Factors knitting shrinkage
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Knitting shrinkage is a dimensional change that results in a decrease in length or width of a knitted fabric when subjected to conditions like washing, drying, or chemical treatment. There are several types of shrinkage, including relaxation shrinkage during manufacturing, residual shrinkage after washing, felting shrinkage in wool fibers due to moisture and mechanical action, and compressive shrinkage through controlled compression. Factors influencing shrinkage include yarn twist, stitch length, fabric weight, yarn elasticity, fabric construction, tension during garment sewing, and fiber and yarn stability. Proper prevention of knitting shrinkage requires correct knitted construction, elimination of excessive tensions, untwisting yarns below 65% moisture,
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Shrinkage of ttqc ii
1) Shrinkage is a dimensional change in fabrics where they become smaller than their original size, usually due to laundry. It is one of the main disadvantages of fabrics.
2) There are several types of shrinkage testing procedures, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, and residual shrinkage.
3) Factors that influence shrinkage include yarn swelling, twist factor, stitch length, GSM, elasticity of yarn, stability of fibers and yarns, construction, type of weave or knit, and tension during sewing of garments. Proper control methods like correct construction, eliminating excess tensions, and spreading with softener can help reduce shrink
Fabric Shrinkage
This document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, residual shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, and elastic shrinkage. It explains the causes of each type of shrinkage and factors that influence the amount of shrinkage, such as fiber type, yarn construction, fabric weight, stitch length, and finishing processes. Methods for controlling and reducing shrinkage are also outlined.
Pilling and abrasion Testing of fabrics
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
Shrinkage
The document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics including construction shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, elastic shrinkage, and relaxation shrinkage. It also outlines factors that can influence shrinkage like yarn construction, weave/knit type, fiber content, and tensions during processing. The standard procedure for measuring fabric shrinkage involves marking samples before and after washing and drying to calculate the percentage change in dimensions.
Fabric relaxation procedure
This document outlines a fabric relaxation procedure for Tivoli Apparels Ltd. It specifies that certain fabric blends containing modal, viscose, cotton, or spandex need 24 hours of relaxation after unrolling before cutting. Other blends containing polyester, rayon, nylon, linen, or spandex only require 12 hours of relaxation. Some fabrics like 100% cotton, linen/cotton blends, or 100% polyester only need to be unwound and tension released before laying and cutting. Relaxation releases tension in fabric layers to prevent issues with garment measurements and shapes.
Abrasion resistance and pilling attitude of fleece fabric.
This document summarizes the results of a study on the abrasion resistance and pilling behavior of three thread fleece fabrics. Testing was conducted on 21 fabric samples made from different yarn blends, including cotton, polyester, and cotton-polyester blends. Pilling tests showed that finishing improved pilling grades and higher yarn twist increased pilling resistance. Abrasion testing found that finishing reduced weight loss and that cotton-based fabrics maintained more uniform weight loss than polyester blends. Blends containing cotton and polyester showed the greatest difference between unfinished and finished weight loss. The study provides information on how yarn type and finishing affect key performance properties of fleece fabrics.
Raising Finishing
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
Pilling on fabric or garments
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2) There are several types of shrinkage testing procedures, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, and residual shrinkage.
3) Factors that influence shrinkage include yarn swelling, twist factor, stitch length, GSM, elasticity of yarn, stability of fibers and yarns, construction, type of weave or knit, and tension during sewing of garments. Proper control methods like correct construction, eliminating excess tensions, and spreading with softener can help reduce shrink
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This document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, residual shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, and elastic shrinkage. It explains the causes of each type of shrinkage and factors that influence the amount of shrinkage, such as fiber type, yarn construction, fabric weight, stitch length, and finishing processes. Methods for controlling and reducing shrinkage are also outlined.
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The document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics including construction shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, elastic shrinkage, and relaxation shrinkage. It also outlines factors that can influence shrinkage like yarn construction, weave/knit type, fiber content, and tensions during processing. The standard procedure for measuring fabric shrinkage involves marking samples before and after washing and drying to calculate the percentage change in dimensions.
Fabric relaxation procedure
This document outlines a fabric relaxation procedure for Tivoli Apparels Ltd. It specifies that certain fabric blends containing modal, viscose, cotton, or spandex need 24 hours of relaxation after unrolling before cutting. Other blends containing polyester, rayon, nylon, linen, or spandex only require 12 hours of relaxation. Some fabrics like 100% cotton, linen/cotton blends, or 100% polyester only need to be unwound and tension released before laying and cutting. Relaxation releases tension in fabric layers to prevent issues with garment measurements and shapes.
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Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
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This presentation discusses pilling, which is the formation of small balls of fiber on fabric surfaces caused by abrasion during wear. Pilling occurs due to factors like wear, rubbing, fiber migration, heat, soft yarn, and excess short fibers. Methods to reduce pilling include using high-twist yarn, air jet spinning to reduce fiber migration, increasing fiber density and thread count, singeing to reduce hairiness, and longer fibers. A pilling test involves sewing seams in fabric samples and tumbling them in a box for 5 hours at 18,000-36,000 revolutions to evaluate pilling.
Pilling on fabric surfaces
Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
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2. Construction shrinkage is the dimensional change based solely on the construction variables used to create the fabric. Processing shrinkage is the dimensional change added or removed during finishing and manufacturing processes.
3. Many factors affect shrinkage, including fiber type, yarn construction, wet processes, finishing procedures, manufacturing techniques, and care methods. In the denim industry, excessive shrinkage is undesirable and is typically controlled through finishing processes like compressive shrinking.
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This document discusses fusing, which is the process of bonding two fabrics together using heat and pressure. It describes how thermoplastic resins applied to a base fabric are activated by heat in a press, allowing the resin to flow and bond the fabrics. The document outlines different base materials, resins, coating methods, and fusing equipment. It also discusses techniques like single, reverse, sandwich and double fusing. Potential problems with fusible interlinings are noted. Popular brands of fusing machines and materials are listed.
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1) Shrinkage is defined as the change in dimensions (length and width) that occurs when a fabric relaxes through processes like laundering.
2) For a fabric to be in its reference state, it must go through several cycles of laundering until its dimensions become stable and no further shrinkage is possible.
3) Understanding a fabric's dimensions and shrinkage in the reference state allows manufacturers to control how the fabric will shrink and to calculate important specifications like width, weight and shrinkage for delivered fabrics.
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Fusing is a process of attaching an interlining like polyester or non-woven material to parts of a garment that require stiffness, such as collars, cuffs, and waistbands. It involves applying a thermoplastic resin to the interlining using various coating methods. The resin is activated by heat and pressure during the fusing process to bond the interlining to the garment fabric. Common fusing methods include flat bed presses, continuous fusing machines, and high frequency equipment. Quality control measures include temperature testing and peel strength tests.
Spirality & Shrinkage
This project report summarizes work done on analyzing and minimizing spirality and shrinkage problems in knitted fabrics. It discusses raw materials used, yarn types and counts, subcontractors, and costs. It also provides an overview of the evolution of Bangladesh's knitting industry and its social and economic impacts. Key points are that spirality is caused by yarn twist and machine settings, while shrinkage is due to yarn swelling; both can be reduced through washing, drying, and fabric construction methods. The knitting industry is a major employer and exporter for Bangladesh.
Compare among pilling tester
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3. Mathematical relationships and graphs will be used to determine the dependency and correlation between seam slippage strength and the structural parameters of the woven fabrics. Test results and data analysis will be included in the project report.
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2. Specific types of shrinkage such as relaxation shrinkage, consolidation shrinkage, swelling shrinkage, and felting shrinkage.
3. The objectives and processes involved in fabric finishing to control dimensional stability and develop desired fabric properties.
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Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
Denim Shrinkage & Evaluation
1. Shrinkage is defined as a dimensional change in a fabric or garment caused by the application of force, energy, or a change in environment. There are several types of shrinkage including relaxation, swelling, and felting shrinkage.
2. Construction shrinkage is the dimensional change based solely on the construction variables used to create the fabric. Processing shrinkage is the dimensional change added or removed during finishing and manufacturing processes.
3. Many factors affect shrinkage, including fiber type, yarn construction, wet processes, finishing procedures, manufacturing techniques, and care methods. In the denim industry, excessive shrinkage is undesirable and is typically controlled through finishing processes like compressive shrinking.
Fusing
This document discusses fusing, which is the process of bonding two fabrics together using heat and pressure. It describes how thermoplastic resins applied to a base fabric are activated by heat in a press, allowing the resin to flow and bond the fabrics. The document outlines different base materials, resins, coating methods, and fusing equipment. It also discusses techniques like single, reverse, sandwich and double fusing. Potential problems with fusible interlinings are noted. Popular brands of fusing machines and materials are listed.
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1) Shrinkage is defined as the change in dimensions (length and width) that occurs when a fabric relaxes through processes like laundering.
2) For a fabric to be in its reference state, it must go through several cycles of laundering until its dimensions become stable and no further shrinkage is possible.
3) Understanding a fabric's dimensions and shrinkage in the reference state allows manufacturers to control how the fabric will shrink and to calculate important specifications like width, weight and shrinkage for delivered fabrics.
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Compare among pilling tester
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This document discusses methods for determining the performance of woven fabrics, including pilling resistance, abrasion resistance, tear strength, and breaking strength. It describes common tests for each property, such as the ICI pilling box test and Wyzenbeek abrasion test. Pilling is caused by fiber mobility and tangling, and is rated on a scale from 1 to 5. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, twist, and fabric structure. Tear and breaking strength measurements use methods like the strip, grab, and rip tests.
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This document discusses textile testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance. It begins with an introduction to pilling formation and objectives of pilling testing. Methods of pilling testing include the ICI pilling box and random tumble pilling tester. Grading scales are provided to assess pilling. Abrasion resistance and factors that influence it are then covered. The Martindale abrasion tester process and assessment are described. In conclusion, fabric pilling can be reduced through fiber, yarn, fabric and finish improvements while maintaining aesthetics and performance.
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The document discusses several techniques for providing shrink proof and durable press finishes to cellulosic fabrics, including ultra high pressure treatment, corona discharge treatment, foam finishing, zero/zero compressive shrinkage finishing, plasma processing, and nano-care finishing. These techniques can reduce shrinkage, improve wrinkle resistance, and increase the durability of finishes through mechanical or chemical means. The finishes provided by these techniques allow for end uses such as activewear, sportswear, uniforms, and home and commercial textiles.
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This document discusses different types of pressing used in the garments industry. It begins by defining pressing as applying heat and pressure to remove creases from cloth or garments. There are five categories of pressing based on the garment type and material: no pressing, minimum pressing, under pressing, final pressing, and permanent pressing. The document then describes the objectives and types of different pressing equipment used, including irons, steam presses, steam air finishing machines, and steam tunnels.
Study of relationship between seam slippage& strength
1. The document outlines a research project on analyzing factors that influence seam slippage in woven garments.
2. The project will examine the effect of fabric properties like GSM, cover factor, and thickness on seam slippage strength. Fabric samples with different values for these properties will be stitched and tested.
3. Mathematical relationships and graphs will be used to determine the dependency and correlation between seam slippage strength and the structural parameters of the woven fabrics. Test results and data analysis will be included in the project report.
Alternate method of joining in Apparel sector
Sewing is the oldest and most widely used method for joining fabrics, but alternative methods have been developed for special cases where sewing is not possible. These alternative methods include welding, adhesives, molding, and fusing. Welding involves applying heat and pressure to join thermoplastic fabrics. Fusing uses heat and pressure to bond fabrics using a fusible interlining. Adhesives can be used to join fabrics with an adhesive coating or thread. While alternative methods allow joining without sewing, they have limitations like lower speed, less comfortable seams, and inability to alter seams. Sewing generally produces stronger, softer seams and remains the most universal fabric joining method.
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1. The document discusses interlinings, which are fabrics used inside garments to provide support, reinforcement, and shape retention. It focuses on the types, properties, and fusing process of interlinings.
2. There are two main types of interlinings - sewn and fusible. Fusible interlinings are attached using heat and pressure, while sewn interlinings are attached by sewing.
3. Fusible interlinings have advantages for mass production but require special equipment and care during the fusing process to avoid defects like striking through or color changes. Quality control factors for fusing include temperature, pressure, time, and ensuring the bond strength is not compromised.
Heat setting
Heat setting is a heat treatment process that imparts shape retention, crease resistance, resilience and elasticity to fibers. It involves four phases: heating, penetration, transition and stretch, and cooling. Heat setting can be carried out at different stages - in grey condition, after scouring, or after dyeing. Different methods are used for heat setting including contact, steam, hydro, tenter frame, and selective infrared methods. Heat setting results in structural and chemical modifications of fibers that change properties like strength, stretchability, softness, dyeability and sometimes color.
singing process in textile processing
Singeing is the process of removing small, protruding fibers from fabric using a hot surface to give the fabric a smooth appearance. It is done after shearing and cropping. There are three main singeing methods: plate singeing uses heated copper plates, roller singeing uses a heated rotating cylinder, and gas singeing uses flames produced by a gas burner. Gas singeing is most effective as it can singe fibers in the gaps between warp and weft threads, giving a more uniform result. The purpose of singeing is to remove fuzzy fibers that affect dye uptake and the fabric's appearance and handle.
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The document discusses the key stages in the textile manufacturing process including fiber and non-woven production, spinning, weaving and knitting, wet processing, and garment manufacturing. It provides flow charts and classifications of the different types of fibers, non-woven fabrics, spinning methods, and wet processing stages. The overall textile manufacturing process involves turning raw materials like cotton into yarn, fabric, and finished garments through interlinked steps of preparation, construction, dyeing, printing, and assembly.
Project presentation
The document discusses abrasion resistance and pilling resistance in fabrics. It defines abrasion and pilling, and lists factors that affect each, such as fiber type, yarn type, and weave. The document outlines testing methods for abrasion using a Martindale Abrasion Tester and for pilling using an ICI Pill Box. Testing of different weaves showed satin has the poorest abrasion and pilling resistance while 2/2 twill has the best. The results suggest weave significantly impacts abrasion and pilling performance.
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Singeing is a process that burns off loose fibers on fabric surfaces to produce a smooth finish. There are three main types of singeing machines: plate, roller, and gas. Gas singeing is most common as it singes both sides of fabric continuously at speeds of 100-150m/min. Key parameters for effective gas singeing include proper flame intensity, fabric speed, singeing position, distance from flames, and flame width. Uniform conditions are required to prevent incomplete or uneven singeing across the fabric.
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3. The objectives and processes involved in fabric finishing to control dimensional stability and develop desired fabric properties.
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This document discusses dewatering and compacting machines used in knit fabric finishing processes. It describes the working principles and objectives of dewatering machines, which remove water from fabrics after dyeing. It also covers the functions and processes of tubular and open width compacting machines, which control shrinkage, smoothness, and other properties. Key details about specific dewatering and compacting machine models are provided.
Wrinkle finishing technique (Wrinkle effect)
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the cloth or garments. Wrinkle is a particular type of pressure in the finished fabric. It is produced during finishing operations by the thickness of the seam used to join pieces for processing.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
Textile chemistry
Textile finishing involves processes performed after dyeing to improve the fabric's appearance, performance, and feel. There are several types of finishes including permanent finishes that chemically alter the fabric and temporary finishes that are washed away. Common finishing processes include calendaring to compact and smooth the fabric, and sanforizing/shrinkage control to prevent cotton fabrics from shrinking. Finishing chemicals are also applied to provide properties like waterproofing, mildew resistance, fire retardancy, and more. The effectiveness of finishing depends on factors like chemical selection, moisture levels, temperature, and tension applied during processing.
Session4 Textile Testing.ppt
This document provides information about standard test methods for textiles. It discusses atmospheric conditions that should be standardized for textile testing, including 65% relative humidity and 70°F temperature. Strength properties of apparel that are tested are fabric strength, seam strength, and resistance to yarn slippage. Specific tests for fabric strength include breaking strength, tearing strength, and bursting strength. The document also covers fabric shrinkage, durable press evaluation, and water resistance and repellency testing.
Introduction to textile industry processes
A textile mill has three major processes which transform fibre into fabric. This is a quick overview of these processes.
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Wrinkle Finishing Technique
Wrinkle resistance varies from quite low in many fabrics to very high in resilient fabrics. In order to form a wrinkle, a fabric’s wrinkle resistance must be overcome. The fabric may, however, produce strains and store potential energy that can become evident as wrinkle recovery under suitable conditions.Resin & its use in Denim garments industry to create unique & vintage looks which add value to denim garments & improves it sale ability in market. In 80’s we have seen Resin being used to give non press , iron free trousers & now we are using in Denims to make wrinkles & creases to look natural vintage which stays after multiple home laundries.
Shrinkage Control
This document discusses shrinkage in fibers, yarns and fabrics. It defines shrinkage and explains that it occurs when fibers revert to their natural physical state after being stretched during processing like spinning and weaving. The factors that control shrinkage are discussed like fiber type, construction method, finishing processes and tension levels. The different types of shrinkage like relaxation, thermal, residual and progressive shrinkage are defined. Methods to reduce and control shrinkage are outlined like cylinder processing, chlorination, resin treatments, heat setting and sanforizing. The sanforizing process subjects fabrics to moisture and tension to pre-shrink them in a controlled manner. Testing methods to measure shrinkage are also summarized.
Fusing machinery and equipments
This document provides an overview of fusible interlinings, including the base materials, resins, coating methods, fusing methods, requirements, advantages, machinery, quality control, brands, and problems. It discusses the key components of fusible interlinings - the base material (woven, knitted, or non-woven), thermoplastic resin, and coating. It also describes different types of resins, methods of applying the resin coating, and means of fusing using presses. Quality control and selecting the appropriate fusible interlining for the application is also covered at a high level.
Quality control in the knitting process
This document discusses quality control in the knitting process. It describes how effective quality control is important to reduce costs from defects, prevent customer dissatisfaction, and maintain quality. Several factors that can affect knitted fabric quality are discussed, including yarn properties, knitting machine parameters, process monitoring systems, and common fabric defects. Quality is maintained through controls on properties like loop length, tension, and defect detection.
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Factors knitting shrinkage
- 1. FACTORS AFFECTING IN KNITTING SHRINKAGE DR:SHERINE ELKATEB PRESENTED BY:MOHAMED ELMIDANY NADA EL-ABD
- 2. DEFINITION • A dimensional change resulting in a decrease in the length or width of a specimen subjected to specified conditions is known shrinkage • Reduction in length and width of fabric induced by conditioning, wetting, steaming, chemical treatment, wet processing as in laundering
- 3. SHRINKAGE TYPES • Relaxation shrinkage : During manufactures fabrics and their component yarns are subjeceted to tension under varying conditions of temperature and moisture content, after manufacturing when the fabric is taken from the machine and keep on floor or store room, then the fabric tends to shrink, this type shrinkage is called relaxation shrinkage. • Residual shrinkage: after washing the fabric is shrunk. This type of shrinkage is called residual shrinkage. Residual shrinkage is the main factor of garments industry
- 4. • Felting shrinkage: In case of wool fibers dimensional changes can be magnified by felting shrinkage. When untreated wool fibers are subjected to mechanical action in the presence of moisture •Compressive shrinkage: A process in which fabric is caused to shrink in length by compression. The process often referred to as controlled compressive shrinkage.
- 5. CAUSES-INFLUENCING FACTORS • Causes : Shrinkage is mainly due to yarn swelling and the resulting crimp increase during washing in case of cotton fabrics. Yarn swelling percentage is more in polyester cotton blending yarn. •Influencing factors: 1)Twist factor: twist factor increases so that shrinkage will be increases. 2)Stitch length: stitch length increases so that shrinkage will be increases 3) GSM: GSM increases so that shrinkage will be decreases. 4)Elasticity of yarn.
- 6. FACTORS •Construction: A tighter fabric construction reduces potential shrinkage •Yarn twist: Optimum twist (based on yarn size) is very important for controlling shrinkage and torque. •Type of Weave or Knit: Pain weave of Jersey knit show more resistance to shrinkage than other types. •Tension During Sewing of Garments: Uneven or too much sewing tension can lead to differential shrinkage causing puckering in the seam areas •Stability of Fiber and Yarns: Improper stabilization could lead to excessive shrinkage especially in blends where synthetic fiber shrinks differentially than the cellulosic fibers.
- 7. HOW TO PREVENT IT? • 1.correct knitted construction is essential • 2.excessive tensions should be eliminated during processing (from grey inspection to finishing) • 3.untwisting and extraction to below 65% moisture content • 4.padding the correct softener on to the fabric • 5.spreading with overfeed and pre-drying to approximately 30% moisture content • 6.step by step shrinkage reduction.
- 8. THANK YOU