This document discusses abrasion resistance and pilling resistance in fabrics. It defines abrasion as the wearing away of fabric from rubbing, and pilling as the formation of small balls of fiber on the fabric surface. The factors that affect abrasion resistance and pilling include fiber type, yarn type, weave, and fabric properties. Experiments were conducted to evaluate abrasion and pilling resistance of different weaves using standard testing methods. The results showed that twill weaves had better abrasion and pilling resistance than satin weaves.
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
In the ICI pilling test the fabric will undergo tumbling action while in the case of Martindale abrasion test the fabric sample will undergo multidirectional action against the emery cloth. So the test condition in Martindale is widely acceptable than ICI pilling.
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
In the ICI pilling test the fabric will undergo tumbling action while in the case of Martindale abrasion test the fabric sample will undergo multidirectional action against the emery cloth. So the test condition in Martindale is widely acceptable than ICI pilling.
A test method is a method for a test in science or engineering, such as a physical test, chemical test, or statistical test. It is a definitive procedure that produces a test result. There are so many standards /test methods for textile testing.
The slideshow will be narrative of the testing for fabrics in the crisp and clear fashion. The different types of tests of fabrics along with colorfastness are also explained.
Sieves & Screens used during processing of pharmaceutical productsChandrakant Patil
Sieves or screens are an important and critical (product contact) machine change parts during pharmaceutical production processes; especially for manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms.
Further, various types of sifting or sieving equipments are used which not only assists in separating oversized raw material but also helps in dispersion of material to obtain ingredients of uniform and required particle size.
Particle size reduction or milling process is employed for milling of wet and dry granules during manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.
Conclusively, this presentation provides comprehensive information on specification, inspection, usage, storage, cleaning and overall management of sieve and screen used in the production area.
Non woven
Nonwoven fabrics are broadly defined as sheet or web structures made of fibers or filaments bonded or interlocked together by mechanical, thermal, chemical or solvent means. They are flat, porous sheets that are made directly from separate fibers or from molten plastic or plastic film. They are not made by weaving or knitting and do not require converting the fibers to yarn.
A test method is a method for a test in science or engineering, such as a physical test, chemical test, or statistical test. It is a definitive procedure that produces a test result. There are so many standards /test methods for textile testing.
The slideshow will be narrative of the testing for fabrics in the crisp and clear fashion. The different types of tests of fabrics along with colorfastness are also explained.
Sieves & Screens used during processing of pharmaceutical productsChandrakant Patil
Sieves or screens are an important and critical (product contact) machine change parts during pharmaceutical production processes; especially for manufacturing of oral solid dosage forms.
Further, various types of sifting or sieving equipments are used which not only assists in separating oversized raw material but also helps in dispersion of material to obtain ingredients of uniform and required particle size.
Particle size reduction or milling process is employed for milling of wet and dry granules during manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.
Conclusively, this presentation provides comprehensive information on specification, inspection, usage, storage, cleaning and overall management of sieve and screen used in the production area.
Non woven
Nonwoven fabrics are broadly defined as sheet or web structures made of fibers or filaments bonded or interlocked together by mechanical, thermal, chemical or solvent means. They are flat, porous sheets that are made directly from separate fibers or from molten plastic or plastic film. They are not made by weaving or knitting and do not require converting the fibers to yarn.
Effect of gauge variation of circular knitting machine on physical and mechan...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
This paper deals with the results of an investigation of various gauges of circular knitting machines with a view to producing same single jersey fabric with different parameters. All parameters including machine diameter, stitch length, yarn count, yarn lot, yarn tension etc. but gauges are used for this work is different. Even dyeing has been done at the same time on the same machine by stitching one with other, finishing parameters and processes are also same and done at same time as well to minimize the effects of other variable which can be responsible for changing the physical and mechanical properties like finished width of the fabric, finished GSM (Grams per Square Meter), shrinkage, spirality, bursting strength etc. This is done for finding only the effects which actually affects the fabric properties. Finally the findings or results are as expected with some variations with the results that are thought theoretically.
An experimental sample about tear strength testing of a fabric by Elmendorf's Tear Tester. This will helpful for the Textile Engineering student to know the measuring process of tear strength of a fabric.
Maksons Spinning Mills Ltd. by Md.Mehedi Hassan Rifat
Projectpresentation 121108113314-phpapp02
1. Under The Guidance Of:
Miss. Preeti Rawat
Lecturer, IICT Bhadohi
Prepared By:
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Vinay Indorker
Neeta Singh
Roshan Linda
D. Ginzamang Haokip
1
2. Abrasion Resistance
• ASTM D123 describes Abrasion Resistance as follows:
“The wearing away of any part of a material by
rubbing against another surface.”
• A fabric can be abraded by:
1. As a fabric rubs on another fabric.
2. As a fabric rubs against another object.
3. As fibers or yarns within the fabric rub against each
other when the fabric bends, flexes, or stretches.
4. As dust, grit, or other particles held within the fabric
rub against fibers inside the fabric.
2
3. Pilling Resistance
• Pilling is defined as the condition that arises in
wear due to the formation of little 'pills' of
entangled fibre clinging to the fabric surface
giving it an unsightly appearance.
• The pills are formed during wearing and
washing by the entanglement of the loose
fibres which protrude from the fabric surface.
• Pilling takes place when the fabric has been
subjected to abrasion.
3
4. Factors affecting abrasion resistance
1. Fibre type
2. Yarn type
3. Fabric Weave
Criteria for the evaluation of abrasion Resistance
a) Overall appearance and loss in colour
or shade, signs of damaged yarns, fibers
and so on.
b) Loss in the breaking strength of the
specimen.
c) Loss in the weight of the specimen.
d) Decrease in the thickness of the
specimen.
e) Change in the air permeability of the
specimen.
4
5. Areas where Abrasion resistant fabrics are used:
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In wood strip kayaks
In Pocket Lining fabric.
In upholsteries.
Private aviation / marine
In Bed-Spreads
Seat covers in Vehicles
In Rope Coatings.
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6. Factors affecting pilling
1.
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•
2.
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•
3.
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Fibre properties:
Fibre rigidity
Fibre strength
Yarn properties:
Higher twist, less pilling
More compact yarn, less pilling
Fabric properties:
More compact the fabric structure, lower pilling
Tightness factor
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7. Assessment of Pilling
• Pills observed in worn garments vary appreciably in size
and appearance .
• Loss of cover.
• Colour change.
• Development of fuzz.
Machines Used:
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Sample Warping Machine
Sample Weaving Loom
Martindale Abrasion Tester
ICI Pill Box
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8. Material Used
• A 300 denier draw Textured PET yarn was
brought from the market.
• Actual Yarn Count: 303 Denier
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9. Experimental Work
• Winding
- Cone winding machine.
- Manufactured by Rajesh Industries
• Warping
- Model
SW550
- Working Width 20 inches maximum
- Air Consumption
10L/mm. Air pressure 6-9kgf/cm2
- Power 220V Single phase, 50-60Hz
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10. • Weaving
- Rapier weaving machine
- Model : SL8900s
- Weaving width: 20 inches maximum
- Speed: 45 ppm maximum
- Weft Insertion :Single rapier weft insertion driven by servomotor.
- Controller PC based controller/Window operating system
• Testing
- Abrasion Testing: Martindale Abrasion Tester
- Pilling Tester: ICI Pill Box
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11. Abrasion Testing
• Standard abradant fabric
- IWS recommended cloth SM25
- Mounted over a piece of woven or non-woven felt
- Mass of the felt should be 750 +/- 50g and
approximately 2 mm thick
• Conditioning of test specimens
- Conditioning is Done at 65% +/- 2% R.H., 27° C +/-2
as defined in BS 1051
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12. Preparation of test specimens
• Four specimens each cut or punched 38 mm in
diameter are mounted
Testing
• Two samples warp wise and two samples weft-wise
• Take Weight loss readings:
- W1 ………… Initial Weight of the Sample
- W2…………Weight of the sample after 10,000 cycles
- W3…………Weight of the samples after 20,000 cycles
- W4…………Weight of the sample after 40,000 cycles
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13. Pilling Test
• Consists of either 2 or 4 drums or boxes
• The tester features a counter which stops the
machine after a predetermined number of
revolutions.
• Polyurethane tubes, 4 for each box. These are each
140 mm long and 31.5 mm in outer diameter.
Testing
• Two samples warp wise and two samples weft-wise
• Test readings were taken.
• Grading is Done.
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15. Results
• For Abrasion testing:
2/2 Twill > 3/1 Twill > Crepe > Satin
- From Abrasion tesing: Satin weave has the poorest
Abrasion Resistance while 2/2 twill has the best
• For Pilling Testing:
2/2 Twill > 3/1 Twill > Crepe > Satin
- From Pilling tesing: Satin weave is prone to pill
formation while 2/2 twill is least.
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16. References
• Principle of Textile Testing by J. E. Booth. Chapter No. 7.
Page No. 309
• Textile science by E. P. Gohl and L. D. Vilensky.Chapter No.
5. Page No. 112-113
• Physical testing of textiles by Seville. Page No. 185-200
• Article on “Abrasion Resistance: the full story” and
“Abrasion Resistance: Consideration for textile specifiers”.
http://www.contracttextiles.org/page.jsp?navigation=38
• The art of manipulating fabric. www.isotextileblogspot.com
• Fabric testing, Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2008.
• Instruction manual for the SDL 235 Martindale Abrasion
tester.
• Instruction manual for the M227B Pilling Box SDL.
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17. References(Continued…)
• Fabric structure and Design by N. Gokarneshan. Chapter
No. 4 & 7. Page No.22-36; 45-49.
• Chapter 14 Abrasion and Pilling
http://www.qdu.edu.cn/chapter_14_Abrasion_and_Pilling
• Heavy duty fabrics an essay by W. W. Informational page
from http://www.ahh.biz/specialized_textiles_outfitters
• http://www.heavydutyfabric.com
• Manual of CCI TECH INC, Sample Warping Machine.
• Manual of CCI TECH INC, Sample Weaving Machine.
• Effect of Abrasion, Crease recovery, Tensile Strength, and
Hydrophilic Properties of Contemporary Cotton/ Synthetic
Fibre Blends By Mrs. Samia Kalsoom. Page No. 71- 86.
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