Production technology lecture at department of production technology in faculty of engineers Zagazig university
It's very useful for you and any student at faculty of engineering at any country around the world
Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Crank and Slotted Lever Quick Return Mech...Mohammed Naseeruddin Shah
In industry it is always desirable to increase the productivity or reduce the time loss. A beautiful mechanism in which, for the constant input rotation, the forward stroke takes larger time(cutting stroke) than the return stroke(idle stroke).
This document summarizes turning operations on a lathe. It describes the basic components of a lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains various turning operations including turning, facing, cutting with form tools, boring, drilling, parting, threading, and knurling. It also discusses tool geometry, material removal rate calculations, forces during turning, tool materials and speeds, workholding devices, and cutting fluids. Turning is a versatile machining process where the workpiece is rotated while being cut to produce various axisymmetric shapes.
Turning is one of the most basic machining processes where a part is rotated while being machined. Lathes are versatile machines capable of producing a variety of shapes through processes like turning, facing, cutting, boring, drilling, parting, threading, and knurling. The material removal rate in turning depends on factors like the cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. Forces on the cutting tool include the cutting force, thrust force, and radial force. Tool geometry, workpiece material, and cutting conditions must be selected appropriately for different operations.
Introduction
The shaper machine is a machine that can make slots and grooves using a thin cutting tool. The linear cutting motion is provided by the “Whitworth Quick-Return Mechanism“. While the feed motion is supplied by the mechanism illustrated in this report "The shaper feed Mechanism”. During shaping, cutting and infeed motions are carried out by the tool, while the feed motion is performed by the table carrying the work piece.
The Shaper Feed Mechanism
- By using a combination of various shaped links we can change the rotating motion supplied by the motor to a linear cyclic motion.
- In order to obtain a precise groove width and a calculated cyclic longitudinal pitch the use of this mechanism was important.
Operation: (From figure 1)
• Gear (1) obtaining its motion from the quick feed mechanism’s input rotates.
• The gear moves the link (2).
• Body (3) and the ratchet wheel (4) are mounted on the same shaft. Motion is transmitted from link 2 to body (3).
• Body (3) contains a pawl which reciprocates about its axis moving the ratchet wheel with it.
• The gear rotates a screw which is mounted on its shaft.
• The nut mounted on the screw moves linearly providing the motion of the table resulting in the feed motion.
The document discusses various aspects of shapers, planers, and slotters. It describes:
1) Shapers and planers use a single-point cutting tool in a straight-line motion to generate flat surfaces on workpieces, with intermittent feed between strokes on shapers.
2) Shapers use a quick return mechanism to rapidly return the cutting tool, with cutting speed varying over the stroke.
3) Slotters are essentially vertical shapers used to machine keyways and other non-flat surfaces.
4) Hydraulic shapers provide more constant cutting speed over the stroke compared to mechanical shapers.
Lathe and Shaper, Planer, Slotter for 2022 GATE ESE PSUs by S K Mondal.pdfssuser72b8e8
1. The document describes various parts and operations of a lathe machine. It discusses the headstock, ways, tailstock, bed, carriage, lead screw, lead rod and other basic components.
2. It also covers various lathe operations like turning, threading, tapering, grooving, drilling, boring, knurling and others. It provides formulas for calculating machining time, metal removal rate, and speed ratios for different operations.
3. The document discusses work holding devices for lathes like chucks, collets, faceplates, mandrels and centers. It provides details about three jaw and four jaw chucks.
Shapers are machine tools that hold a single-point cutting tool in a ram that reciprocates over a workpiece fixed on a table. There are different types of shapers classified by the mechanism that drives the ram's motion (crank, gear, hydraulic), whether the ram moves horizontally or vertically, and the design of the table (standard, universal). Shapers work by cutting metal on the forward stroke and returning without cutting on the back stroke. The feed is applied at the end of each cutting stroke to slowly move the workpiece past the tool. Shapers are used to generate flat and straight surfaces but are generally slow machines.
This document discusses shaper and planer machines used in manufacturing. It describes the main components and functions of shapers, including that they cut horizontally and only during the forward stroke. It also classifies shapers by mechanism, position/travel, and cutting stroke. The document then covers planers, noting they are used for larger workpieces and the tool is stationary during cutting. It lists types of planers and provides specifications and safety precautions for operating shaper and planer machines.
Design, Fabrication and Analysis of Crank and Slotted Lever Quick Return Mech...Mohammed Naseeruddin Shah
In industry it is always desirable to increase the productivity or reduce the time loss. A beautiful mechanism in which, for the constant input rotation, the forward stroke takes larger time(cutting stroke) than the return stroke(idle stroke).
This document summarizes turning operations on a lathe. It describes the basic components of a lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains various turning operations including turning, facing, cutting with form tools, boring, drilling, parting, threading, and knurling. It also discusses tool geometry, material removal rate calculations, forces during turning, tool materials and speeds, workholding devices, and cutting fluids. Turning is a versatile machining process where the workpiece is rotated while being cut to produce various axisymmetric shapes.
Turning is one of the most basic machining processes where a part is rotated while being machined. Lathes are versatile machines capable of producing a variety of shapes through processes like turning, facing, cutting, boring, drilling, parting, threading, and knurling. The material removal rate in turning depends on factors like the cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate. Forces on the cutting tool include the cutting force, thrust force, and radial force. Tool geometry, workpiece material, and cutting conditions must be selected appropriately for different operations.
Introduction
The shaper machine is a machine that can make slots and grooves using a thin cutting tool. The linear cutting motion is provided by the “Whitworth Quick-Return Mechanism“. While the feed motion is supplied by the mechanism illustrated in this report "The shaper feed Mechanism”. During shaping, cutting and infeed motions are carried out by the tool, while the feed motion is performed by the table carrying the work piece.
The Shaper Feed Mechanism
- By using a combination of various shaped links we can change the rotating motion supplied by the motor to a linear cyclic motion.
- In order to obtain a precise groove width and a calculated cyclic longitudinal pitch the use of this mechanism was important.
Operation: (From figure 1)
• Gear (1) obtaining its motion from the quick feed mechanism’s input rotates.
• The gear moves the link (2).
• Body (3) and the ratchet wheel (4) are mounted on the same shaft. Motion is transmitted from link 2 to body (3).
• Body (3) contains a pawl which reciprocates about its axis moving the ratchet wheel with it.
• The gear rotates a screw which is mounted on its shaft.
• The nut mounted on the screw moves linearly providing the motion of the table resulting in the feed motion.
The document discusses various aspects of shapers, planers, and slotters. It describes:
1) Shapers and planers use a single-point cutting tool in a straight-line motion to generate flat surfaces on workpieces, with intermittent feed between strokes on shapers.
2) Shapers use a quick return mechanism to rapidly return the cutting tool, with cutting speed varying over the stroke.
3) Slotters are essentially vertical shapers used to machine keyways and other non-flat surfaces.
4) Hydraulic shapers provide more constant cutting speed over the stroke compared to mechanical shapers.
Lathe and Shaper, Planer, Slotter for 2022 GATE ESE PSUs by S K Mondal.pdfssuser72b8e8
1. The document describes various parts and operations of a lathe machine. It discusses the headstock, ways, tailstock, bed, carriage, lead screw, lead rod and other basic components.
2. It also covers various lathe operations like turning, threading, tapering, grooving, drilling, boring, knurling and others. It provides formulas for calculating machining time, metal removal rate, and speed ratios for different operations.
3. The document discusses work holding devices for lathes like chucks, collets, faceplates, mandrels and centers. It provides details about three jaw and four jaw chucks.
Shapers are machine tools that hold a single-point cutting tool in a ram that reciprocates over a workpiece fixed on a table. There are different types of shapers classified by the mechanism that drives the ram's motion (crank, gear, hydraulic), whether the ram moves horizontally or vertically, and the design of the table (standard, universal). Shapers work by cutting metal on the forward stroke and returning without cutting on the back stroke. The feed is applied at the end of each cutting stroke to slowly move the workpiece past the tool. Shapers are used to generate flat and straight surfaces but are generally slow machines.
This document discusses shaper and planer machines used in manufacturing. It describes the main components and functions of shapers, including that they cut horizontally and only during the forward stroke. It also classifies shapers by mechanism, position/travel, and cutting stroke. The document then covers planers, noting they are used for larger workpieces and the tool is stationary during cutting. It lists types of planers and provides specifications and safety precautions for operating shaper and planer machines.
1. The document discusses different types of turning machines, including center lathes, turret lathes, capstan lathes, and automatic lathes. It describes the basic parts and functions of a center lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage.
2. Various lathe operations are outlined such as plain turning, taper turning, drilling, boring, and knurling. Special attachments for milling and grinding are also mentioned.
3. Automatic lathes are classified as either magazine-loaded or chucking-type depending on how the workpiece is loaded and removed for machining duplicate parts automatically.
This document provides information about a slotter machine. It includes a table of contents listing topics such as the working principle, types of slotter machines, labeled diagram of parts, and operations. The working principle section explains that the ram is connected to gears and a crank, which causes the ram to move up and down for cutting on the downstroke. The types section outlines puncher, precision, production, and special purpose slotter machines. Labeled parts include the base, column, saddle, and ram. Operations include machining flat, cylindrical and irregular surfaces as well as slots and keyways.
A shaper machine produces flat surfaces on workpieces by moving a cutting tool in a straight line using a ram. The ram moves the tool forward for the cutting stroke and backward for the return stroke with no cutting during the return stroke. A shaper can produce horizontal, vertical, or inclined surfaces, as well as grooves, slots, and steps. The main components of a shaper are the base, column, table, cross rail, ram, and tool head. Shapers are classified based on their ram driving mechanism or orientation and include crank, geared, hydraulic, horizontal, and vertical shapers.
IRJET - Design and Development of Axial Feed using Recirculating Ball Screw f...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of an axial feed system using a recirculating ball screw for a 6-axis CNC gear hobbing machine. It begins with an overview of the gear hobbing process and advantages of using a ball screw over a lead screw. It then describes the design process for the axial feed system, which involves selecting a suitable ball screw based on calculations of stroke length, load capacity, rigidity and service life. A 63mm diameter ball screw with 10mm lead is selected that meets the design requirements for axial load, rotational speed and long service life.
This PowerPoint Presentation contains some useful information regarding the Shaper machine and the mechanisms used in the same. This is useful specifically more helpful to the GTU students for Mechanical engineering in MP1.
This document provides an overview of milling machines and milling processes. It describes the two main types of milling machines - horizontal and vertical milling machines. It outlines common cutting tools and industrial applications of milling. The key milling processes of spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and cutter rotation direction are explained. Typical milling operations such as plain milling, end milling and gang milling are defined. The document also covers workholding methods and the importance of vice alignment and safety practices.
Design of geneva wheel based auto-roll punching machineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an auto-roll punching machine that uses a Geneva wheel mechanism. The Geneva wheel mechanism allows the machine to translate continuous rotational motion from a DC motor into intermittent rotational motion that drives the punching operation and feeds metal sheets through rollers. The machine is designed to automate punching of metal sheets and reduce the time, labor costs, and manual effort required compared to conventional punching machines. Key components include the DC motor, cam arrangement, chain drive, Geneva wheel, and punching tool. Design calculations are provided for the Geneva mechanism, roller chain drive, motor specifications, puncher, and rollers. The machine is intended to enable high-volume, automated punching of metal sheets.
This document discusses the vertical milling machine. It begins by listing the objectives of describing the main parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and explaining how to select cutting speeds, feeds, and depth of cut. It then explains the parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and how to align the vertical head and vise. The document provides information on various milling operations and cutter types including end mills. It concludes by outlining the procedure for accurately machining a block square and parallel and drilling holes to location using a vertical milling machine.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of these fundamental machining processes.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of various machining techniques.
This document provides information about machine tools and lathes. It discusses that machine tools are power operated machines that cut metal using cutting tools. It then describes the major components of lathes, including the headstock, spindle, tailstock, carriage, apron, and bed. It explains the different motions in machining like primary and auxiliary motion. The document also summarizes various classifications of machine tools and discusses performance criteria. Finally, it covers topics like specification, drive systems, speed changing methods, and work holding devices in lathes.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the center lathe. It discusses the main purpose of the lathe, safety precautions when using it, different types of lathes, and the main parts of the center lathe. It explains what each main part is used for, how to hold workpieces, cut tapers, and select proper cutting speeds. The document also provides examples of calculating cutting speeds and spindle speeds for different materials and diameters.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
The document describes a shaper machine, which is a machine tool that produces flat surfaces on a workpiece through a cutting tool that moves in a straight line. The cutting tool moves in a forward cutting stroke to cut the material and a return stroke where no cutting occurs. The main components of a shaper machine are the base, column, table, cross rail, and ram that holds the cutting tool. The document outlines the basic operations that can be performed, types of shaper machines, specifications, and equations to calculate machining time.
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
* Length of tapered portion (L) = 300 mm
* Large diameter (D1) = 50 mm
* Small diameter (D2) = 38 mm
* Half taper angle (α/2) = Tan-1[(D1-D2)/2L]
= Tan-1[(50-38)/2*300] = 5.71°
* Tailstock offset (h) = (D1-D2)Tan(α/2)/2
= (50-38)Tan(5.71°)/2 = 6 mm
The amount of offset of tailstock is 6 mm.
A lathe is a machine that rotates a workpiece about an axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation. It uses a non-rotating cutting tool to cut material from the workpiece in the form of chips. The main components of a lathe include the headstock, ways, tailstock, bed, carriage, lead screw, and lead rod. Spindle speeds and feed rates are critical parameters. Lathes can perform operations like turning, threading, tapering, grooving, drilling, boring, knurling, and more. Workpieces are held using chucks, collets, faceplates, or between centers.
This document provides a syllabus for a manufacturing science course covering machining, joining, and non-conventional machining and welding processes. The machining section covers topics like metal cutting mechanics, machine tools like lathes, milling machines, and grinders. It discusses machining operations, tooling, workholding, and specifications. The joining section covers welding processes like gas welding and arc welding. The final section introduces unconventional processes like EDM, ECM, laser beam machining, and non-conventional welding techniques. The syllabus is divided into 5 units and provides learning objectives and references for each major topic.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
1. The document discusses different types of turning machines, including center lathes, turret lathes, capstan lathes, and automatic lathes. It describes the basic parts and functions of a center lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage.
2. Various lathe operations are outlined such as plain turning, taper turning, drilling, boring, and knurling. Special attachments for milling and grinding are also mentioned.
3. Automatic lathes are classified as either magazine-loaded or chucking-type depending on how the workpiece is loaded and removed for machining duplicate parts automatically.
This document provides information about a slotter machine. It includes a table of contents listing topics such as the working principle, types of slotter machines, labeled diagram of parts, and operations. The working principle section explains that the ram is connected to gears and a crank, which causes the ram to move up and down for cutting on the downstroke. The types section outlines puncher, precision, production, and special purpose slotter machines. Labeled parts include the base, column, saddle, and ram. Operations include machining flat, cylindrical and irregular surfaces as well as slots and keyways.
A shaper machine produces flat surfaces on workpieces by moving a cutting tool in a straight line using a ram. The ram moves the tool forward for the cutting stroke and backward for the return stroke with no cutting during the return stroke. A shaper can produce horizontal, vertical, or inclined surfaces, as well as grooves, slots, and steps. The main components of a shaper are the base, column, table, cross rail, ram, and tool head. Shapers are classified based on their ram driving mechanism or orientation and include crank, geared, hydraulic, horizontal, and vertical shapers.
IRJET - Design and Development of Axial Feed using Recirculating Ball Screw f...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and development of an axial feed system using a recirculating ball screw for a 6-axis CNC gear hobbing machine. It begins with an overview of the gear hobbing process and advantages of using a ball screw over a lead screw. It then describes the design process for the axial feed system, which involves selecting a suitable ball screw based on calculations of stroke length, load capacity, rigidity and service life. A 63mm diameter ball screw with 10mm lead is selected that meets the design requirements for axial load, rotational speed and long service life.
This PowerPoint Presentation contains some useful information regarding the Shaper machine and the mechanisms used in the same. This is useful specifically more helpful to the GTU students for Mechanical engineering in MP1.
This document provides an overview of milling machines and milling processes. It describes the two main types of milling machines - horizontal and vertical milling machines. It outlines common cutting tools and industrial applications of milling. The key milling processes of spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and cutter rotation direction are explained. Typical milling operations such as plain milling, end milling and gang milling are defined. The document also covers workholding methods and the importance of vice alignment and safety practices.
Design of geneva wheel based auto-roll punching machineIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of an auto-roll punching machine that uses a Geneva wheel mechanism. The Geneva wheel mechanism allows the machine to translate continuous rotational motion from a DC motor into intermittent rotational motion that drives the punching operation and feeds metal sheets through rollers. The machine is designed to automate punching of metal sheets and reduce the time, labor costs, and manual effort required compared to conventional punching machines. Key components include the DC motor, cam arrangement, chain drive, Geneva wheel, and punching tool. Design calculations are provided for the Geneva mechanism, roller chain drive, motor specifications, puncher, and rollers. The machine is intended to enable high-volume, automated punching of metal sheets.
This document discusses the vertical milling machine. It begins by listing the objectives of describing the main parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and explaining how to select cutting speeds, feeds, and depth of cut. It then explains the parts of a ram-type vertical milling machine and how to align the vertical head and vise. The document provides information on various milling operations and cutter types including end mills. It concludes by outlining the procedure for accurately machining a block square and parallel and drilling holes to location using a vertical milling machine.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of these fundamental machining processes.
This document provides an overview of various machining processes including turning, drilling, and milling. It describes the key operations for each process and common machine tools used. Turning operations like facing and threading are performed on lathes. Drilling and related operations like reaming and tapping are usually done on drill presses. Milling can be classified as peripheral or face milling and is commonly done on knee-and-column or bed type milling machines. The document outlines the basic mechanics and applications of various machining techniques.
This document provides information about machine tools and lathes. It discusses that machine tools are power operated machines that cut metal using cutting tools. It then describes the major components of lathes, including the headstock, spindle, tailstock, carriage, apron, and bed. It explains the different motions in machining like primary and auxiliary motion. The document also summarizes various classifications of machine tools and discusses performance criteria. Finally, it covers topics like specification, drive systems, speed changing methods, and work holding devices in lathes.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the center lathe. It discusses the main purpose of the lathe, safety precautions when using it, different types of lathes, and the main parts of the center lathe. It explains what each main part is used for, how to hold workpieces, cut tapers, and select proper cutting speeds. The document also provides examples of calculating cutting speeds and spindle speeds for different materials and diameters.
Chapter 3 CNC turning and machining centersRAHUL THAKER
This document discusses CNC turning and machining centers. It describes turning as a machining process using a lathe where the tool moves parallel to the workpiece axis to remove material. CNC lathes are replacing older lathes. Milling involves using rotating cutting tools to produce flat and helical surfaces. Machining centers are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the spindle orientation. Machining centers have automatic tool changers and may have automatic workpiece positioners or pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
The document describes a shaper machine, which is a machine tool that produces flat surfaces on a workpiece through a cutting tool that moves in a straight line. The cutting tool moves in a forward cutting stroke to cut the material and a return stroke where no cutting occurs. The main components of a shaper machine are the base, column, table, cross rail, and ram that holds the cutting tool. The document outlines the basic operations that can be performed, types of shaper machines, specifications, and equations to calculate machining time.
Shaper - Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling, hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
* Length of tapered portion (L) = 300 mm
* Large diameter (D1) = 50 mm
* Small diameter (D2) = 38 mm
* Half taper angle (α/2) = Tan-1[(D1-D2)/2L]
= Tan-1[(50-38)/2*300] = 5.71°
* Tailstock offset (h) = (D1-D2)Tan(α/2)/2
= (50-38)Tan(5.71°)/2 = 6 mm
The amount of offset of tailstock is 6 mm.
A lathe is a machine that rotates a workpiece about an axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation. It uses a non-rotating cutting tool to cut material from the workpiece in the form of chips. The main components of a lathe include the headstock, ways, tailstock, bed, carriage, lead screw, and lead rod. Spindle speeds and feed rates are critical parameters. Lathes can perform operations like turning, threading, tapering, grooving, drilling, boring, knurling, and more. Workpieces are held using chucks, collets, faceplates, or between centers.
This document provides a syllabus for a manufacturing science course covering machining, joining, and non-conventional machining and welding processes. The machining section covers topics like metal cutting mechanics, machine tools like lathes, milling machines, and grinders. It discusses machining operations, tooling, workholding, and specifications. The joining section covers welding processes like gas welding and arc welding. The final section introduces unconventional processes like EDM, ECM, laser beam machining, and non-conventional welding techniques. The syllabus is divided into 5 units and provides learning objectives and references for each major topic.
Similar to Production Technology, chapter 5.pdf (20)
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
1. Production Technology
Chapter 5: Shaping, planning and slotter
By
Dr. Marwa A. Abd El-baky
Associate Professor in Mechanical Design and Production Engineering
Department
2. Shaping process
Is a process used to generate flat surfaces (horizontal, vertical or inclined) using
single point cutting tool.
8. Specifications of shaper machine
• Ram stroke length (mm).
• Work table (length and width).
• strokes per minute.
• Motor power.
Specifications of planner machine
• Maximum W.P dimensions.
• Table speed.
• Tool feed per stroke.
• Motor power.
Specifications of slotter machine
• Ram stroke length (mm)
• Diameter of table.
• distance from the tool post face to bed.
• Motor power.
9. Purpose of quick return mechanism
Shaping working principle
• The metal is removed during the forward stroke of the carriage, and during the back stroke,
no cutting is done.
• To reduce the total operating time, the return time is faster than the cutting time. To achieve
this, Quick return mechanism is used.
Convert rotational motion from motor to reciprocating motion for ram.
reducing the total machining time by reducing the return stroke time.
10. 1. Lever rocker arm (shaper)
الـ بدوران
pinion
الـ يدور
crank gear
الـ يتحرك ثم ومن
crank pin(B)
الـ تجويف داخل
rocker arm
الـ فيتحرك
rocker arm
الـ فيتحرك واليسار اليمين الي
ram
واليسار اليمين الي
11. Adjustment of stroke length
•
عن
الـ موضع تغيير طريق
crank pin(B)
الـ فيتحرك الخارج الي او الداخل الي
rocker arm
او الداخل الي
او المشوار طول فيزيد الخارج الي
يقل
.
Adjustment of stroke position
• Unlock the ram clamping lever.
• Moving the hand wheel for stroke adjustment
.
• Lock the ram clamping lever.
21. 𝑖: No. of depth of cut
𝑖 =
𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 ازالتها المطلوب التخانة
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 القطع عمق
N=
1000 𝑉
2 𝐿𝑠
𝑁 : Speed (stroke/min)
𝑉 : Average cutting speed → V =
Ls
time
stroke/min
𝐿𝑠 : Cutting stroke length القطع مشوار طول
1
N
: Time of one stroke واحد مشوار زمن
22. shaper working on a 500 mm stroke length makes 25 cycles per minute with feed of 0.5
mm/stroke. The path of driving pin in the cutting stroke is through 240o. The transverse
approach of the tool from each side of W.P is 5 mm. calculate:
1. cutting ratio.
2. Average cutting and return speed.
3. Machining time (W.P width= 115 mm).
23. Given : Req.:
𝐿𝑠 = 500 mm (a) cutting ratio
𝑁 = 25 stroke/min (b) Average cutting and return speeds
𝑓 = 0.5 mm/stroke (c) Machining time at w=115 mm
𝜃𝑐 = 240o
𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 5 mm
Solution
− 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝜃𝑐
𝜃𝑅
=
240
360 − 240
= 2 (a)
− Time of one stroke =
1
𝑁
=
1
25
= 0.04 𝑚𝑖𝑛
26. It is required to remove 5 mm from the height of a work piece of width 100 mm using
shaping machine. The stroke length is 450 mm. The shaper makes 30 stroke/min with feed
rate 0.2 mm/stroke and cutting angle 210⁰. Take the depth of cut equal 2 mm. Calculate:
a. Average cutting and return speeds.
b. The machining time.