The marketing mix, also known as the 4Ps, refers to the tactical elements - product, price, place, and promotion - that a company uses to market a product to its target audience. Product involves the goods or services offered, price is the amount charged, place means distribution and availability, and promotion covers advertising, personal selling, public relations, and sales promotions used to communicate with customers. Market research, including product testing and concept testing, is conducted before manufacturing to inform decisions about the product, price, and promotion. Color choices for products like toothpaste are also tested to appeal to customers' moods and desires. Innovation in products helps brands like Close Up gain an edge, while maintaining a youth-focused positioning and new