This project is based on review of various researches which has been worked carried out through the problems evolved in the design & fabrication of currently using oil extractors.
This project contributes to the problem evaluation of a small scale industry working in the area of oil extraction. The research fruit forward the manually operated portable oil extractor.
This could help the small scale industries working in these area to improve the life and function-ability of the unit which would in their term lead to low cost and more profit.
This will in turn decide the criteria of material selection and dimensional decisions.
Thus, the work contributes to reduction of running cost of an industry and sudden breakdowns occurring at the shop floor.
The document discusses the design of a rigid flange coupling to transmit 250 N-m of torque between two coaxial shafts. It first sizes the shaft diameter as 25 mm. It then designs each component:
1) The hub is designed as a hollow shaft with outer diameter of 50 mm and length of 37.5 mm. Shear stress in the hub is calculated to be 10.86 MPa.
2) The key is sized at 10 mm wide, 8 mm thick, and 37.5 mm long. Shear and crushing stresses are calculated to be 53.3 MPa and 133.3 MPa respectively.
3) The flange is 12.5 mm thick with a shear
This document contains formulas related to internal combustion engines. It defines formulas for calculating the indicated power of four-stroke and two-stroke engines, brake power, friction power, mechanical efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, relative efficiency, air standard efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific output, and specific fuel consumption. The formulas are presented along with their variables and units of measurement. The document was prepared by students for a class on combustion engines.
The document discusses lubrication systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting against wear, cooling, and removing impurities. It then explains different lubrication systems used in engines like mist, wet sump, and dry sump systems. It also discusses properties of lubricating oils like viscosity and viscosity index that impact engine performance. The document outlines various types of lubricants including animal, vegetable, mineral, and synthetic oils.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for diesel engines. It describes the key elements of fuel injection systems including pumping, metering, distribution, and timing controls. It outlines different types of injection systems such as common rail, unit injection, individual pump and nozzle, and distributor systems. It also discusses the injection pump, fuel injector, nozzle types, and operation of the fuel injector.
This document is a mini project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It outlines the development of a mechanical multi-nozzle wheel sprayer. The report includes sections on the introduction, construction, literature survey, applications, future scope, and conclusion. It was conducted under the guidance of an associate professor and aims to develop a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump to benefit smallholder farmers in India.
Project Report on flexible drill machineomkarmohol99
The document describes the experimental setup of a flexible drill machine project. Key components include:
- A scissor jack mechanism powered by a DC motor and lead screw to provide vertical adjustment.
- Aluminum plates used to connect the base and lifting parts of the scissor jack.
- A sliding mechanism placed on the scissor jack, with a drill bit mounted on a slider that can be moved horizontally using another lead screw and motor.
- The system allows the drill bit to be positioned both vertically and horizontally, enabling drilling in difficult locations and orientations.
This document outlines an assignment for students to evaluate the performance of a 4-stroke petrol engine. It discusses key performance parameters like power, efficiency, fuel consumption, emissions. The objective is for students to understand how to calculate speed, fuel use, air use, and evaluate exhaust smoke and emissions in order to optimize engine performance. Parameters like power, efficiency, emissions are defined and methods to test them such as using a dynamometer are described.
Measurementandtestingoficengine 160410092948meet shah
The document discusses key metrics for evaluating internal combustion engine performance:
1) Indicated power, mean effective pressure, brake power, mechanical efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and thermal efficiency are the basic measurements.
2) Indicated power is the total power developed by combustion in the cylinder, while brake power is the power available at the crankshaft.
3) Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake power to indicated power, and is always less than 1 due to friction losses within the engine.
The document discusses the design of a rigid flange coupling to transmit 250 N-m of torque between two coaxial shafts. It first sizes the shaft diameter as 25 mm. It then designs each component:
1) The hub is designed as a hollow shaft with outer diameter of 50 mm and length of 37.5 mm. Shear stress in the hub is calculated to be 10.86 MPa.
2) The key is sized at 10 mm wide, 8 mm thick, and 37.5 mm long. Shear and crushing stresses are calculated to be 53.3 MPa and 133.3 MPa respectively.
3) The flange is 12.5 mm thick with a shear
This document contains formulas related to internal combustion engines. It defines formulas for calculating the indicated power of four-stroke and two-stroke engines, brake power, friction power, mechanical efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, relative efficiency, air standard efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific output, and specific fuel consumption. The formulas are presented along with their variables and units of measurement. The document was prepared by students for a class on combustion engines.
The document discusses lubrication systems for internal combustion engines. It describes the purpose of lubrication as reducing friction, protecting against wear, cooling, and removing impurities. It then explains different lubrication systems used in engines like mist, wet sump, and dry sump systems. It also discusses properties of lubricating oils like viscosity and viscosity index that impact engine performance. The document outlines various types of lubricants including animal, vegetable, mineral, and synthetic oils.
The document discusses fuel injection systems for diesel engines. It describes the key elements of fuel injection systems including pumping, metering, distribution, and timing controls. It outlines different types of injection systems such as common rail, unit injection, individual pump and nozzle, and distributor systems. It also discusses the injection pump, fuel injector, nozzle types, and operation of the fuel injector.
This document is a mini project report submitted by three students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It outlines the development of a mechanical multi-nozzle wheel sprayer. The report includes sections on the introduction, construction, literature survey, applications, future scope, and conclusion. It was conducted under the guidance of an associate professor and aims to develop a low-cost mechanically operated sprayer pump to benefit smallholder farmers in India.
Project Report on flexible drill machineomkarmohol99
The document describes the experimental setup of a flexible drill machine project. Key components include:
- A scissor jack mechanism powered by a DC motor and lead screw to provide vertical adjustment.
- Aluminum plates used to connect the base and lifting parts of the scissor jack.
- A sliding mechanism placed on the scissor jack, with a drill bit mounted on a slider that can be moved horizontally using another lead screw and motor.
- The system allows the drill bit to be positioned both vertically and horizontally, enabling drilling in difficult locations and orientations.
This document outlines an assignment for students to evaluate the performance of a 4-stroke petrol engine. It discusses key performance parameters like power, efficiency, fuel consumption, emissions. The objective is for students to understand how to calculate speed, fuel use, air use, and evaluate exhaust smoke and emissions in order to optimize engine performance. Parameters like power, efficiency, emissions are defined and methods to test them such as using a dynamometer are described.
Measurementandtestingoficengine 160410092948meet shah
The document discusses key metrics for evaluating internal combustion engine performance:
1) Indicated power, mean effective pressure, brake power, mechanical efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and thermal efficiency are the basic measurements.
2) Indicated power is the total power developed by combustion in the cylinder, while brake power is the power available at the crankshaft.
3) Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake power to indicated power, and is always less than 1 due to friction losses within the engine.
ME6601 - DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM NOTES AND QUESTION BANK ASHOK KUMAR RAJENDRAN
This document contains the question bank for the subject ME6601 - Design of Transmission Systems for the sixth semester Mechanical Engineering students of RMK College of Engineering and Technology. It is prepared by R. Ashok Kumar and S. Arunkumar, faculty of the Mechanical Engineering department.
The question bank contains 190 questions divided into two parts: Part A containing conceptual questions and Part B containing design/numerical problems. The questions cover the five units of the subject - Design of Flexible Elements, Spur Gears and Parallel Axis Helical Gears, Bevel, Worm and Cross Helical Gears, Gear Boxes, and Cams, Clutches and Brakes. Most questions are related
The document discusses the design of connecting rods for internal combustion engines. It describes the functions of connecting rods as transmitting force between the piston and crankshaft. The dimensions and material selection of connecting rods are important considerations. Connecting rods must be strong enough to withstand buckling forces while also being as lightweight as possible. The document provides steps for calculating the cross-sectional dimensions, sizes of bearings, bolts, and other components of connecting rods based on engine specifications and safety factors.
This document provides information about internal combustion engines, including:
1. It classifies internal combustion engines based on thermodynamic cycle, fuel used, cycle of operation, ignition method, number of cylinders, cooling method, and application.
2. It describes the typical components of an internal combustion engine like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and flywheel.
3. It provides details on the four-stroke cycles of gasoline/petrol and diesel engines as well as the two-stroke cycle.
4. It compares key differences between spark ignition and compression ignition engines and between four-stroke and two-stroke engines.
This document provides an overview of gear design topics, including terminology, classifications, materials, and equations for calculating beam strength. It discusses spur gear geometry and definitions such as pitch, module, and pressure angle. The Lewis equation for determining static tooth strength by modeling each tooth as a cantilever beam is derived. Assumptions and factors like the velocity factor are also explained to account for dynamic loads in gear design.
Coupling is one kind of mechanical device which is used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power.
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting
some degree of misalignment or end movement or both.
A rigid coupling is a unit of hardware used to join two shafts within a motor or mechanical system.
It may be used to connect two separate systems, such as a motor and a generator, or to repair a
connection within a single system. A rigid coupling may also be added between shafts to reduce
shock and wear at the point where the shafts meet.
Flanged coupling is a type of rigid coupling in which two co-linear shafts are connected by the
flanges. The coupling enables torque transmission between the shafts & prevents relative rotation
between them.
In the project work a flanged coupling was made by local material available & the analysis of
various stresses & safety factor was also performed.
The outcome of analysis is there’s no danger of failure by pure shear, even if a fatigue strength
reduction factor is included, but this same section may have severe & undefinable bending stresses
on it if the flanges are imperfectly aligned, and they surely will be. The bolts bending was neglected
since they were too small compared to the result outcome.
Finally, the computed factor of safety of the flanges suggest that it would withstand repeated
bending if the misalignment is small.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
This document describes the components and workings of a pneumatic sheet cutting machine. The key components are a pneumatic cylinder, 5/2 direction control foot valve, shearing blade, frame, and air circulating devices. The pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air to move the piston rod and shearing blade in two directions. The 5/2 direction control foot valve controls the direction of air flow to move the cylinder in forward and reverse. Compressed air is stored in an air receiver and distributed through piping to power the cylinder while minimizing pressure drops.
It describes testing of IC engines and various tests performed.
Also describes engine efficiency and various tests for finding efficiency.
Also gives idea about catalytic converter.
Type of pollution from automobile and its control along with Mass Emission Standards.
Please Like, Share, and Comment if any.
Thanks,
Aditya Deshpande
deshadi805@gmail.com
This document provides information on mechanical flexible couplings from TB Wood's, including elastomeric couplings called Sure-Flex couplings. It discusses the various components of Sure-Flex couplings including sleeves made from materials like EPDM, Neoprene, Hytrel, and Urethane. The document provides specifications for the sleeves, explains how to select couplings based on application and size, and outlines the features and benefits of Sure-Flex couplings like their ability to absorb shock and vibration through 4-way flexing action. Installation of Sure-Flex couplings is described as quick and easy with no need for lubrication or maintenance.
Design And Analysis Of Savonius Wind Turbine BladesIJERA Editor
There are two kinds of wind turbines according to the axis of rotation to the ground, horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). VAWTs include both a drag type configuration like
Savonius wind turbine and a lift-type configuration like Darrieus wind turbine. Savonius wind rotor has many
advantages such as low starting speeds and no need for external torque for its starting. Moreover it is cheaper in
construction and has low maintenance. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at
lower wind speeds. The experimental study conducted in this paper aims to investigate the effect of number of
blades and other criteria that can affect the performance of the model of Savonius type wind turbine. The
experiments used to compare 2, 3, and 4 blades wind turbines to show tip speed ratio, torque and power
coefficient related with wind speed. A simulation using ANSYS 13.0 software will show pressure distribution of
wind turbine. The results of study showed that number of blades influence the performance of wind turbine.
Savonius model with three blades has the best performance at high tip speed ratio.
This document compares and contrasts spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines. It states that SI engines, typically gasoline engines, ignite air-fuel mixtures using a spark plug, while CI engines, typically diesel engines, ignite fuel injected into compressed hot air without a spark. It provides details on fuels used, combustion processes, compression ratios, and differences in air/fuel intake and combustion between the two engine types.
Project report design and analysis of automatic manually operated ecoShivam Shukla
This document is a project report submitted by Divyanshu Shukla to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report details the design and analysis of a manually operated, eco-friendly road cleaner. It includes chapters on the introduction, literature review, design of the road cleaner including 3D modeling and component selection, fabrication techniques, working and analysis. The aim of the project was to develop an alternative to conventional road cleaning machines that are costly and use fuels that cause pollution. The designed machine uses human power and locally available, low-cost materials to provide a more sustainable and economical option for road cleaning.
This document summarizes the evolution of emission standards in India for vehicles. It discusses the introduction of Bharat Stage standards beginning in 2000 based on European regulations. BS III standards were implemented nationwide in 2010, while BS IV was introduced in 13 major cities in 2010 and nationwide in 2017. The Indian government decided to skip BS V and adopt the more stringent BS VI standards by 2020 to address air pollution issues. The document also provides an overview of emission standards introduced in India from 1991-2020, becoming progressively more strict over time.
Summer Training Report for Diploma (mechanical) StudentsKashifRaza113
This Training is completed at UPSRTC (Lucknow) by a student of polytechnic(mechanical) from Integral University Lucknow. UPSRTC is a Government Organisation for Public Transport in Uttar Pradesh.
Solutions for machine design by KHURMI and GUPTAAzlan
This document appears to be notes from a machine design textbook created by Eng. Younis Fakher of Thi-Qar University's College of Engineering. It contains solutions to problems from chapters 4-6 of a machine design textbook by Khurmi and Gupta for 4th year mechanical engineering students from the 2010-2011 academic year. The notes are broken down by chapter and contain problem solutions.
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
The document describes the basic parts of an internal combustion engine. It lists and provides brief descriptions of key components including the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, cylinder head, intake and exhaust valves, camshaft, spark plug, and their basic functions in converting fuel combustion into motion. It also includes diagrams to illustrate the relationships between components like the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft.
The fuel supply system prepares fuel-air mixtures of different ratios for optimal engine performance under varying conditions. In a spark ignition engine, the carburetor mixes air and fuel outside the combustion chamber. It maintains the proper air-fuel ratio for starting, normal running, and acceleration using devices like floats, jets, and valves. In a diesel engine, only air is admitted into the combustion chamber and fuel is directly injected in spray form by the fuel injection system. Various compensation methods like extra air valves and multiple jets help the carburetor maintain the correct air-fuel ratio across different engine speeds and loads.
This document is a project report submitted by Mohanraj M to fulfill requirements for a Master of Engineering degree in Manufacturing Engineering. The project investigates the effects of cutting fluids on tool life and the working environment. The objectives are to increase tool life, improve productivity while minimizing adverse impacts on human health and the environment. The project will evaluate cutting fluid quality monitoring systems to maintain performance and standard operating procedures for cutting fluids. Experimental work will be conducted on a CNC lathe using tungsten carbide tools, alloy steel workpieces, and water-soluble cutting fluids.
ME6601 - DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM NOTES AND QUESTION BANK ASHOK KUMAR RAJENDRAN
This document contains the question bank for the subject ME6601 - Design of Transmission Systems for the sixth semester Mechanical Engineering students of RMK College of Engineering and Technology. It is prepared by R. Ashok Kumar and S. Arunkumar, faculty of the Mechanical Engineering department.
The question bank contains 190 questions divided into two parts: Part A containing conceptual questions and Part B containing design/numerical problems. The questions cover the five units of the subject - Design of Flexible Elements, Spur Gears and Parallel Axis Helical Gears, Bevel, Worm and Cross Helical Gears, Gear Boxes, and Cams, Clutches and Brakes. Most questions are related
The document discusses the design of connecting rods for internal combustion engines. It describes the functions of connecting rods as transmitting force between the piston and crankshaft. The dimensions and material selection of connecting rods are important considerations. Connecting rods must be strong enough to withstand buckling forces while also being as lightweight as possible. The document provides steps for calculating the cross-sectional dimensions, sizes of bearings, bolts, and other components of connecting rods based on engine specifications and safety factors.
This document provides information about internal combustion engines, including:
1. It classifies internal combustion engines based on thermodynamic cycle, fuel used, cycle of operation, ignition method, number of cylinders, cooling method, and application.
2. It describes the typical components of an internal combustion engine like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and flywheel.
3. It provides details on the four-stroke cycles of gasoline/petrol and diesel engines as well as the two-stroke cycle.
4. It compares key differences between spark ignition and compression ignition engines and between four-stroke and two-stroke engines.
This document provides an overview of gear design topics, including terminology, classifications, materials, and equations for calculating beam strength. It discusses spur gear geometry and definitions such as pitch, module, and pressure angle. The Lewis equation for determining static tooth strength by modeling each tooth as a cantilever beam is derived. Assumptions and factors like the velocity factor are also explained to account for dynamic loads in gear design.
Coupling is one kind of mechanical device which is used to connect two shafts together at their
ends for the purpose of transmitting power.
The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting
some degree of misalignment or end movement or both.
A rigid coupling is a unit of hardware used to join two shafts within a motor or mechanical system.
It may be used to connect two separate systems, such as a motor and a generator, or to repair a
connection within a single system. A rigid coupling may also be added between shafts to reduce
shock and wear at the point where the shafts meet.
Flanged coupling is a type of rigid coupling in which two co-linear shafts are connected by the
flanges. The coupling enables torque transmission between the shafts & prevents relative rotation
between them.
In the project work a flanged coupling was made by local material available & the analysis of
various stresses & safety factor was also performed.
The outcome of analysis is there’s no danger of failure by pure shear, even if a fatigue strength
reduction factor is included, but this same section may have severe & undefinable bending stresses
on it if the flanges are imperfectly aligned, and they surely will be. The bolts bending was neglected
since they were too small compared to the result outcome.
Finally, the computed factor of safety of the flanges suggest that it would withstand repeated
bending if the misalignment is small.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF FARM TILLER EQUIPMENTALENVARGHESE13
The project is implemented for an improvement will be making in the existing rigid one-piece design into a modular design to which variants of tools can be attached.
This document describes the components and workings of a pneumatic sheet cutting machine. The key components are a pneumatic cylinder, 5/2 direction control foot valve, shearing blade, frame, and air circulating devices. The pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air to move the piston rod and shearing blade in two directions. The 5/2 direction control foot valve controls the direction of air flow to move the cylinder in forward and reverse. Compressed air is stored in an air receiver and distributed through piping to power the cylinder while minimizing pressure drops.
It describes testing of IC engines and various tests performed.
Also describes engine efficiency and various tests for finding efficiency.
Also gives idea about catalytic converter.
Type of pollution from automobile and its control along with Mass Emission Standards.
Please Like, Share, and Comment if any.
Thanks,
Aditya Deshpande
deshadi805@gmail.com
This document provides information on mechanical flexible couplings from TB Wood's, including elastomeric couplings called Sure-Flex couplings. It discusses the various components of Sure-Flex couplings including sleeves made from materials like EPDM, Neoprene, Hytrel, and Urethane. The document provides specifications for the sleeves, explains how to select couplings based on application and size, and outlines the features and benefits of Sure-Flex couplings like their ability to absorb shock and vibration through 4-way flexing action. Installation of Sure-Flex couplings is described as quick and easy with no need for lubrication or maintenance.
Design And Analysis Of Savonius Wind Turbine BladesIJERA Editor
There are two kinds of wind turbines according to the axis of rotation to the ground, horizontal axis wind
turbines (HAWT) and vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). VAWTs include both a drag type configuration like
Savonius wind turbine and a lift-type configuration like Darrieus wind turbine. Savonius wind rotor has many
advantages such as low starting speeds and no need for external torque for its starting. Moreover it is cheaper in
construction and has low maintenance. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at
lower wind speeds. The experimental study conducted in this paper aims to investigate the effect of number of
blades and other criteria that can affect the performance of the model of Savonius type wind turbine. The
experiments used to compare 2, 3, and 4 blades wind turbines to show tip speed ratio, torque and power
coefficient related with wind speed. A simulation using ANSYS 13.0 software will show pressure distribution of
wind turbine. The results of study showed that number of blades influence the performance of wind turbine.
Savonius model with three blades has the best performance at high tip speed ratio.
This document compares and contrasts spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI) engines. It states that SI engines, typically gasoline engines, ignite air-fuel mixtures using a spark plug, while CI engines, typically diesel engines, ignite fuel injected into compressed hot air without a spark. It provides details on fuels used, combustion processes, compression ratios, and differences in air/fuel intake and combustion between the two engine types.
Project report design and analysis of automatic manually operated ecoShivam Shukla
This document is a project report submitted by Divyanshu Shukla to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. The report details the design and analysis of a manually operated, eco-friendly road cleaner. It includes chapters on the introduction, literature review, design of the road cleaner including 3D modeling and component selection, fabrication techniques, working and analysis. The aim of the project was to develop an alternative to conventional road cleaning machines that are costly and use fuels that cause pollution. The designed machine uses human power and locally available, low-cost materials to provide a more sustainable and economical option for road cleaning.
This document summarizes the evolution of emission standards in India for vehicles. It discusses the introduction of Bharat Stage standards beginning in 2000 based on European regulations. BS III standards were implemented nationwide in 2010, while BS IV was introduced in 13 major cities in 2010 and nationwide in 2017. The Indian government decided to skip BS V and adopt the more stringent BS VI standards by 2020 to address air pollution issues. The document also provides an overview of emission standards introduced in India from 1991-2020, becoming progressively more strict over time.
Summer Training Report for Diploma (mechanical) StudentsKashifRaza113
This Training is completed at UPSRTC (Lucknow) by a student of polytechnic(mechanical) from Integral University Lucknow. UPSRTC is a Government Organisation for Public Transport in Uttar Pradesh.
Solutions for machine design by KHURMI and GUPTAAzlan
This document appears to be notes from a machine design textbook created by Eng. Younis Fakher of Thi-Qar University's College of Engineering. It contains solutions to problems from chapters 4-6 of a machine design textbook by Khurmi and Gupta for 4th year mechanical engineering students from the 2010-2011 academic year. The notes are broken down by chapter and contain problem solutions.
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
The document describes the basic parts of an internal combustion engine. It lists and provides brief descriptions of key components including the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, cylinder head, intake and exhaust valves, camshaft, spark plug, and their basic functions in converting fuel combustion into motion. It also includes diagrams to illustrate the relationships between components like the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft.
The fuel supply system prepares fuel-air mixtures of different ratios for optimal engine performance under varying conditions. In a spark ignition engine, the carburetor mixes air and fuel outside the combustion chamber. It maintains the proper air-fuel ratio for starting, normal running, and acceleration using devices like floats, jets, and valves. In a diesel engine, only air is admitted into the combustion chamber and fuel is directly injected in spray form by the fuel injection system. Various compensation methods like extra air valves and multiple jets help the carburetor maintain the correct air-fuel ratio across different engine speeds and loads.
This document is a project report submitted by Mohanraj M to fulfill requirements for a Master of Engineering degree in Manufacturing Engineering. The project investigates the effects of cutting fluids on tool life and the working environment. The objectives are to increase tool life, improve productivity while minimizing adverse impacts on human health and the environment. The project will evaluate cutting fluid quality monitoring systems to maintain performance and standard operating procedures for cutting fluids. Experimental work will be conducted on a CNC lathe using tungsten carbide tools, alloy steel workpieces, and water-soluble cutting fluids.
Design & Fabrication of Organic Fertilizer Manufacturing MachineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an organic fertilizer manufacturing machine. The machine was created to address issues small farmers face such as the high cost of chemical fertilizers and existing fertilizer production machines. The designed machine uses a hopper to feed raw materials like cow dung and leaves into a stirring vessel. This mixture is then transferred to a larger agitation vessel where it decomposes for 24 hours. The decomposed mixture is then filtered to separate liquid fertilizer. The machine was designed to be portable, low cost, and operate without electricity to benefit small farmers. The documented outlined the machine's working principle and design process which aimed to provide an affordable organic fertilizer solution.
Design and Development of Groundnut Oil Extracting Machine by Human Pedal Fly...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a groundnut oil extracting machine powered by human pedal and a flywheel motor concept. The machine was designed to address issues with traditional manual extraction methods used by small-scale farmers in developing countries like India. The machine uses a feed hopper, flywheel for power transmission, shaft, bearings, chain drive, and a screw press unit to shell and extract oil from groundnuts. Design calculations were performed to determine the required operating power based on parameters like the weight and radius of the pressing screw. The final power requirement of the machine was estimated to be approximately 136.67 watts (0.183 horsepower) with a safety factor included.
Design and Fabrication of Weed Removing VehicleJaykumar Desai
The literature review covered various existing solutions for weed removal including miniature cow tillers, meadow comb grass cutters, optimal design of rotary tillers, multiple blade brush-cutting mowers, and land clearers. Prior designs considered factors like operational efficiency, overload capacity, braking, blade design, and application of treatment liquids. No prior solution was found to be specifically designed for small farms or to be low-cost and easy to operate.
This document discusses green manufacturing and sustainable development practices. It begins with an abstract that outlines how green manufacturing aims to conserve natural resources for future generations through improvements in production processes and recycling. The document then covers several key aspects of green manufacturing including cleaner production, using renewable resources like solar energy to generate steam, and utilizing waste materials from industries like sugarcane processing. Overall, the document promotes applying green technologies and innovative systems to manufacturing to reduce resource depletion, waste generation, and pollution while also improving economic outcomes.
This document provides an overview of the IFFCO Aonla Unit, including its power generation, offsite plants, ammonia plant, and urea manufacturing processes. It describes the key components of the power plant like the gas turbine generator, compressor, combustion system, and turbine. It also summarizes the various offsite plants that support production, such as the raw water system, water treatment plant, cooling towers, and effluent treatment plant. The document contains flow charts and descriptions of the ammonia and urea production processes.
The document describes the design and development of a floating oil skimmer with remote control. It aims to improve the separation efficiency of oil from water to reduce pollution. The skimmer uses a polyurethane belt attached to pulleys that rotates through the water, absorbing oil on its surface. Nylon scrapers then scrape the oil off into a collection tank. The design aims to efficiently remove oil spills with a compact, inexpensive and self-operating mechanism.
Australian Journal of Engineering and Technology Research - Vol 1, Issue 2 - ...Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf
This document summarizes the second issue of the Australian Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. It provides an overview of the journal, including its open-access format and waived publication fees for students from developing countries. It also lists the chief editor and review panel members. The table of contents summarizes 5 research papers on topics like water shut-off treatment using polymer gel, production strategies for optimizing gas recovery from water drive dry gas reservoirs, and an LP gas fracking energy breakthrough. In closing, the editor expresses gratitude to all researchers, reviewers, and supporters involved with the journal.
Multinozzle sprayer for agricultural purposeNitinBhave2
Pesticides help farmers to grow more food on less land by protecting crops from pests, diseases and weeds as well as raising productivity per hectare. It enables farmers to produce safe, quality food at affordable prices. So, greater awareness of inefficiency of pesticides applications, water supply problems, need for more rapid and timely treatment with conventional spraying is necessary. In the present work, we have analyzed conventional spraying techniques and developed a new model of spraying machine with its own aid as, changes in blower design can produce sprays with narrower droplet spectrum. According to results, newly designed blower supplies liquid at the rate of 29.6 liters at 52 seconds (30 to 35 lpm). So, with its less cost of maintenance it can directly increase crop productivity and can provide less runoff of pesticides to land or in land water.
The document discusses problems related to boiler efficiency, maintenance, and safety. It provides an introduction to boiler systems, including boiler specifications and the key components. It then covers topics like different boiler types, methods to calculate boiler efficiency, improving combustion efficiency, blowdown water, boiler technology, improving efficiency, boiler operation and maintenance, and maintaining boiler safety. The project aims to study problems in boilers and finding solutions to improve efficiency, maintenance, and safety.
Design & Fabrication of Machine to Extract Base Oil From Waste Plastic-An Ove...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and fabrication of a machine to extract base oil from waste plastic through pyrolysis. The machine was designed as a prototype to serve as the basis for developing technology to recover energy from waste plastics. The main components included a reactor assembly, condensing chamber, vapor line assembly, smoke cleansing unit, and waste water collecting unit. The conversion of waste plastics to fuel depends on the type of plastic used. The goal was to create an environmentally friendly means of recycling plastic waste while also generating fuel.
Thesis book BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
Here are the key points from the literature review:
- Studies have found links between air pollution from oil refineries and negative health outcomes like preterm birth. More research is needed to fully understand these relationships.
- Many past occupational health and safety intervention studies lacked theoretical foundations and had methodological weaknesses like small sample sizes and lack of control groups. Randomized controlled trials are still relatively rare.
- A hierarchy of evaluation methods is recommended, starting with qualitative studies, then quasi-experimental designs with historical or other controls, and randomized trials when appropriate.
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Abstract
In this work, the mechanical design calculations of the vegetable oil extraction plant presented in part I were show cased. Process
description and flow sheet of the plant have been given in the design features in part I, and the mechanical design calculations are
here based upon the figures obtained at various stages downstream in the process design. In fact, design stress due to load on hopper,
agitated vessel, launder, sumps and down-comers, as well as extractor accessories of pipes, pumps, conveyor belts and screw, and
miscella drainage, were also presented. Design was based on KPO as in Part I for the obvious reason that it is a simple oil which
takes into consideration the properties of soyabean and palm oil, with an over design tolerance of plus/minus 10%. It was established
from the mechanical design calculations that the volume of the extractor is 2.17m3 . Cost estimation of the designed extractor was
carried out to also establish the cost of one unit to about three and a half million Naira (N3.5M), ($20,588.64). The design may be
scaled up to any capacity for big industrial out-fit, and when fully developed and constructed, will serve the rural dwellers of the
globe.
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DESIGN & FABRICATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE OIL EXTRACTOR
1. 1
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE OIL
EXTRACTOR
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ABIN BONI PIOUS
AJAY ANTONY
ALEN VARGHESE
JEEJO SAMUEL JOSE
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAR EPHRAEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2018
2. 2
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
MANUALLY OPERATED PORTABLE OIL
EXTRACTOR
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
ABIN BONI PIOUS
AJAY ANTONY
ALEN VARGHESE
JEEJO SAMUEL JOSE
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MAR EPHRAEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2018
3. 3
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI – 600025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MANUALLY
OPERATED PORTABLE OIL EXTRACTOR” is the bonafide work of
ABIN BONI PIOUS (961415114004), AJAY ANTONY (961415114013),
ALEN VARGHESE (961415114023), JEEJO SAMUEL JOSE
(961415114058) who carried out the project work under our supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Prof.D. Rajeev, ME. Mr. LALU G ROBIN,ME
Head of the department SUPERVISOR
School of mechanical engineering School of mechanical engineering
Mar Ephraem college of Mar Ephraem college of
Engineering & Technology Engineering & Technology
Elavuvilai, K.K Dist. Elavuvilai,K.K Dist.
Submitted to the university exam held at Mar Ephraem college of Engineering
and Technology held on ……………………………………………
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
4. 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank the Almighty for showering his blessing
upon us. We express our heartfelt thanks to our respected and honourable
Correspondent Very Rev.Fr. Josephin Raj
For providing full facilities and technical environment to start this project work.
We our heartfelt gratitude to our principal Prof.Dr. A. Lenin Fred, M.E, Ph.D
of our institution for his constant support.
We can never forget our Academic Director, Prof.Dr.N. Austin, M.E,Ph.D.
for the unlisted encouragement and more over for their timely support and
guidance till the completion of our project work.
We are highly obliged to Prof.D.Rajeev , M.E Head of the Mechanical
Department for rendering his full support both mentally and technically by
encouraging us at all the times as needed. We would like to express our whole
hearted thanks to Asst Prof. N.E.Godwin pithalis, M.E and Asst Prof.M.Lalu G
Robin, M.E , Project co-ordinators for their constsnt encouragement for
finishing the project successfully.
Once again we would like to express our whole hearted thanks to our
project guide Asst Prof. Lalu G Robin M.E,Professor in Mechanical
Engineering Department to meet all changes and come up with our project
victory.
Last but not the least we thank all the Teaching and the Non -Teaching
Staff Members of Mechanical Engineering Department and our friends for their
sole help and Co-operation in successful completion of this project.
5. 5
ABSTRACT
This project is based on review of various researches which has been
worked carried out through the problems evolved in the design &
fabrication of currently using oil extractors. This project contributes
to the problem evaluation of a small scale industry working in the
area of oil extraction. The research fruit forward the manually
operated portable oil extractor. This could help the small scale
industries working in these area to improve the life and function
ability of the unit which would in their term lead to low cost and more
profit. This will in turn decide the criteria of material selection and
dimensional decisions. Thus, the work contributes to reduction of
running cost of an industry and sudden breakdowns occurring at the
shop floor.
7. 7
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The groundnut, Arachis hypogaea, also known as the peanut or
earthnut, is botanically a member of the Papilionaceae, largest and
most important member of the Leguminosae. Hans and Frans. (1989).
It is a very important oil seed and food crop around the globe for its
nutritional and trade values. Shankarappa et al., (2003). Mainly native
to warmer climates, groundnuts frequently provide food for humans
or livestock, and in the absence of meat, form a valuable dietary
protein component. Hammos (1994) Groundnuts are almost
exclusively processed in combination with the utilization of the
residue for human consumption. In fact often the bye-product, a kind
of a snack called Kulikuli in Nigeria and some other African
countries, is usually the main product and the processing of the
groundnut oil only as part of the process. Groundnuts give edible and
pleasant tasting oil for direct human consumption and are used as
salad oil or for cooking. The oil is also further processed to
margarine or Vanaspati in India, soaps, paints and cosmetics. The oil
content of groundnut cancontain up to 50% oil (although the usual
range is 40% to 45%) and 25 % to 30 % protein (Hammos, 1994). Oil
is extracted from groundnut through either traditional means (mostly
dependent on human energy with about 20-30% of the oil extracted)
or mechanical means with over 30% of the oil been extracted
(Olaomi, 2008). Most vegetable oils are recovered by grinding,
cooking, expelling and pressing, or by solvent extraction of the raw
8. 8
materials. The most common method of extracting edible oil from
oilseeds is mechanical pressing of oilseeds (Bamgboye and Adejumo,
2007). Extraction of groundnut oil could be done in two major ways
that is the traditional and improved methods. The traditional method
is usually a manual process and involves preliminary processing and
hand pressing. The improved method consists of chemical extraction
and mechanical expression. The chemical extraction method requires
the use of organic solvents to recover the oil from the products.
Mechanical method involves the application of pressure to already
pre-treated oil-bearing products. It employs the use of devices like
screw and hydraulic presses as a means of applying the pressure
(Gunstone and Norris, 1983). Vegetable oil expellers are of different
types and forms based on design, construction and the raw materials
they are to process. Alonge et al., (2004) develop a small scale screw
press for groundnut oil extraction while a mechanical compression rig
was developed by Olaniyan and Oje (2007) for shea butter extraction.
Olaniyan (2010) developed a manually-operated expeller for
groundnut oil extraction and the performance of palm kernel oil
(PKO) extracting machine was evaluated by Olawepo-Olayiwole and
Balogun (2004). In most PKO and soya bean oil (SBO) extraction
mills, large and commercial scale industrial expellers are used; such
expellers are expensive, involve high level technology which cannot
be afforded by small scale and low income oil millers. In order to
assist the small scale oil millers in the rural communities, small scale
screw press oil expellers need to be designed, constructed and
9. 9
integrated into the vegetable oil industry. The goal of this work is to
design, develop and test a small scale screw press oil expeller for
groundnut in the rural communities. This would go a long way in
ensuring food security, alleviating poverty, and creating employment
for the teaming youth in the communities. The aim of this work is to
design and fabricate an improved, durable and electrically powered
oil expeller making use of accessible raw material. In order to achieve
this, specific objectives such as develop a machine to extract oil from
an oil bearing fruit, reduce the amount of time spent in extracting oil
and increase oil yield by a considerable percentage, thereby
increasing income and providing a suitable alternative to industrial oil
millers that is affordable to small scale oil milling industries. The
machine has the following specifications; capacity of 100 kg/hr for
expelling, speed range between 50 and 100 rpm, screw thread
thickness of 5 mm, length of Power screw shaft 600 mm, integral
cone length of 120 mm, screw threaded section of 530 mm length and
an extraction chamber with 70 mm internal diameter and 308 mm
length.
10. 10
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Mr. Mangesh A. Pachkawade, Prof. Pawan A Chandak, have carried
out the analysis of spare parts like bearing, main shaft, worm threads,
rings, shaft key, gears etc and find out the reasons for failure, that is
the action of high forces and various stress on these spare parts, also
the generation of the huge amount of heat between mating parts lead
to wear of the parts and reduction of their strength. He suggested that
in order to reduce these failures design and analysis of spare parts in
necessary, which result in the selection of the optimal parameters for
these spares increasing its efficiency and hence the overall
productivity of the industry. Dr. Sachin P. Unthawale, Prof. Pawan A.
Chandak, Mr. Mangesh A. Pachkawade, The author study the various
material(Mild steel En8, En19, En24) used for worm shaft. They
analyze the material on the software Ansys and concluded that the
total deformation inEn24 and En8 screwshaft is lesser than all other
materials. The maximum shear stress is also reducing in En8
screwshaft as compared to existing mild steel screwshaft. After study
they know that, they getting better result of heat flow through the
En19 and En8 material as compared to other material, and among En8
and Den19 material, En8 material is more economical and has
properties and result suitable for the application, therefore they
suggested En8 material to be the best material for screwshaft. V. S.
Khangar and Dr. S. B. Jaju, The various methodologies used for the
11. 11
failure analysis of shaft used indifferent application by various
authors are reviewed in this paper. Roll shaft failure can be prevented
primarily by introduction of better material design optimization & by
using correct manufacturing processes. This paper presents the
comparison of the different methodology used, their application &
limitation by various authors. The objective of the present work is to
study the various methodologies used for the shaft failure analysis &
to choose the best methodology suitable for the failure analysis of
bridle roll shaft used in continuous steel industry to prevent repetitive
failure. Bridle roll failure leads to heavy loss approximately Rs 80000
per hour due to line stoppage & repairing cost associate with the
breakdown. Mehul K. Modh and J.R. Mevada, The author have
carried out the thrust ball bearing analysis of oil expeller and results
are compared with analytical results to solve the problem of Thrust
ball bearing into pieces failure in oil expeller once in 2 to 3 months.
The author had calculated the thrust force acting upon the thrust ball
bearing, which is quite high which a bearing can withstand.
Calculated life of existing bearing is about 5.2 months. Hence it was
proposed to change the bearing which gives satisfactory life of 2.5
years by calculation further static analysis of the Part of bearing on
Pro-E wild Fire 4 and Ansys Workbench 11 was carried out. The
analysis results the Principle stress, Principle strain and axial
deformation found to be reduced. A. Ibrahim and A. P. Onwualu,
Reviewed the technologies for oil extraction from oil-
bearingagricultural products and different types of oil- bearing
12. 12
agricultural products, pre-processing conditions including the removal
of hulls and shells, pre-processing conditioning such as size reduction,
moisture content adjustment, heat treatment and pressure application,
as well as the methods employed in the extraction, namely; traditional
and modern (improved) methods discussed in this paper. The
improved method includes; oil expeller, screw press, and solvent
(chemical extraction). Problems (technical, socio-economic and
institutional) associated with each method and the need for more
research for the improvement of the methods is analyzed. It has been
shown that for any developing country to effectively adopt modern
methods in the production of edible vegetable oils, improvement on
the existing traditional methods, environmental factors, government
policies, socio economical and cultural considerations of the users
need to be studied. This can be achieved through more research in the
recommended area of need. M. Zamanzadeh, E. Larkin and D.
Gibbon, The author presents the methods of various failure analysis
processes applied to all different types of materials. Each class of
materials requires special skills and experience to effectively unravel
the causes of failure. This paper focuses on these various subsets of
materials. These include failures in metallurgy, paints and coatings,
plastics and electronics, as well as failure caused by corrosion and
principles of root cause determination within that particular field. This
paper is primarily concerned with the overall approach to failure
analysis and with the applications of that approach to metallurgical
failures. In this paper various case studies on materials failure analysis
13. 13
are reviewed. Mehul K. Modh and J.R. Mevada, The author have
carried out the thrust ball bearing analysis of oil expeller and results
are compared with analytical results to solve the problem of Thrust
ball bearing into pieces failure in oil expeller once in 2 to 3 months.
The author had calculated the thrust force acting upon the thrust ball
bearing, which is quite high which a bearing can withstand.
Calculated life of existing bearing is about 5.2 months. Hence it was
proposed to change the bearing which gives satisfactory life of 2.5
years by calculation further static analysis of the Part of bearing on
Pro-E wild Fire 4 and Ansys Workbench 11 was carried out. The
analysis results the Principle stress, Principle strain and axial
deformation found to be reduced. Aremu A. K and Ogunlade C, A An
oil extractor machine was designed, constructed and tested to remove
and recover oil from kenaf when used for the absorption and clean-up
of crude oil spillage. The machine has a through put capacity of 36.5
kg/hr and oil Extraction Efficiency (percent oil yield) of 62.2 % and
the oil yield was dependent on the moisture content of the soaked
kenaf best and core used for the absorption (clean-up) process. The
operation of the machine does not require any technical-know-how
and the machine can be easily maintained as it has the tendency of
self-lubricating the extraction chamber due to presence of oil in the
input material.
14. 14
CHAPTER-3
FABRICATION
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MACHINE COMPONENTS:
The Hand operated oil expeller was designed and developed.
It’s components include the Press cage, frame, screw shaft,
feed hopper, crank handle. The machine was conceived at a
low cost, easy to adjust, easy to dismantle and easy to
fabricate device for extracting oil from oil seeds. The conical
shaped hopper is mounted on the frame and held in place by a
hopper support frame.The press cage consist of a semi-
circular conical sieve . The oil expeller is a screw-type
machine that mainly presses oil seeds through a caged barrel-
like cavity. Raw materials enter one side of the press and
waste products exit the other side. The oil seeps through small
openings that do not allow seed fibre solids to pass through.
Afterward, the pressed seeds are formed into a hardened cake,
which is removed from the cap.
15. 15
ARC WELDING:
Arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power
supply to create an electric arc between an electrode & the base
material to melt the metals at the welding point. They can use either
direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, & consumable or non-
consumable electrodes. The welding region is usually protected by
some type of shielding gas, vapour, or slag. Arc welding processes
may be manual, semi-automatic, or fully automated. First developed
in the lathe part of the 19th
century, arc welding became commercially
important in shipbuilding during the Second World War. Today it
remains an important process for the fabrication of steel structures &
vehicles.
16. 16
CUTTING TOOL:
In the context of machining, a cutting tool or cutter is any tool
that is used to remove material from the work piece by means of shear
deformation. Cutting may be completed by single-point or multipoint
tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, planning, &
similar operations, & remove material by means of one cutting edge.
Milling & drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding tools are
also multipoint tools. Each grain of abrasive functions as a
microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high negative rake
angle), & shears a tiny chip.
Cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the material
which is to be cut, & the tool must be able to withstand the heat
generated in the metal-cutting process. Also, the tool must have a
specific geometry, with clearance angles designed so that the cutting
edge can contact the work piece without the rest of the tool dragging
on the work piece surface. The angle of cutting face is also important,
as is the flute width, number of flutes or teeth, & margin size. In order
to have a long working life, all of the above must be optimized, plus
the speeds & feeds at which the tool is run.
17. 17
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
The mechanics of oil nuts include compression, shearing, &
impact. The developed machine utilizes the principle of shearing
force. The following factors were considered in the design of the
manually operated portable oil extractor.
1.Materials of adequate strength & stability were used for fabrication
(i.e. Mild Steel).
2.The machine was designed to have a maximum capacity of 3 Kg of
oil seed meat of any oil seeds, so that the machine could be affordable
for small scale farmers, micro industries.
3.The materials that are available locally were used in the fabrication
of the components. Consideration was given to the cost of items &
18. 18
materials for fabrication with the ultimate aim of utilizing the
cheapest available materials, yet satisfying all strength requirements.
DESIGN OF MACHINE COMPONENTS:
The relevant physical & mechanical properties of oil seeds & nuts
required as basic design data were obtained. Basic considerations
were given to the design for the size/dimension & capacity of the
machine, including the numbers of cuttings on screw shaft, thickness
of screw shaft & diameter of press chamber. The design of hopper is
based on flow characteristics of the oil seeds. Prandtl carried out an
experiment on physical properties of oil seeds & they found that the
flow characteristics likes sphericity varies between 0.82-0.83 & angle
of repose varies between 36.41 & 38.67 at various moisture content.
Therefore, the designed of the hopper angle is greater than 40 for easy
flowability of the seeds. Similarly, an experiment was conducted to
determine the force required to detach the oil from the its seed. The
shearing force so deducted was employed in the subsequent design &
the selection of machine components like number of cuttings on
screw shaft, press chamber in extracting chamber influences the
extracting efficiency & seed damage. It is known that increase in
clearance would cause seed damage. It is known that increase in
clearance would result in low extracting efficiency whereas, reduced
clearance would cause seed damage. Therefore, the clearance
19. 19
dimensions based on axial dimensions of the seed & nut were used to
calculate some of the parameter for the various components.
SELECTION & DESIGN CRITERIA:
General requirements of Machine Design;
1.High productivity
2.Ability to produce & provide required accuracy of shape & size &
also necessary surface finish.
3.Simplicity of design.
4.Safety & convenience of control.
5.Low Cost.
6.Good Appearance.
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Before proceeding to the process of manufacturing, it’s
necessary to have some knowledge about the project design essential
to design the project before starting the manufacturing. Maximum
cost of producing a product is established originally by the designer.
General Design procedure for a product: When a new product or their
elements are to be designed, a designer may proceed as follows:
20. 20
1.Make a detailed statement of the problems completely; it should be
as clear as possible & also of the purpose for which the machine is to
be designed.
2.Make selection of the possible mechanism which will give the
desire motion.
3.Determine the forces acting on it & energy transmitted by each
element of the machine.
4.Select the material best suited for each element of the machine.
5.Determine the allowable or design stress considering all the factors
that affect the strength of the machine part.
6.Identify the importance & necessary & application of the machine.
7.Problems with the existing requirement of the machine, productivity
& demand.
8.Determine the size of each element with a view to prevent undue
distortion or breakage under the applied load.
9.Modify the machine elements or parts to agree with the past
experience & judgement & to facilitate manufacture.
10.Make assembly & detail drawings of machine with complete
specification for the materials & manufacturing methods i.e. accuracy,
surface finish etc.
24. 24
CHAPTER-4
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
1. Quantity to be crushed 3 Kgs per 10 minutes.
2. Hopper capacity = 0.5 Kg.
3. Main screw shaft teeth = 10.
4. Shaft Torque = T
Analytical Calculations:
Calculate speed ratio and verify Screw (main Shaft + Worm) rotation:
a) Find input speed for Handle:
For manually operated portable oil extractor’s screw shaft;
D1/D2 = N2/N1
228.6/762=N2/960
N2=288 RPM
For Speed Ratio G1 = T3/T2
G1=74/12
G1=6.166 Similarly:
G2= T5/T4
25. 25
G2 = 42/15
Speed Ratio = G1×G2 = 17.2648
Main Shaft Rotation (N): = input speed at press chamber (N2) / Speed
Ratio =288/17.2648 = 16.68 Rpm = Approx. 18 Rpm
Shaft Torque Calculation (T):
As 1 Hp = 0.754699 KW
Therefore, power = 50 HP = 37.73 KW
We, know, Power = 2×π×N×T/60
P = 1.8849×T T = 20016.28×103 N-mm
Angular Velocity of Screw Shaft = 2×π×N/60
= 1.8849rad/sec
Handle force calculation (F):
Considering, d = 80mm;
T = F×r 20016.89×103
= F× (80/2)
F1 = 500.40×103 N Considering, d = 85mm;
26. 26
T = F×r 20016.38×103
= F× (85/2)
F2 = 470.97×103 N
Stress Calculation:
Considering smallest diameter for calculations-
Normal stress developed (σn) = Force/Area
= 500.40×103/5026.54
= 99.55 N/mm2.
Shear stress develop (τ):
Working stress developed = T = π×τ×d3/16
= 20016.38×103
= π×τ×803/16
stress (τ) = 199.10 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress developed (τmax) = Kt×16×T/π×d3
= 1.61×16(20016.38×103)/3.14×803
= 231.08 N/mm2.
The design is done for machine capable of extracting capacity of 3Kg.
27. 27
From the design calculations, five teeth numbered screw shaft is
required to extract the seeds in the press chamber. The length, width
& thickness of 45cm, 23.5cm, 4cm respectively are required for the
extractor. The machine is manually operated & the speed of rotating
shaft was determined to be 45 rpm. Optimum shaft diameter of 8mm
was calculated to overcome the load on shaft. Because of human
stimulation, the shaft used in the machine was subjected to a
fluctuating bending moment & hence torque.
Ball bearings were used for reducing the frictional effect as indicated
by the Anti-friction bearing manufactures association.
28. 28
CHAPTER-5
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The oil seeds are introduced through the feed hopper & extraction is
achieved in two steps. In the first step, the rotating screw shaft
compress the oil seeds against a press chamber, there by the pliable
endosperm to elastic deformation, while the frangible shell is cracked.
The cracked shell is detached from the seed by the repeated
shearing/rubbing action of the rotating shaft against the press
chamber. In the second step, the seed, shell, unshelled or partially
shelled seeds, broken seed & dust, if any, are immediately force down
through the discharge outlet, which separate the pressed meat, oil, etc.
at different discharge end. The clearance gap between the rotating
screw shaft & the press chamber is not adjustable to suit the axial
dimensions of the oil seed in order to ensure the efficiency pressing &
detachment of the oil seed in a single pass. The components of the
design parameters & dimensioning were carried out in accordance
with standard engineering practices.
29. 29
ADVANTAGES
➢ Low power consumption.
➢ Easy in operation.
➢ Low cost
➢ Simple construction.
➢ Adaptable
➢ Performance
➢ Easily portable
➢ Easy to setup.
➢ Light weight
➢ Easy maintenance
APPLICATIONS
➢ Used in agricultural industries.
➢ Used in mills.
➢ The device can be very helpful to small scale farmers &
domestic purpose.
30. 30
CHAPTER-6
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Advantages and Limitations of traditional methods: Traditional
method of apricot oil extraction produced oil with a distinct smell. It
is preferred by the consumers as compared to the one extracted by the
modern mechanical method. There is an efficient utilization of the by-
products such as the hard shell and the oilseed cake in the traditional
method while the same is not applicable in the modern extraction
method. But Manual breaking of stones to separate kernel and oil
extraction through traditional (oil expeller) is a tedious, time
consuming and unhygienic process, which results in very low yield
and poor quality of extracted oil.
Comparison of mechanical and traditional method: gives the
comparison of cost economics showed that the fixed cost per unit was
higher in the case of improved technology but variable cost,
particularly on mechanical breaking of stone and separation of kernel
had reduced substantially, by 94.87 per cent processing of equivalent
raw material. The manual breaking of seed and separation of kernel
was found time consuming, and tedious.
35. 35
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION
However, the oil extracted by the traditional method is still being
preferred by the locals as well as those visiting from outside extracted
by modern method. But as tedious work traditional method has certain
limitations to commercialize. Whereas the initial capital investment is
the major problem for mechanical decortications but speed and
quality of the Variable costs overcomes these. helps the widely use
the mechanical oil extraction technology commercially.
The machine has a simple construction and is light in weight
which makes it portable and can be used for both domestic and
commercial purposes.
This machine can also be operated by unskilled person.
This machine is widely used for extraction the contents like
coconut.
This machine can also be used for high production in small scale
industries.
Our intention is to overcome those above problems by applying
engineering knowledge and to give the good machine to produce
virgin coconut oil by using these machine they can produce products
in reliable way and to compete in the market.
36. 36
CHAPTER-9
REFERENCES
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Singh (2011) Extraction of apricot kernel oil in cold desert Ladakh,
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2. Anil Kumar Dixit, P.C. Sharma, S.K. Nanda & S.K. Alesha Kudos
(2010) Impact of Processing Technology in Hilly Region: A
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3. Anil Gupta and P.C. Sharma (2009) Standardization of technology
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9. Bawalan D.D., 2002. “Production, Utilization and Marketing of
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