This document discusses project risk management and describes several challenges with current computer programs and methods for project risk management. It notes that most current methods favor one-time identification, evaluation and analysis of risks rather than ongoing risk management throughout the project. The document also provides details about different types of computer programs for project risk management, including those focused on risk analysis and those that support risk management processes.
This study investigated the use of uncertainty management tools within the construction sector in Nigeria.
The objectives were to evaluate the level of use of uncertainty management tools and techniques and to
determine the factors responsible for the low knowledge and misconception of uncertainty within the
construction sector. Views from project managers obtained from two sub-sectors, the real estate and the oil
and gas was evaluated. Finding of the study revealed low level of use of uncertainty management tools and
techniques due to the lack of clear understanding of uncertainty and its management parameters. Further
finding identifies the type of project management practice in use, and over reliance on the use of
deterministic approach as factors responsible for the low knowledge of uncertainties. The challenge
therefore is how to improve the state of misconception among practitioners and to explore refinements to
the traditional project management framework. To develop appropriate knowledge about uncertainty
management, the notion that uncertainty management is about creating previously unknown information,
must be repealed to embrace approaches encouraging information sharing, learning, and competence. The
study provides an insightful perspective into understanding uncertainty in projects;and highlight possible
refinements to extant project management practice in order to enhance uncertainty management within the
construction sector.
The concept of managing the development or deployment of an Information Technology (IT) system using deterministic, linear, and causal analysis contains several pitfalls. As IT systems grow in complexity, the interaction between their components becomes non–linear and indeterminate, creating many opportunities for failure.
Systems nature of large complex projectsBob Prieto
This paper explores the system characteristics and behaviors of large engineering and construction programs with a particular focus on those that would be characterized as complex. It recognizes the interrelated and interacting elements of both programs and projects as they strive to form a complex whole. Large complex programs and projects are not well bounded as classical project management theory as espoused by Taylor, Gantt and Fayol would have us believe but rather behave in both independent and interconnected ways in a dynamic systems environment.
Large complex programs demonstrate the evolutionary nature of all complex systems; uncertainty; and emergence that comes with human actions and interactions. They struggle from insufficient situational awareness, treating the program to be more well-bounded than reality would suggest and using simplified models to understand the complexity inherent in execution. Best practices from project management literature were typically not derived from such environments and, worse, have fallen short on other large complex programs and projects.
This study investigated the use of uncertainty management tools within the construction sector in Nigeria.
The objectives were to evaluate the level of use of uncertainty management tools and techniques and to
determine the factors responsible for the low knowledge and misconception of uncertainty within the
construction sector. Views from project managers obtained from two sub-sectors, the real estate and the oil
and gas was evaluated. Finding of the study revealed low level of use of uncertainty management tools and
techniques due to the lack of clear understanding of uncertainty and its management parameters. Further
finding identifies the type of project management practice in use, and over reliance on the use of
deterministic approach as factors responsible for the low knowledge of uncertainties. The challenge
therefore is how to improve the state of misconception among practitioners and to explore refinements to
the traditional project management framework. To develop appropriate knowledge about uncertainty
management, the notion that uncertainty management is about creating previously unknown information,
must be repealed to embrace approaches encouraging information sharing, learning, and competence. The
study provides an insightful perspective into understanding uncertainty in projects;and highlight possible
refinements to extant project management practice in order to enhance uncertainty management within the
construction sector.
The concept of managing the development or deployment of an Information Technology (IT) system using deterministic, linear, and causal analysis contains several pitfalls. As IT systems grow in complexity, the interaction between their components becomes non–linear and indeterminate, creating many opportunities for failure.
Systems nature of large complex projectsBob Prieto
This paper explores the system characteristics and behaviors of large engineering and construction programs with a particular focus on those that would be characterized as complex. It recognizes the interrelated and interacting elements of both programs and projects as they strive to form a complex whole. Large complex programs and projects are not well bounded as classical project management theory as espoused by Taylor, Gantt and Fayol would have us believe but rather behave in both independent and interconnected ways in a dynamic systems environment.
Large complex programs demonstrate the evolutionary nature of all complex systems; uncertainty; and emergence that comes with human actions and interactions. They struggle from insufficient situational awareness, treating the program to be more well-bounded than reality would suggest and using simplified models to understand the complexity inherent in execution. Best practices from project management literature were typically not derived from such environments and, worse, have fallen short on other large complex programs and projects.
RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AS PER INDIAN SCENARIOIAEME Publication
Construction industry is highly risk prone, with complex and dynamic project
environments creating an atmosphere of high uncertainty and risk. The industry is
vulnerable to various technical, sociopolitical and business risks. The track record
to cope with these risks has not been very good in construction industry. As a
result, the people working in the industry bear various failures, such as, failure of
abiding by quality and operational requirements, cost overruns and uncertain delays
in project completion. In light of this, it can be said that an effective systems of risk
assessment and management for construction industry remains a challenging task
for the industry practitioners. The aim of the this research is to identify and evaluate
current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry through extensive
literature survey and aims to make a basis for future studies for development of a
risk management framework to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and
contractors
This paper was presented at the Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences in Waikoloa, Hawaii, Jan. 5-8, 2009. It describes a proposal for empirical research into project management practices that determine success or failure of I.T.-intensive projects.
Managing in the presence of uncertaintyGlen Alleman
Uncertainty is the source of risk. Uncertainty comes in two types, aleatory and epistemic. It is important to understand both and deal with both in distinct ways, in order to produce a credible risk handling strategy.
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management can be directly related to the successful project completion as it is very much
essential. Project management literature describes a detailed and widely accepted risk management process,
which is constructed basically from four iterative phases: risk identification, risk estimation, risk response
planning and execution, often managing the risk management process is included. Construction project planning is
an essential element in the management and execution of construction projects which involves the definition of
work tasks and their interactions as well as the assessment of required resource sand expected activity durations.
The study, therefore, examined the awareness of professionals in construction industry of the various types of
planning techniques and tools used on construction sites, Questionnaires were administered on selected building
professionals (Project Managers, Engineers, Architects), and Contractors and Sub-contractors directly involved
in construction work on sites in planning and the use of planning tools and techniques as major tools for successful
project execution
Risk Contingency Evaluation in International Construction Projects (Real Case...IJLT EMAS
Most construction companies operating in the global construction industry would undertake international projects to maximize their profitability through benefitting from the new attractive markets and reducing the dependence upon local markets. As a result of the nature of construction works the company and project's conditions actually include massive risks and uncertainty. So the risk sensitivity of projects costs should be assessed in a realistic manner. The comprehensive risk assessment method was introduced as a decision making supporting tool to be employed for international constructive projects through applying a risk model that will aid the procedures of evaluating risks and prioritizing such projects and assessing risk contingency value. Both the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), applied for evaluating risk factors weight (likelihood), and FUZZY LOGIC approach, applied for evaluating risk factors influence (Risk consequences) employing software aids such as EXECL and MATLAB software, were used for developing the risk model. The reliability of the developed software has been verified by applications on a real construction projects. The proposed methodology and decision support tool have been proved to be reliable for the estimation of cost overrun resulting from risk on basis of actual final reports of projects. Six actual case studies from different countries were chosen to determine the highest risk factors and to implement the designed models, test their results and evaluate risk cost impact. The proposed models result showed that: the highest and lowest risk contingency percentage of 48 % and 16 % were in Project no (5), (6) respectively in Egypt. On the other hand, the projects no (1, 2, 4,7) in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Libya and Jordan, the risk contingency of 29%, 39%, 20% and 28% respectively. The actual results are close to those of the proposed program.
Risks have a significant impact on a construction
project’s performance in terms of cost, time and quality. As
the size and complexity of the projects have increased, an
ability to manage risks throughout the construction process
has become a central element preventing unwanted
consequences. How risks are shared between the project
actors is to a large extent governed by the procurement
option and the content of the related contract documents.
Therefore, selecting an appropriate project procurement
option is a key issue for project actors.
The overall aim of this research is to increase the
understanding of risk management in the different
procurement options: design-bid-build contracts, designbuild contracts and collaborative form of partnering. Deeper
understanding is expected to contribute to a more effective
risk management and, therefore, a better project output and
better value for both clients and contractors. The study
involves nine construction projects recently performed in
Sweden and comprises a questionnaire survey and a series of
interviews with clients, contractors and consultants involved
in these construction projects.
The findings of this work show a lack of an iterative
approach to risk management, which is a weakness in current
procurement practices. This aspect must be addressed if the
risk management process is to serve projects and, thus, their
clients. The absence of systematic risk management is
especially noted in the programme phase, where it arguably
has the greatest potential impact. The production phase is
where most interest and activity are to be found. As a matter
of practice, the communication of risks between the actors
simply does not work to the extent that it must if projects are
to be delivered with certainty, irrespective of the form of
procurement.
A clear connection between the procurement option
and risk management in construction projects has been
found. Traditional design-bid-build contracts do not create
opportunities for open discussion of project risks and joint
risk management. A number of drivers of and obstacles to
effective risk management have been explored in the study.
Every actor’s involvement in dialogue, effective
communication and information exchange, open attitudes
and trustful relationship are the factors that support open
discussion of project risks and, therefore, contribute to
successful risk management.
Based on the findings, a number of recommendations
facilitating more effective risk management have been
developed for the industry practitioners.
A study of various factors affecting risk management techniques in constructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Risk management is an important step which should not be neglect or ignore in every project. Because of various risk involved in construction, it is difficult to maintain time, cost and quality as planned. Project undertaken in the construction sector are widely complex and have often significant budgets, and thus reducing the risk associated should be a priority for each project manager. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key risk factors that affect construction project. Questionnaires has been prepared incorporating of 50 difference questions after which questionnaire survey was conducted where the questions has been focused based on (component of questionnaire) the respondents were selected based on their susceptibility to the risk. The data was analyzed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The result shows that the inadequate planning in construction project, poor adoption of site safety, supply and use of defective materials and poor resources management in construction project are all among the forefront key risk factors which affect construction project, meanwhile, effective recommendations have been developed to increases the efficiency, speedy and minimises risk and abortive work in construction project.
Keywords: Construction Industries, Construction Projects, Risks Management, Techniques
Impact assessment of factors affecting information technology projects in riv...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AS PER INDIAN SCENARIOIAEME Publication
Construction industry is highly risk prone, with complex and dynamic project
environments creating an atmosphere of high uncertainty and risk. The industry is
vulnerable to various technical, sociopolitical and business risks. The track record
to cope with these risks has not been very good in construction industry. As a
result, the people working in the industry bear various failures, such as, failure of
abiding by quality and operational requirements, cost overruns and uncertain delays
in project completion. In light of this, it can be said that an effective systems of risk
assessment and management for construction industry remains a challenging task
for the industry practitioners. The aim of the this research is to identify and evaluate
current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry through extensive
literature survey and aims to make a basis for future studies for development of a
risk management framework to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and
contractors
This paper was presented at the Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences in Waikoloa, Hawaii, Jan. 5-8, 2009. It describes a proposal for empirical research into project management practices that determine success or failure of I.T.-intensive projects.
Managing in the presence of uncertaintyGlen Alleman
Uncertainty is the source of risk. Uncertainty comes in two types, aleatory and epistemic. It is important to understand both and deal with both in distinct ways, in order to produce a credible risk handling strategy.
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management can be directly related to the successful project completion as it is very much
essential. Project management literature describes a detailed and widely accepted risk management process,
which is constructed basically from four iterative phases: risk identification, risk estimation, risk response
planning and execution, often managing the risk management process is included. Construction project planning is
an essential element in the management and execution of construction projects which involves the definition of
work tasks and their interactions as well as the assessment of required resource sand expected activity durations.
The study, therefore, examined the awareness of professionals in construction industry of the various types of
planning techniques and tools used on construction sites, Questionnaires were administered on selected building
professionals (Project Managers, Engineers, Architects), and Contractors and Sub-contractors directly involved
in construction work on sites in planning and the use of planning tools and techniques as major tools for successful
project execution
Risk Contingency Evaluation in International Construction Projects (Real Case...IJLT EMAS
Most construction companies operating in the global construction industry would undertake international projects to maximize their profitability through benefitting from the new attractive markets and reducing the dependence upon local markets. As a result of the nature of construction works the company and project's conditions actually include massive risks and uncertainty. So the risk sensitivity of projects costs should be assessed in a realistic manner. The comprehensive risk assessment method was introduced as a decision making supporting tool to be employed for international constructive projects through applying a risk model that will aid the procedures of evaluating risks and prioritizing such projects and assessing risk contingency value. Both the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), applied for evaluating risk factors weight (likelihood), and FUZZY LOGIC approach, applied for evaluating risk factors influence (Risk consequences) employing software aids such as EXECL and MATLAB software, were used for developing the risk model. The reliability of the developed software has been verified by applications on a real construction projects. The proposed methodology and decision support tool have been proved to be reliable for the estimation of cost overrun resulting from risk on basis of actual final reports of projects. Six actual case studies from different countries were chosen to determine the highest risk factors and to implement the designed models, test their results and evaluate risk cost impact. The proposed models result showed that: the highest and lowest risk contingency percentage of 48 % and 16 % were in Project no (5), (6) respectively in Egypt. On the other hand, the projects no (1, 2, 4,7) in Saudi Arabia, UAE, Libya and Jordan, the risk contingency of 29%, 39%, 20% and 28% respectively. The actual results are close to those of the proposed program.
Risks have a significant impact on a construction
project’s performance in terms of cost, time and quality. As
the size and complexity of the projects have increased, an
ability to manage risks throughout the construction process
has become a central element preventing unwanted
consequences. How risks are shared between the project
actors is to a large extent governed by the procurement
option and the content of the related contract documents.
Therefore, selecting an appropriate project procurement
option is a key issue for project actors.
The overall aim of this research is to increase the
understanding of risk management in the different
procurement options: design-bid-build contracts, designbuild contracts and collaborative form of partnering. Deeper
understanding is expected to contribute to a more effective
risk management and, therefore, a better project output and
better value for both clients and contractors. The study
involves nine construction projects recently performed in
Sweden and comprises a questionnaire survey and a series of
interviews with clients, contractors and consultants involved
in these construction projects.
The findings of this work show a lack of an iterative
approach to risk management, which is a weakness in current
procurement practices. This aspect must be addressed if the
risk management process is to serve projects and, thus, their
clients. The absence of systematic risk management is
especially noted in the programme phase, where it arguably
has the greatest potential impact. The production phase is
where most interest and activity are to be found. As a matter
of practice, the communication of risks between the actors
simply does not work to the extent that it must if projects are
to be delivered with certainty, irrespective of the form of
procurement.
A clear connection between the procurement option
and risk management in construction projects has been
found. Traditional design-bid-build contracts do not create
opportunities for open discussion of project risks and joint
risk management. A number of drivers of and obstacles to
effective risk management have been explored in the study.
Every actor’s involvement in dialogue, effective
communication and information exchange, open attitudes
and trustful relationship are the factors that support open
discussion of project risks and, therefore, contribute to
successful risk management.
Based on the findings, a number of recommendations
facilitating more effective risk management have been
developed for the industry practitioners.
A study of various factors affecting risk management techniques in constructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Risk management is an important step which should not be neglect or ignore in every project. Because of various risk involved in construction, it is difficult to maintain time, cost and quality as planned. Project undertaken in the construction sector are widely complex and have often significant budgets, and thus reducing the risk associated should be a priority for each project manager. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key risk factors that affect construction project. Questionnaires has been prepared incorporating of 50 difference questions after which questionnaire survey was conducted where the questions has been focused based on (component of questionnaire) the respondents were selected based on their susceptibility to the risk. The data was analyzed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The result shows that the inadequate planning in construction project, poor adoption of site safety, supply and use of defective materials and poor resources management in construction project are all among the forefront key risk factors which affect construction project, meanwhile, effective recommendations have been developed to increases the efficiency, speedy and minimises risk and abortive work in construction project.
Keywords: Construction Industries, Construction Projects, Risks Management, Techniques
Impact assessment of factors affecting information technology projects in riv...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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S
72 September 2009 ■ Project Management Journal ■ DOI: 10.1002/pmj
INTRODUCTION ■
A
ccording to the United Kingdom’s Royal Academy of Engineering, bil-
lions of pounds are wasted every year on new information technology
(IT) systems. Troubled public-sector IT projects such as the National
Health Service (NHS) National Programme for IT, the Child Support
Agency systems, and HM Revenue and Customs’ Tax Credits IT system have
attracted considerable negative press. They have overrun, cost millions of
pounds more than was budgeted, and, in some cases, have been cancelled
before their costs spiral even further out of control. Terms such as “nightmare”
and “disaster” tend to be attached to such projects. IT projects (the provision
of a service to implement systems and solutions, including a variety of hard-
ware and software products; (Howard, 2001) seem to be more problematic
than other types of projects, with a particularly high rate of failure (McGrew &
Bilotta, 2000; The Standish Group International, 2007; Whittaker, 1999).
Despite well-established best practice project management processes, project
managers appear to be ineffective in the light of such failure.
Organizations such as the Project Management Institute (PMI) and the
United Kingdom’s Association for Project Management (APM) promote best-
practice project management standards. As part of these standards, project risk
management is defined as the systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and
responding to risks. Risk is any project-related event, or managerial behavior,
that is not definitely known in advance but has the potential of adverse conse-
quences on a project objective (PMI, 2004). Project risk management claims to
enable project managers to effectively manage risk and minimize the adverse
influence of risk on the project outcome. However, we have found that IT proj-
ect managers often do not apply a process to manage risks. The reasons for this
vary. Nevertheless, the evidence behind this phenomenon is very scarce, often
descriptive, and inchoate. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether
best practice standards are applied, and if they are not, what reasons led the IT
project manager to decide not to actively approach and manage project risks.
The results show that IT project managers primarily face the problem of
cost justification. Facing costs and time constraints and the uncertainty of
the success of project risk management, they often decided not to actively
manage risks. However, with the benefit of hindsight, we see that such a
decision often turns out to be fatal. Not surprisingly, in projects where proj-
ect risk management is not used, a greater degree of risks materialize than in
those projects where the IT project manager does actively manage risks.
Project Risk Management
Risks may potentially endanger the ability of the project manager to meet
the predefined project objectives, such as scope, time, and cost; tasks may
The .
Agile project management and normativeGlen Alleman
Reform of the traditional approaches to managing software development projects is driven by several factors, not the least of which is some spectacular failures of soft-ware projects. Ranging from the IRS, to the FAA, to large e–commerce systems, we all have some “war story” of a major failure that can be traced to non–technical causes.
An Investigation of Critical Failure Factors In Information Technology ProjectsIOSR Journals
Rate of failed projects in information technology system project remains high in comparison with other infrastructure or high technology projects. The objective of this paper is to determine and represent a broad range of potential failure factors during the implementation phase and cause of IS/IT Project defeat/failure. Challenges exist in order to achieve the projects goal successfully and to avoid the failure. In this research study, 12 articles were studied as significant contributions to analyze developing a list of critical failure factors of IT projects
Agile methodologies in_project_managementPravin Asar
In today's unpredictable markets, companies are feeling the squeeze to achieve more with fewer resources in shorter periods of time. In addition to controlling operational costs, IT is looking to increase the value of information to make the business more profitable. So, necessity to complete and develop projects with changeable requirement ,short period of time ,easily to manage risk , adaptability to changing market requirements has become undeniable main principles for each organization ‘s approach .While traditional methodologies or heavy weight with huge bulk of documentation and long term for planning and designing significantly affects the speed of developing process and customer satisfaction. Hence, using innovative methods for building project are important matter which has introduced in the recent years. Light weight methodologies evolve to meet changing technologies and new demands from users in dynamic business environment.
As a result, agile methodologies and practices emerged as an explicit attempt to more formally embrace higher rates of requirements change.
Agile development methodologies claim to go a step further in overcoming the limitations of traditional one and coping with high speed and high changes on relationships with customers and responsiveness to changes of business processes.
This paper is an evaluation of the agile development methodologies. Furthermore, it includes a discussion about the critical success factors of the agile methodologies, reasons for its failure. A case-study gives a real-world success story.
Net impact implementation application development life-cycle management in ba...CSITiaesprime
Digital transformation in the banking sector creates a lot of demand for application development, either new development or application enhancement. Continuous demand for reimagining, revamping, and running applications reliably needs to be supported by collaboration tools. Several big banks in Indonesia use Atlassian products, including Jira, Confluence, Bamboo, Bitbucket, and Crowd, to support strategic company projects. We need to measure the net impact of application development life-cycle management (ADLM) as a collaboration tool. Using the deLone and McLean model, process questionnaire data from banks in Indonesia that use ADLM. Processing data using structural equation modeling (SEM), multiple variables are analyzed statistically to establish, estimate, and test the causation model. The conclusions highlight that system quality strongly affected only User Satisfaction (p=0.049 and β=0.39). Information quality strongly affected use (p=0.001 and β=0.84) and strongly affected user satisfaction (p=0.169 and β=0.28). Service quality strongly affected only use (p=0.127 and β=0.31). Conclusion research verifies the information system's achievement approach described by DeLone and McLean. Importantly, it was discovered that system usability and quality were key indicators of ADLM success. To fulfill their objective, ADLM must be developed in a way that is simple to use, adaptable, and functional.
Agile Project Management Methods of IT ProjectsGlen Alleman
Agile project management methodologies used to develop, deploy, or acquire information technology systems have begun to enter the vocabulary of modern organizations. Much in the same way lightweight and agile manufacturing or business management processes have over the past few years. This chapter is about applying Agile methods in an environment that may be more familiar with high ceremony project management methods – methods that might be considered heavy weight in terms of today’s agile vocabulary.
Journal of IT and Economic Development 6(1), 1-15, April 2015 karenahmanny4c
Journal of IT and Economic Development 6(1), 1-15, April 2015 1
Project Planning and Best Practices
Mark Allen, Jason McLees, Crystal Richardson, Dedrick Waterford
Project Management program, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Successful organizations incorporate project planning and best practices into their business
models. Such organizations use project planning and best practices to ensure they are being the
most efficient, effective, and sustainable they can be. The Project Planning and Best Practices
study documents the project planning process; defines the key elements of the usual project plan
and risks associated with not addressing each element appropriately; and offers some industry best
practices to mitigate those risks. The high tempo of most contemporary, professional projects
engenders a demanding environment that allows little margin for failure to mitigate these risks.
The study’s methodology included major books, an on-line article, and a personal interview on
project management, project planning, and industry best practices as well as the authors’ own
professional experiences at NASA, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Coast Guard, and Computer Sciences
Corporation. It referenced internationally accepted resources and practices that are readily
available to aspiring project managers. Further, it examined risks of not addressing the planning
process and not implementing best practices within an organization. The study determined that
virtually every step in professional project management includes project planning, and that the key
elements of a project plan include project requirements; project management; project schedules;
facility requirements; logistic support; financial support; and manpower and organization. Failure
to effectively address each of these elements invites risk that can lead to project failure. After
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Journal of IT and Economic Development 6(1), 1-15, April 2015 2
studying this paper, the reader should have a clear understanding of how to properly plan a project
and use best practices.
Keywords: Project Planning, Best Practices, Project Management, Project Management Body of
Knowledge (PMBOK), Project Management Institute (PMI)
Introduction
The objective of this study is to document the project planning process and best practices.
The background includes the following elements. This topic was selected for its high potential to
assist the reader with project selection and key elements of project management to achieve greater
levels of organizational efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability. The most effective project
work is disciplined and aligned with corporate strategy. The study’s scope includes the key
elements of the usual pro ...
Journal of IT and Economic Development 6(1), 1-15, April 2015 .docxpriestmanmable
Journal of IT and Economic Development 6(1), 1-15, April 2015 1
Project Planning and Best Practices
Mark Allen, Jason McLees, Crystal Richardson, Dedrick Waterford
Project Management program, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Successful organizations incorporate project planning and best practices into their business
models. Such organizations use project planning and best practices to ensure they are being the
most efficient, effective, and sustainable they can be. The Project Planning and Best Practices
study documents the project planning process; defines the key elements of the usual project plan
and risks associated with not addressing each element appropriately; and offers some industry best
practices to mitigate those risks. The high tempo of most contemporary, professional projects
engenders a demanding environment that allows little margin for failure to mitigate these risks.
The study’s methodology included major books, an on-line article, and a personal interview on
project management, project planning, and industry best practices as well as the authors’ own
professional experiences at NASA, the U.S. Army, the U.S. Coast Guard, and Computer Sciences
Corporation. It referenced internationally accepted resources and practices that are readily
available to aspiring project managers. Further, it examined risks of not addressing the planning
process and not implementing best practices within an organization. The study determined that
virtually every step in professional project management includes project planning, and that the key
elements of a project plan include project requirements; project management; project schedules;
facility requirements; logistic support; financial support; and manpower and organization. Failure
to effectively address each of these elements invites risk that can lead to project failure. After
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Journal of IT and Economic Development 6(1), 1-15, April 2015 2
studying this paper, the reader should have a clear understanding of how to properly plan a project
and use best practices.
Keywords: Project Planning, Best Practices, Project Management, Project Management Body of
Knowledge (PMBOK), Project Management Institute (PMI)
Introduction
The objective of this study is to document the project planning process and best practices.
The background includes the following elements. This topic was selected for its high potential to
assist the reader with project selection and key elements of project management to achieve greater
levels of organizational efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability. The most effective project
work is disciplined and aligned with corporate strategy. The study’s scope includes the key
elements of the usual pro ...
In this presentation we will talk about effective ways, overview and concept of “Managing IT Projects”.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
A study of the constraints affecting the proper utilization of computer appli...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Construction is one of the area in which computer application software are highly required to perform different task at various stages of project construction. Computers have been used to enhance the effectiveness of construction management. Efficient utilization of computer application software is a key to enhancing the proper management of construction activities which will contribute to the successful implementation of construction project. Careful selection of computer application software is required by the construction companies for proper management of their resources. The difficulty about computerization especially with regard to the use of computer application software in resource management require the knowledge and expertise of those working in construction companies, and who are directly involved in the management of construction resources. The study was carried out to determine the obstacles confronting the proper utilization of computer application software in resource management. The result of the questionnaire survey used in this research work clearly indicated those constraints, which include, non-understanding about software potentials, lack of qualified personnel to use the software, unaware of most of the resource management software available in the market, communication gap between the vendors and users which contribute to non-understanding of the full scope of the software, greater-know-how required from staff, among numerous others. A total of 22 construction companies were selected for the study. An open ended questionnaire which consist of 22 questions with regard to the constraints affecting the proper utilization of computer application software in resource management was designed, validated, and distributed among Engineers, Project Managers, as well as executives who are directly involved in the activities of the construction site.
Keywords: resource management, application software, construction management
Running head IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIESIMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES.docxcowinhelen
Running head: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES 4
Implementation Strategies
Michael Boddie
Application Implementation
CMGT/445
Michael Goyden
December 11, 2017
Introduction
Project communication is very critical to the success of any project. It is also critical to key project management soft-skill. As a project manager, project communication is one deliverable that they are personally responsible for and it was of the largest influence over the failure or project success. There are main elements of project communications examples are project sponsors, customers, project team members, project manager, and project management office.
Project communication plan
The major objectives of a communication plan are; to encourage the use of project management best practices, ensure a consistent, give accurate and timely information about the project, and to promote and gain support for the project management improvements.
Table 1 below shows the target audience
Project stakeholders
Message
Delivery method
Delivery Frequency
Communicator
Project Sponsor
Project plans and status report
Meeting
Report sent via mail to project sponsor
Weekly
Project manager
Project core team
Project plans
Meeting
Weekly
Project manager
Executive management
Project briefing
Oral briefing and presentation of slides
Monthly
Biweekly
Project manager
Programmers
Project briefing
Oral briefing
Daily
Project manager
Users
Project status
Meeting and presentation slides
Weekly
Project manager
Communication message contents
A project plan shoes a guide of project execution and project control. Then document also shows approved scope of the project, the cost, and schedule. Project plans shows the current and future plans. The documents also shows project problems and issues. Project plan also shows planned project deliverables for the next period. The status report, keeps the key project stakeholders informed. It is shows status summary, status budget, status scope, accomplishment, issues, and project team members. Project briefing shows project issues and problems, it also shows goals of project management improvement, and project checklist (Project Management Institute, 2017).
Documentation Required
There are eight essential documents required for this project. First is a project charter. This document formally recognizes the project creation and the formal contract between project sponsors, project stakeholders, and commercial agreement. Project charter documents gathers aspects related to the contracting and the contacted example is the project name, the goals of the project and the needs that the project it serves. Project charter also shows a brief description of the project, feasibility study, the project products i.e. training manuals, supporting, and monitoring post release of the project. A project charter also shows the intermediate products whic ...
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1. PRMis a veryimportanttaskduring project
planning and project control. The most
popular computer programs used for
project risk management are still
somewhat primitive. They have not yet
beendevelopedintocommonplace toolsof
project management in the same way as
time management programs have, for
example.Essentially,almostall methods of
risk management, presented in the
literature on project management and
commercial risk management computer
programs appear to favour one-time
identification, evaluation and analysis of
risks
Project Risk
Management
lezasmith
2. Cheap Assignment Help Page 1
Introduction
Risk analysis and risk management have been popular subjects for research, articles,
specialised literature and conferences during the 1990s [8], [9], [10] and [11]. Today’s
project risk management aims at proactive project management, which is also an
objective of this study. PRM is a very important task during project planning and project
control. The most popular computer programs used for project risk management are still
somewhat primitive. They have not yet been developed into commonplace tools of
project management in the same way as time management programs have, for example
[12]. Essentially, almost all methods of risk management, presented in the literature on
project management and commercial risk management computer programs appear to
favour one-time identification, evaluation and analysis of risks. These methods do not
seem to favour simple, quick risk analyses and demand a great deal of work.
Commercially distributed programs mostly deal with the probable project outcomes.
Commercial PRM computer programs fall into two primary categories, which are (1) risk
analysis oriented programs such as @RISK, OPERA and CRYSTAL BALL; and (2)
programs supporting PRM processes such as FUTURA and TEMPER SYSLA. Risk
analysis does not necessarily reveal whether a risk is really becoming a reality but
states the risk’s level of seriousness, its effect on the project and the probability of its
realisation. Also, risk analysis often remains a one-time procedure at the beginning of
the project with very little true risk management being carried out during the course of
the project[ ]
Early Warning Signs
Early Warning Signs An early warning sign is an observation, signal, message, or some
other form of communication that is or can be seen as an expression, indication, proof,
or sign of the existence of some future or incipient positive or negative issue. It is a
signal, an omen, or an indication of future developments (Nikander, 2002)[2]. Ansoff’s
(1975, p. 22)[3] ideas of responding to “weak signals” stated: “A firm that wishes to
prepare for strategic surprises has two options. The first is to develop a capability for
effective crisis management—fast and efficient afterthe- fact responsiveness to sudden
discontinuities. The second approach is to treat the problem before the fact and thereby
minimize the probability of strategic surprises. . . . Both approaches deserve
management attention.” This article has a focus on early warning signs—the proactive
approach. Loosemore (1999, 2000) identified three types of crisis in a construction
project management context. Perceptions of an impending creeping crisis present EWS
that are understood but unaddressed until the crisis occurs. Sudden crises occur
seemingly without warning, whereas periodic crises occur in cycles that may or may not
be understood. Many crises appear without accompanied contingency plans—often
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being perceived as low probability but high potential impact events perhaps best tackled
using an emerging strategy and having sufficiently skilled project management teams to
recognize EWS and react appropriately (Mintzberg, 1987; Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, &
Lampel, 1998). Kappelman, McKeeman, and Zhang (2006) indicated that peoplerelated
and process-related risks scored higher than product-related risks as dominant EWS of
IT project failure Syamil, Doll, and Apigian (2004) argued that behavior-related
performance measures evaluating project processes are mediating variables affecting
theextent to which the given process contributes to the overall project result.
Why construction project?
In analyzing needs and requirements for document classification in construction
information systems, it is pertinent first to review the changing environment within which
the construction industry operates. Some of the key issues include the following:
• Construction projects are usually unique. The characteristics, specifications, and
execution plans of construction products are described in a large number of
construction documents, such as drawings, specifications, schedules, and cost
estimates. These documents necessarily consist of both graphic and nongraphic
information that must be communicated between members of the project team.
• Projects are designed, built, and maintained using dynamic processes, which are
subject to changes throughout the construction life cycle. A number of different factors
substantially affect the implementation of construction projects. Different technologies,
site conditions, constraints, and internal or external impositions can lead to changes.
These deviations have to be communicated to all project partners affected by them in
order to enact the necessary adaptations and changes in accordance with the new
situation. Tracking and enacting all changes in construction information is a great
challenge.
• Unique project teams develop construction processes. According to Cleland ~1995!,
project teams are ‘‘organizational entities devoted to the integration of specialized
knowledge for a common purpose.’’ Team members include representatives of owners,
designers, contractors, and other stakeholder organizations. Each project team member
has its own organizational structure. The organizational configuration of the overall
project team will have to match all individual participants’ organizational structures. It is
important to notice that, according to the contingency theory ~Galbraith 1973!,each
project’s organizational arrangement can lead to different performances.
• Although each individual project’s organization will have a specific function,
interdependencies also occur among them. In order to ensure that the entire system
works as a unit, the different organizations must work in a collaborative and coordinated
way, sharing data, information, and knowledge.
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• Project team members vary in size, capital, and level of information[6] technology ~IT!
capability and are typically small to medium enterprises. A particular problem in the
implementation of IT is the varying capabilities of the team members.State-of-the-art
technologies could be available to some team members, but probably not to all of them.
All these characteristics were considered in the design and development of the
proposed automated document classification system for construction management.
Text mining for managing project documents
In construction projects, a high percentage of project information is exchanged using
text documents, including contracts, change orders, field reports, requests for
information, and meeting minutes, among many others [6]. Management of these
documents in model-based information systems, such as Industry Foundation Classes
(IFC) based building information models, is a challenging task due to difficulties in
establishing relations between such documents and project model objects. Manually
building the desired connections is impractical since these information systems typically
store thousands of text documents and hundreds of project model objects. Current
technologies used for project document management, such as project websites,
document management systems, and project contract management systems do not
provide direct support for this integration. There are some critical issues involved, most
of them due to the large number of documents and project model objects and
differences in vocabulary. Search engines based on term match are available [15] in
many information systems used in construction. However, the use of these tools also
has some limitations in cases where multiple words share the same meaning, where
words have multiple meanings, and where relevant documents do not contain the user-
defined search terms [6] heterogeneous data representations including text documents
[16]; various data analysis tools were also applied on text data to create thesauri,
extract hierarchical concepts,and group similar files for reusing past design information
and construction knowledge [17]. In one of the previous studies conducted by our
research group, a framework was devised to explore the linguistic features of text
documents in order to automatically classify, rank, and associate them with objects in
project models [13]. This framework involved several methods as discussed in our
vision for data analysis on non-traditional construction data sources: – Special Data
Preparation operations for text documents were identified, such as transferring text-
based information into flat text files from their original formats, including word
processors, spreadsheets, emails, and PDF files; removing irrelevant tags and
punctuations in original documents; removing stop words that are too frequently used to
carry useful information for text analysis like articles, conjunctions, pronouns, and
prepositions; and finally, performing word stemming to remove of prefixes and/or
suffixes and group words that have the same conceptual meanings. – The
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preprocessed text data were transformed into a specific Data Representation using a
weighted frequencymatrix A = {aij}, where aij was defined as the weightof a word i in
document j. Various weighting functionswere investigated based on two empirical
observations regarding text documents: (1) the more frequent a word is in a document,
the more relevant it is to topic of the document; and (2) the more frequent a word is
throughout all documents in the collection, the more poorly it differentiates between
documents. By selecting and applying appropriate weighting functions, project
documents were represented as vectors in a multi-dimensional space. Query vectors
could then be constructed to identify similar documents based on similarity measures
such as Euclidian distance and the cosine between vectors. – Data Analysis tools were
applied to develop a framework for integrating text documents in model-based
information systems. The main goal of this integration framework is to improve the
identification and analysis of relevant project documents. The large number of objects in
a project model and of text documents in construction projects makes the proposed
automated integration framework desirable. It generates significant savings in the time
and effort required to link all objects contained in a project model to all relevant
documents generated during the project’s life cycle. [15]
Methodologies
Text Mining and Automated Document Classification.Text mining is increasingly being
used to denote all the tasks that, by analyzing large quantities of text documents, try to
extract possibly useful information. Results of the text mining process in a collection of
documents stored in interorganizational systems can be used to improve information
management in such systems and also to generate knowledge about the subjects
contained in these documents. According to this view, text classification~or
categorization! is an instance of text mining ~Sebastiani 1999!. In this project, the
classes are represented by construction project components. Hence, construction
document classification was defined as the task of assigning a Boolean value to each
pair$dj ,oi%PD3O, where D is a domain of documents and O5$ol ,…,on% is a set of
project components ~classes!. A value of T ~true! assigned to C(dj ,oi) indicates a
decision that document dj is related to the component oi , while a value of F ~false!
indicates that dj is not related to the component oi . The document classification task
can is binary classification, in which a classification decision for each document is made
independently on a class-by-class basis. In binary classification, each document is
classified as relevant or not to each of the existing classes. From a theoretical point of
view, the binary case is more general than the multilabel case, in the sense that an
algorithm for binary classification can also be used for multilabel classification. In order
to do this, the problem of multilabel classification under objects can be transformed into
n independent problems of binary classification where n is the number of classes.
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Through the use of machine learning algorithms, a general inductive process
automatically builds a classifier ~classification model! for each class by observing the
characteristics of a set of documents that have previously been classified manually by a
domain expert. The classification problem is an activity of supervised learning, since the
learning process is driven by the previous knowledge of the categories in some of the
documents that will be used to build the model. Hence, this approach relies on the
existence of an initial corpus of documents previously classified according to their
relevance to a set of project components. A document dj is called a positive example of
oi if C(dj ,oi)5T,and a negative example of oi if C(dj ,oi)5F. After generating the
classification model it is important to evaluate its effectiveness. One alternative for this
evaluation is to split the initial collection of documents into two sets:
• Training set: set of documents that will be used to create theclassification model; and
• Test set: set of documents that will be used for testing the effectiveness of the
classifier.
The documents in the test set cannot participate in the inductive construction of the
classifier; if this condition is not satisfied, then the experimental results obtained would
probably be unrealistically good. The definition of the size of the training set is also
crucial to avoid overfitting. This happens when the classifier performs with few errors on
the training set and does not generalize to the new test cases.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
This section briefly describes the system architecture for the EWAS for monitoring news
articles. News covers everything about anything in world. News update readers can
read about the direction in which his/her interested entity in the world is moving. The
interested entity can be the whole country, a bureaucratic session, a terrorist
organization or anything. Services which analyze and read thousands of news items
from heterogeneous sources and provide consolidated channels to access the news
have become available. The biggest advantage of using such a service is that the
duplication issues, topic identification issues, and other linguistic problems are being
solved during the consolidation process, thus providing filtered information for analysis.
Europe Media Monitor (EMM) is one of these services and is being used in this project
[1]. EMM provides an RSS feed of news items which contain all of the consolidated
news items. RSS adds some structure to the news by specifying its publication info but
still the facts and nuggets lie buried in the text which actually forms the news.
Text Classification Process and Analysis of Algorithms
The project described in this paper used data from construction interorganizational
information systems to evaluate text classification algorithms and to guide the
development of the prototype of a construction document classification system. Bricsnet
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Inc., a company that has developed commercial Internet-enabled project
management and collaboration services specifically for construction, has provided
access to data from current and past projects
that used its services. Bricsnet’s servers are used to host construction project extranets,
creating a communication environment for
project participants and providing a common repository for project documents. One
construction project database was selected as a case study. The database was used by
16 project team organizations and contained around 4,000 document files ~1.5 GB!.
Several types of construction documents were available in this database, including
specifications, meeting minutes, requests for information, architect’s supplemental
instructions, change orders, and field reports, among others. Meeting minutes were
selected for this evaluation, which store information about weekly progress meetings
among project participants. Each topic discussed during a meeting is recorded
in separate items, which are grouped by topics according to specific project divisions.
The divisions for this particular project were
•A–GENERAL;
•B–SCHEDULE;
•C–DEMOLITION-CIVIL;
•D–LANDSCAPE-SITE;
•E–STRUCTURES;
•F–BUILDING–SKIN;
•G–ROOFING-WATERPROOF;
•I–INTERIORFINISHES;
•M–CONVEYANCE;
•N–PLUMBING;
•O–FIREPROTECTION;
•P–HVAC;and
•Q–ELECTRICAL
Originally there were 92 meeting minutes. Each item for all of these meeting minutes
was automatically extracted from the original document and stored in separate
document files. A total of 845 documents were then used in the document classification
process, which followed the steps described and detailed next, which
range from data selection to creation of classification models, followed by discussion of
the results. Data Selection In the first step, classes were defined as the project divisions
presented previously. This step also involved selection of the documents used to create
the classification model. In this step, the training positive, training negative, testing
positive, and testing negative documents for each class were selected. These
documents could be stored in central databases, such as the project
extranets, or in distributed databases. Currently, only the case in which the data are
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stored in a central location is being explored. Data Preparation Text-based information
is usually stored using formats such as word processor, spreadsheet, e-mail, HTML,
XML, Postscript ~PS!, or Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format ~PDF! files. In
order to apply the preprocessing and classification algorithms, these files must be
converted to text file format. This procedure used file converter systems to create a text
version copy of each document, while keeping the original documents in their native
formats and locations. The text versions were then used in the remaining steps of the
classification process.