From Fig 1.)
. . . (12)
The power output predicted is 17.89 Watts from one turbine.
In the proposed model, for a typical railway coach of 21.3 m length and 3.25 m, the turbine blades are
arranged in 9 rows, in groups of 3. The figure below shows the arrangement of turbines in the proposed
model.
Figure 5. Arrangement of Wind Turbines over the coach - Top view (27 Turbines).
Using the net power output from a single turbine, we can calculate the power output from a system of 27
turbines, as proposed in the system. The net power output from a coach will be,
. . . (13)
Electrical System
The electrical system is the system of electrical devices which will generate the electricity from the
rotational energy of the turbine shaft. The system consists of a 3 phase Alternator, which produces a 3- Ф
AC current of voltage rating between 13.5-14.8 V [Masters]. This 3- Ф AC current is rectified by a 3- Ф
Rectifier in series with the alternator. The rectifier produces DC current which is fed into the 12V battery
through a switch. The battery is then connected with an Inverter which converts 12V DC supply to 110V
AC current which will run the electric components inside the train. Given below is the block diagram of
the proposed system,
Figure 6. Block Diagram of the Proposed System.
Coach
Turbine
7. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2277-212X (Online)
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The electric circuit for the alternator and rectifier bridge circuit is given below
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed idea has got the following applications:
1. The estimated power output from the alternator is 483 Watts (Eq. 11.). For a typical railway SL coach, we
generally have 9 compartments. The proposed design (Fig 2.) shows that 27 turbines are to be installed
over one coach, 3 over each compartment to cater the need of internal electrical system in the coach.
Since the ratings of a typical tube-light installed inside the railway coach are 110V AC-20W. So, for a
single tube-light, we require,
For a typical SL coach, 2 tube-lights are installed for each compartment, thereby making a sum of 18
tube-lights over the entire coach. So, the total power required by the tube-lights to run properly is,
For a typical SL coach, 3 ceiling fans are installed for each compartment, thereby making a sum of 27
fans for the entire coach. The ratings of a typical railway ceiling fan is 110V AC-60W. So, the total power
required by the fans to run is,
The power made available by the wind turbine system is,
After the detailed calculations, the results show that even after lightening up all the tube-lights inside the
coach, an additional 123 Watts of harnessed energy is left, which can be utilised for running two fans
(60W-110V AC), or providing with some extra facility for mobile chargers, which has become an utmost
need of a contemporary passenger.
8. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2277-212X (Online)
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2011 Vol. 1 (1) October-December, pp.119-126/Dwivedi et al.
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The first application is thus, the running of the electrical components inside the railway coaches through
the simultaneous charging and supply from the battery installed.
The turbine system is an auxiliary source of energy in addition to the conventional battery charging
system from diesel, which will run the remaining components. When the battery charging is complete, the
charging circuit will automatically disconnect from the battery.
2. Apart from simultaneous charging and supplying the electricity from the battery, the battery can be
charged only, when the train is stationary at the yard, or at some point where electricity in the coaches is
not needed. This energy can be stored in the battery and used further. This charging will be due to the
wind flowing at the stationary train site. This extra energy can be used to run other electrical machines
like cleaning machines at the yard.
3. The turbine system may also be installed over the roof-top of the loco. The batteries below the loco are
used to start the loco engine, to provide the initial ignition. The battery rating is 12V-500Amp-hr. Usually
8 batteries are installed. The turbine system is used as an auxiliary source of energy. These batteries can
be charged and used in the next run, to provide ignition.
Conclusion
1. The wind energy harnessed from the proposed wind-turbine system can be used for lightening up all the
tube-lights, leaving an additional calculated 123W energy, which can be used to run the fans, or as an
input to other devices like mobile chargers and night lamps.
2. The harnessed energy is an un-interrupted supply of energy which continues to work even when the
diesel-battery system fails.
3. The proposed system as an auxiliary source of energy proves to be important at the times of emergency
and accidental hazards when the main supply cuts off. This will add to the safety of the passengers, as
well as the property of the railways.
4. The charged batteries from the stationary coaches at the time of cleaning of the train, can be used to run
the cleaning devices.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would also like to thank Pradeep Yadav and Prateek Sharma, MANIT Bhopal for their helpful inputs
on the topic.
REFERENCES
Anderson P.D.(2007). Review of Historical and Modern Utilization of Wind Power, Wind Energy
Department, RISØ DTU, Denmark. Available: http://www.risoe.dk/rispubl/VEA/dannemand.htm.
Arifujjaman M.D.(2006). Maximum Power Extraction from a Small Wind Turbine Emulator Using a
DC-DC Converter Controlled By a Microcontroller, ICECE ‟06, Dhaka, Bangladesh, December 2006.
Duquette M.M.(2003). Numerical Implications of Solidity and Blade Number on Rotor Performance of
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, ASME, November 2003.
Fink D.(2005). Small Wind Turbine Basics, Energy Self Sufficiency Newsletter, July 2005. Available:
www.otherpower.com/windbasics1.html .
Masters D. Understanding Alternators-An Overview, Quick Start Automotive Electric, Available:
http://www.alternatorparts.com/understanding_alternators.htm
Stiesdal H. (1999). Wind Turbine- Components and Operation. Bonus Info Newsletter, Autumn.
Tangler J.L. (2000). The Evolution of Rotor and Blade Design, AWEA „00, California, April-May 2000.